词条 | Sonderführer | ||||||||||
释义 |
Sonderführer{{efn|In full, {{lang|de|Sonderführer mit militärischer Kommandobefugnis}}, "Special leader with military command power" .}} ({{IPA-de|ˈzɔndɐˌfyːʁɐ|lang}}, {{lit.}} "special leader"), abbreviated Sdf or Sf, was a specialist role introduced in the Wehrmacht of Nazi Germany in 1937 for the mobilization of the German armed forces.[1]. With the draft of Sonderführer to military service, the competence of civil experts and specialists could be exploited for military purposes. Certain assignments could be filled, from senior officers, company-grade officers, down to non-commissioned officer (NCO) ranks. A huge variation of service functions, e.g. in foreign languages, propaganda work, medical service, veterinary service and the like, was possible. Typically, the men were not trained as soldiers. They received the pay applicable to the position they were holding, but only by virtue of their temporary appointment. As a rule, Sonderführer were not allowed to execute the command and disciplinary powers vested in the rank. However, this was changed in 1942, during World War II. Sonderführer were used not only in Wehrmacht and Waffen-SS, but also in other Nazi-organisation, e.g. in the Organisation Todt, Reichsarbeitsdienst, etc. In soldier's slang Sonderführers, as well as Wehrmacht officials and military chaplains, were called "narrow-gauge officers" ({{lang-de|Schmalspuroffiziere}}). Categories of SonderführerDraftees were called up for Sonderführer to almost all branches of service (Heer, Luftwaffe and Kriegsmarine) or special forces, equivalent to assignments or appointment of military personnel in the hierarchy of the Wehrmacht.
Sonderführer were mainly deployed:
In case of professional expertise as photograph or draughtsman, the appropriate draftee could be called up for Sonderführer to a so-called Propaganda unit of the Wehrmacht. An example of individual influence in the occupied territory, in this situation to the language, is the case of Sonderführer Leo Weisgerber. He initiated a campaign to unify the {{lang-br|language}}. Up to the present time there are after-effects to this in the French region Brittany[2] Position and statusSonderführer were called up to military service to use the skills and expertise of specialists on defined function positions. This status was limited as to time, and became revocable if a military trained soldier could fill this position. In this case, the Sonderführer was fit into the "regular" military training procedure etc. The former function position as Sonderführer – which contained a service "assignment" not including a service "grade" – remained without consideration. By order in 1942 – Sonderführer on officer assignments received regular military training, in order to join the reserve officer corps. Therefore, the limitations to execute military command – and disciplinary powers were lifted.[3] In soldier´s slang Sonderführers, as well as Wehrmacht´s officials (de: Wehrmachtsbeamte) and army chaplains (de: Militärpfarrer), were called narrow-gauge officers (de: Schmalspuroffiziere). The legal state of the Sonderführer was equivalent to those of a soldier in the meaning of the Nazi Service Act Legislation. Therefore, his status as combatant derives. In the pension legislation of the Federal Republic of Germany Sonderführers are explicit equivalent to regular soldiers.[4] Russian emigrants, which served as interpreters in the Wehrmacht, often were adjudged to Sonderführer status.[5] Rank insigniaSonderführer of the Wehrmacht wore the standard military uniform but their collars and cap bands were blue-grey rather than army green, with unique shoulder and collar insignia. The collar patch was blue-grey with a gable-end device like that of Beamter a. K. in matte aluminium, with aluminium braid down the center. Epaulette patterns changed twice during the war. The original patterns, worn until March 1940 and again after December 1942, were narrow versions of army shoulder boards: a single doubled strip of aluminium braid for company-grade officer equivalents, and a single braided strip for field-officer equivalents; NCO equivalents were similar to junior officers' but green. Instead of rank pips, Sonderführer wore braided gold rings encircling the shoulder straps. From 1940-42 an entirely different type of shoulder board was worn: this was like the army equivalent but the braid used incorporated repeating black-white-red chevrons, giving the whole a checkered look. Ordinary rank pips and specialization pins were worn with these "Second Regulation" epaulets. SS rankThe designation SS-Sonderführer had a different meaning in comparison to the Sonderführer in the Wehrmacht. Therefore, SS-Sonderführer should be seen in conjunction with the service rank order of the Schutzstaffel. With the title SS-Führer im Sonderdienst (en: SS-Führer in special service), short SS-Sonderführer (en: SS-Secialist leader), from 1942 SS-Fachführer in the Waffen-SS (SS-Führer specialist in the Waffen-SS), the technical education of a SS-member was characterized. The Allgemeine-SS introduced uniform cuff insignia (the so-called Tätigkeitsabzeichen or Sonderlaufbahnabzeichen on the SS uniform. It characterized the professional skills of the SS specialist, e.g.: so-called special cuff career insignia (de: Sonderlaufbahnabzeichen) on the uniform in 1935 As of 1935:
Fundamental, it was possible to add any use any SS-rank in conjunction with a SS-Sonderführer assignment to any existing SS-service rank. The normal procedure was to call up SS-Sonderführer from own SS-staff. Notable recipientsSome notable personnel of this rank include:
Specialized literature
See also
References{{notelist}}{{Commons category|Sonderführer}}1. ^Mobilization plan for the Army (de: Heer) from March 12, 1937 (Mobilmachungsplan für das Heer vom 12. März 1937) {{Nazi Germany Paramilitary Ranks}}{{DEFAULTSORT:Sonderfuhrer}}2. ^{{cite web |url=http://membres.lycos.fr/leguenne/etudes/bzh/bzh.htm |title=Archived copy |accessdate=2016-06-25 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20091011112043/http://membres.lycos.fr/leguenne/etudes/bzh/bzh.htm |archivedate=2009-10-11 |df= }} L’origine historique et politique du >H< de BHZ. 3. ^Encouragement of Sonderführers: HM October 26, 1942. Quotation by: Dirk Richardt, selection and training of junior officers 1930–1945, dissertation Marburg, 2002, p. 504. (de: Förderung von Sonderführern: HM 26.10.1942, HM 1942. zitiert nach: Dirk Richardt, Auswahl und Ausbildung junger Offiziere 1930–1945, Dissertation Marburg, 2002, S. 504.) 4. ^ {{dead link|date=May 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} Act on public assistance of the victims of war, p. 7, N°. 3 (de: Gesetz über die Versorgung der Opfer des Krieges, S. 7, Nr. 3) 5. ^Oleg Beyda: ‘Iron Cross of the Wrangel's Army’: Russian Emigrants as Interpreters in the Wehrmacht. In: The Journal of Slavic Military Studies. 27, 2014, S. 430–448, {{DOI|10.1080/13518046.2014.932630}} 6. ^Sonderführer der Gruppe Landwirtschaft herausgegeben von der Landwirtschaftskammer für den Freistaat Sachsen, Verlag Internationale Hygiene-Ausstellung Dresden 1930. 2 : SS ranks|Military ranks of Germany |
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