| 词条 | Soberanes Fire |
| 释义 |
| title = Soberanes Fire | image = Soberanes fire Big Sur July 2016.jpg | caption = The Soberanes Fire burning along the coastal ridge on July 25, 2016. | reference = [1] | date = {{Start date|2016|07|22}} – {{end date|2016|10|12}} ({{age in days|2016|07|22|2016|10|12|show unit=full}}) | location = Soberanes Creek, Garrapata State Park, Monterey County, California | coordinates = {{coord|36.46|-121.30|display=inline,title}} | pushpin_map = USA California Northern | pushpin_map_caption = Location in Northern California | cost = $260 million (2016 USD)[2] | area = {{Convert|132,127|acre|ha|0}} | buildings = {{Unbulleted list|57 homes|11 outbuildings}} | cause = Illegal campfire | landuse = Residential; open space | injuries = | fatalities = 1 bulldozer operator | perps = Unknown | motive = }} The Soberanes Fire was a large wildfire that burned 57 homes and killed a bulldozer operator, and cost about $260 million to suppress, making it at the time the most expensive wildfire to fight in United States history.[2][3] The Soberanes Fire was the result of an illegal campfire in Garrapata State Park. The fire burned {{Convert|132,127|acre|ha|0}} along the Big Sur coast in the Los Padres National Forest, Ventana Wilderness, and adjacent private and public land in Monterey County, California.[1][4][5] At the fire's peak, over 5,000 personnel were assigned to the blaze. At the time that it was extinguished, the Soberanes fire ranked 18th on the list of the top 20 largest California wildfires, in terms of acreage burned.[6] The fireThe fire was first reported by hikers in Garrapata State Park at 8:48 a.m. on Friday July 22, 2016,[1] and was later determined to be the result of an unattended illegal campfire.[10][7] By Saturday morning, the fire had grown to {{Convert|2,000|acres|ha}}, and forced the evacuation of about 300 homes in the community along Palo Colorado Canyon.[8] By the morning of Sunday, July 24, the fire had grown to over {{convert|10000|acres|ha}}, with 5% of the fire perimeter contained.[9] Officials said that Toro Park would be closed so that firefighters could use the area as a base camp. Evacuation warnings were also issued for all of Carmel Highlands.[9] On Tuesday July 26, acting California governor Tom Torlakson declared a state of emergency in Monterey County over the fire.[10][11] By Saturday July 30, the fire had spread south and east into the Los Padres National Forest.[12] Almost a month later, on August 26, the fire had grown to over {{convert|90,000|acres|ha}} and was only 60% contained.[1] The majority of the fire by then was within the Los Padres National Forest and the Ventana Wilderness, and unified command of the fire suppression work was transferred from the California Department of Forestry and Fire Protection to the United States Forest Service's Alaska Interagency Incident Management Team.[13][14] By September 18, the fire had increased in size to {{convert|113,260|acres|ha}}. Containment was still only at 61%, and 1,921 firefighters were at work. Some evacuation orders on the northern perimeter had been lifted, and crews were working on burn-out operations to establish a containment line on the northeast side of the fire, near Chews Ridge. Heavy smoke resulted from the burnouts.[1] {{As of|2016|09|23}} the costs to fight the fire exceeded $200 million, the most expensive fire in United States history at the time.[15] On October 9, the fire had burned {{convert|132127|acres|ha}} and was 99% contained. Incident management personnel expected to attain full containment by October 15. Fire personnel had been reduced to 704 workers, with many engaged in fire suppression repair efforts. On October 28, three months after the wildfire had started, fire management personnel reported that the fire was 100% contained, and that remaining smoldering hotspots would be put out by rains expected shortly afterward. By that time, restoration crews had completed suppression repair work on {{convert|374|miles}} of the fire line.[1] Damage, deaths and injuriesOn Tuesday July 26, at 11:00 PM, Robert Oliver Reagan, an on-call bulldozer operator contracted by Czirban Concrete Construction to CalFire, was killed when his bulldozer rolled over, pinning him, while he was manuvering around a fire truck on a steep slope in the Palo Colorado Canyon area. [16][17][18] The fire destroyed 57 homes and 11 outbuildings in the Garrapata Canyon and Palo Colorado Canyon areas during the first three weeks.[1] Robert Baird, supervisor of the Los Padres National Forest, estimated that firefighters saved US$6.8 billion worth of real estate.