| 词条 | Sophie Gonzales |
| 释义 |
Early lifeGonzales was born in San Antonio, Texas, in 1920 and raised on a ranch outside of Von Ormy, Texas.[2] She was one of two daughters among the four Gonzales children. She attended high school in Somerset, Texas, near modern day San Antonio, and enjoyed sports, including volleyball and basketball. Her siblings became her earlier influences by joining the Amalgamated Butchers of America Union.[2] She dropped out of high school after tenth grade when she turned eighteen. She then moved to San Antonio with one of her brothers. CareerIn 1956 Gonzales began working for a sweater company in San Antonio. After 3 years she become involved with ILGWU as its first female Mexican-American organizer. After 10 years with the union, the Tex-Son Garment Company in San Antonio began outsourcing labor to non-unionized firms out of state, prompting the San Antonio IGLWU local to go on strike.[2] In 1959 Gonzales organized and led the effort, achieving a boycott of the company’s products across Texas, and employing clever tactics to pressure the company. Joined by both white and Latina women (a heretofore unprecedented phenomena) Gonzales utilized fashion to dispel accusations of unladylike behavior attributed to the female strikers and to reinforce the women’s persona as workers, including many spouses and mothers.[1] During the strike, Gonzales made news describing the violent interactions between the strikers and the workers. Gonzales claimed that the workers meant to beat her up but failed. Instead they sent down voodoo dolls with stick pins.[3] The doll was dressed as Gonzales and she posed for a photo for the local newspaper to taunt the workers. However, the state’s anti-union tendencies along with increasing counteraction from the owner and dissenting employees caused Gonzales to withdraw from the strike one year before its unsuccessful end in 1963. Gonzales' talents were next deployed by the ACWA and the Federation of Union Representatives. From El Paso, Texas Gonzales became involved in important strikes against companies including Hortex Manufacturing Company, Levi Strauss and Farah Manufacturing Company over an 18-year span from 1965 to 1983 when she retired. During this period, she helped lead, organize, and implement effective boycotts. Her tenacity is said to have played a role in inspiring female strikers to join strikes and testify, overcoming their hesitancy to incur criticism from their male managers.[2] Personal lifeLittle is known of Gonzales’ personal life other than that she was married to George Gray for 4 years in 1941 and, later, to Tony Moreno in 1955. She first married at age 21 and bore two sons, George, Jr. and Daniel who served in the Air Force. Her second marriage to Moreno lasted for 15 years until 1970. In an interview with Irene Ledesma, Gonzales divulged that Moreno was jealous and possessive, even requesting that she drive more often, rather than sit in the passenger seat, so that she would not wave to other men on the street. Gonzales lived in El Paso until her death in San Antonio in 1995.[4] LegacyGonzales is remembered as an innovative union organizer and champion of female participation in labor union activities. Hailed with a plaque bestowed upon her by the ACWA in 1983, Gonzales is credited in organizing the Tex-Son strike which saw the first cooperation of Caucasian and Latina women in a strike in the country. She was the first female ILGWU union organizer.[2] References1. ^1 {{Cite journal|last=Flores|first=Lori A.|date=2009|title=An Unladylike Strike Fashionably Clothed: Mexicana and Anglo Women Garment Workers Against Tex-Son, 1959–1963|journal=Pacific Historical Review|volume=78|issue=3|pages=367–402|doi=10.1525/phr.2009.78.3.367|jstor=10.1525/phr.2009.78.3.367}} 2. ^1 2 3 4 5 {{Cite web|url=https://tshaonline.org/handbook/online/articles/fgo59|title=Texas State Historical Association (TSHA)|last=|first=|date=2010-02-09|website=tshaonline.org|language=en|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=2018-10-29}} 3. ^Irene Ledesma, Unlikely Strikers: Mexican American Women in Strike Activity in Texas, 1919–1974 (Ph.D. dissertation, Ohio State University, 1992) 4. ^{{Cite journal|last=Ledesma|first=Irene|date=1997|title=Confronting Class: Comment on Honig|journal=Journal of Women's History|language=en|volume=9|issue=1|pages=158–163|doi=10.1353/jowh.2010.0164|issn=1527-2036}} |
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