[19] The fire burned and possibly killed the largest Pacific madrone tree in the United States, within the Joshua Creek Canyon Ecological Reserve. The tree was {{convert|125|feet}} tall and more than {{convert|25|feet}} in circumference. The madrone was listed on the American Forests National Big Tree list, a register of the biggest trees by species in the United States.[20] The California Department Of Parks And Recreation announced on September 28, 2016 that Garrapata State Park east of Highway 1, where the fire started, would remain closed through the winter.[21] Legal actionsIn March 2017, Reagan's family filed a wrongful death suit against the state of California for her husband's death while fighting the fire.[22] They later dropped the suit due to a law that gives the state immunity from wrongful death lawsuits.[23] In April 2017, Czirban Concrete Construction, the contractor by whom Reagan was employed, was fined $20,000 for failing to report the fatality, failing to require seat belts on the equipment, failing to warn employees of the applicable hazards, and other offenses.[24][25] Ian Czirban, the head of the company, was also charged by Monterey County prosecutors with six felonies for tax evasion, insurance fraud, and a misdemeanor charge for failing to maintain workers' compensation insurance.[25] Czirban disputed the fines and charges, saying that he was not Reagan's employer and did not own the equipment at issue.[25] He entered a plea of "not guilty" on May 11, 2017.[26] {{asof|2018|7}}, the case was ongoing.[27] Another company, Industrial Defense Development, was fined $6,000 for injuries that another firefighter sustained when the water truck he was driving rolled over an embankment.[24] CauseOn August 2, 2016, officials announced that their investigation found that the fire had been caused by an unattended illegal campfire.[28] While no suspect was identified, Monterey County District Attorney Dean Flippo said that, if an arrest were made, the culprit could be charged with negligence and manslaughter.[28] See also
References1. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 {{cite web |title=Soberanes Fire |url= http://inciweb.nwcg.gov/incident/4888/ |publisher = InciWeb |accessdate=15 September 2016}} 2. ^{{cite web|last1=Geiling|first1=Natasha|title=California fire becomes the most expensive in history|url=https://thinkprogress.org/california-fire-soberanes-most-expensive-805fafda4ab0#.6tzeheivr|website=ThinkProgress|accessdate=15 November 2016|date=23 September 2016}} 3. ^1 {{cite web| url=http://www.hcn.org/articles/the-10-most-expensive-wildfires-in-the-wests-history |title= The Most Expensive Wildfires in US History |publisher=High Country News| first1= Lyndsey |last1= Gilpin |date=October 5, 2016|accessdate=July 18, 2018}} 4. ^{{cite web |title=Soberanes Fire map |url=http://inciweb.nwcg.gov/photos/CALPF/2016-07-25-1228-Soberanes-Fire/picts/2016_08_06-13.44.38.046-CDT.jpeg |website=InciWeb Incident Information System |publisher=National Wildfire Coordinating Group |accessdate=August 6, 2016}} 5. ^{{cite news |url=http://www.montereyherald.com/general-news/20160901/soberanes-fire-could-be-beneficial-for-condors |title=Soberanes Fire could be beneficial for condors |first=Tommy |last=Wright |newspaper=Monterey Herald |date=September 1, 2016 |access-date=4 September 2016}} 6. ^{{cite web | url= http://bigsurfire.org |publisher=Big Sur Fire Brigade | title=SOBERANES FIRE|date=12 October 2016 |access-date=4 October 2016}} 7. ^Precious time was lost between the time the hikers spotted the fire and were able to hike to a location where they could connect to a cell phone repeater to report it. 8. ^{{cite news|last1=Seaver|first1=Lauren|title=2,000-acre Soberanes Fire in Garrapata State Park forces evacuations|url=http://www.ksbw.com/news/firefighters-attacking-vegetation-fire-off-highway-one-south-of-carmel-highlands/40837702|accessdate=24 July 2016|agency=KSBW|date=23 July 2016}} 9. ^1 {{cite news|last1=Seaver|first1=Lauren|title=Soberanes Fire grows to 10,262 acres; containment up to 5 percent|url=http://www.ksbw.com/news/soberanes-fire-forces-big-sur-residents-from-homes/40852222|accessdate=July 24, 2016|agency=KSBW}} 10. ^{{cite web |title=Acting Governor Torlakson Declares State of Emergency in Los Angeles and Monterey Counties |url=https://www.gov.ca.gov/news.php?id=19491 |website=Office of the Governor |accessdate=July 31, 2016 |date=July 26, 2016}} 11. ^{{cite news |last1=Myers |first1=John |title=Who's governor of California? This week, it's not Jerry Brown |url=http://www.latimes.com/politics/la-na-pol-sac-acting-governor-rules-california-20160726-snap-story.html |accessdate=August 1, 2016 |agency=Los Angeles Times |date=July 25, 2016}} 12. ^{{cite news |last1=Leyde |first1=Tom |title=Soberanes Fire spreads further into Los Padres Forest |url=http://www.montereyherald.com/article/NF/20160730/NEWS/160739979 |accessdate=July 31, 2016 |work=Monterey Herald |date=July 30, 2016}} 13. ^{{cite web |title=Soberanes Fire |url=http://cdfdata.fire.ca.gov/incidents/incidents_details_info?incident_id=1348 |publisher=California Department of Forestry and Fire Protection |date=August 26, 2016 |accessdate=August 30, 2016 |quote=As of August 26, CAL FIRE is no longer in unified command of the fire as the majority of the activity is now burning on National Forest Land.}} 14. ^{{cite web |title=Soberanes Fire update for Aug. 30, 2016 |url=http://inciweb.nwcg.gov/incident/article/4888/33198/ |website=InciWeb Incident Information System |publisher=National Wildfire Coordinating Group |accessdate=August 30, 2016}} 15. ^{{cite web|last1=Thomas|first1=Madeleine|title=California’s Soberanes Fire Is the Most Expensive in America — Ever|url=https://psmag.com/californias-soberanes-fire-is-the-most-expensive-in-america-ever-d821c3f740fb#.87cqzfcyw|publisher=Pacific Standard|accessdate=10 October 2016|date=September 22, 2016}} 16. ^{{cite news |title=Soberanes Fire Latest: Fatality Reported, 20 Homes Destroyed |url=http://patch.com/california/watsonville/soberanes-fire-latest-four-firefighters-injured-24-000-acres-burned |accessdate=July 27, 2016 |agency=Patch Media |date=July 27, 2016}} 17. ^{{cite news |title=Bulldozer operator killed fighting Soberanes Fire identified |url=http://www.ksbw.com/news/soberanes-fire-burns-more-than-27000-acres-containment-remains-at-10/40927686 |accessdate=July 30, 2016 |work=KSBW |date=July 29, 2016}} 18. ^[https://www.scribd.com/document/320307394/Cal-Fire-Report-on-Soberanes-Fire-Fatality Dozer Rollover Fatality] 19. ^{{cite web|last1=Alexander|first1=Kurtis|title=Soberanes Fire nears record firefighting cost in U.S.|url=http://www.sfchronicle.com/bayarea/article/Soberanes-Fire-nears-record-firefighting-cost-in-9526689.php|website=San Francisco Chronicle|accessdate=1 December 2016|date=October 2, 2016}} 20. ^{{cite web|last1=Alexander|first1=Kurtis|title=Giant Pacific madrone is a likely victim of Soberanes Fire|url=http://www.seattlepi.com/bayarea/article/Before-and-after-See-the-record-size-tree-that-9876266.php#photo-11356744|website=seattlepi.com|publisher=Seattle Post Intelligencer|accessdate=1 December 2016|date=October 6, 2016}} 21. ^{{cite web|author=California State Parks|title=Areas of Garrapata State Park to Remain Closed|url=https://www.parks.ca.gov/NewsRelease/705|website=www.parks.ca.gov|accessdate=4 December 2016 |date= September 28, 2016}} 22. ^{{cite news |last1=Goldberg |first1=Ted |title=Family of Bulldozer Operator Killed in Soberanes Fire Suing California |url=https://ww2.kqed.org/news/2017/03/22/family-of-bulldozer-operator-killed-in-soberanes-fire-suing-california/ |accessdate=April 19, 2017 |work=KQED News |date=March 22, 2017}} 23. ^{{cite news |title=A 1960s Law Blocks Firefighting Contractors From Suing State |url=https://www.kqed.org/news/11628474/a-1960s-law-blocks-firefighting-contractors-from-suing-state |accessdate=18 July 2018 |work=KQED |date=8 November 2017 |language=en-us}} 24. ^1 {{cite news |last1=Bodley |first1=Michael |title=State fines 2 companies thousands for Soberanes Fire accidents |url=http://www.sfgate.com/bayarea/article/State-fines-2-companies-thousands-for-Soberanes-11002486.php |accessdate=April 19, 2017 |work=San Francisco Chronicle |publisher=SFGate |date=March 14, 2017}} 25. ^1 2 {{cite news |last1=Lyons |first1=Jenna |title=Contractor fined in Soberanes Fire death facing 6 new felony charges |url=http://www.sfgate.com/crime/article/Contractor-charged-in-bulldozer-driver-s-death-11081069.php |accessdate=April 19, 2017 |work=SFGate |date=April 18, 2017}} 26. ^{{cite news |last1=Goldberg |first1=Ted |title=Employer of Contractor Killed in Soberanes Fire Pleads Not Guilty |url=https://ww2.kqed.org/news/2017/05/12/employer-of-contractor-killed-in-soberanes-fire-pleads-not-guilty/ |accessdate=May 24, 2017 |publisher=KQED |work=KQED News |date=12 May 2017}} 27. ^{{cite web |title=Case SS170589A People of the State of California vs. Czirban, Ian Nathaniel |url=https://portal.monterey.courts.ca.gov/case/U1MxNzA1ODlB |website=portal.monterey.courts.ca.gov |accessdate=19 July 2018}} 28. ^1 2 {{cite news|last1=Larson|first1=Amy|title=Soberanes Fire caused by illegal unattended campfire, Cal Fire says|url=http://www.ksbw.com/news/soberanes-fire-grows-to-43400-acres-containment-remains-at-18/41013350|accessdate=2 August 2016|date=2 August 2016}} External links{{Commons category}}
9 : 2016 California wildfires|August 2016 events in the United States|Big Sur|July 2016 events in the United States|October 2016 events in the United States|Monterey Ranger District, Los Padres National Forest|Santa Lucia Range|September 2016 events in the United States|Wildfires in Monterey County, California |
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