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词条 Southern giraffe
释义

  1. Taxonomy and evolution

     Subspecies 

  2. Descriptions

  3. Distribution and habitat

  4. Ecology and behavior

  5. Threats

  6. References

  7. External links

See Giraffe for details on how this proposed taxonomy fits within the currently accepted taxonomy of giraffes.

The southern giraffe (Giraffa giraffa), also known as two-horned giraffe,[1] is a proposed species of giraffe native to Southern Africa. However, the IUCN currently recognizes only one species of giraffe with nine subspecies.[2][3]

Southern giraffes have rounded or blotched spots, some with star-like extensions on a light tan background, running down to the hooves. They range from South Africa, Angola, Namibia, Botswana, Zambia, Zimbabwe, Mozambique. Their approximate population is composed of 44,500 individuals.[4]

All giraffes are considered Vulnerable to extinction by the IUCN.[4]

Taxonomy and evolution

{{Cladogram
|title=Internal systematics of giraffes (Fennessy et al. 2016)[4]
|{{clade|style=white-space:nowrap;font-size:85%;line-height:75%
|label1=Giraffa 
|1={{Clade
|1= Giraffa giraffa
|2={{Clade
|1= Giraffa tippelskirchi
|2={{Clade
|1= Giraffa reticulata
|2= Giraffa camelopardalis 
         }}      }}   }} }}

}}

Living giraffes were originally classified as one species by Carl Linnaeus in 1758, under the binomial name Cervus camelopardalis. Morten Thrane Brünnich classified the genus Giraffa in 1772.[5] Once considered a subspecies of the conglomerate Giraffa camelopardalis species, recent studies proposed the southern giraffe as a separate species of a reorganised genus Giraffa, under the binomial name Giraffa giraffa.[6][7] However, the taxonomic scheme has been criticized, and currently the IUCN recognizes only one species of giraffe with nine subspecies.[2][3]

Subspecies

Two subspecies of southern giraffe are proposed.

Proposed Subspecies of Southern giraffe
Subspecies Description Image
Angolan giraffe (G. g. angolensis), also known as Namibian giraffe [8] This subspecies has large brown blotches with edges that are either somewhat notched or have angular extensions. The spotting pattern extends throughout the legs but not the upper part of the face. The neck and rump patches tend to be fairly small. The subspecies also has a white ear patch.[13]{{rp>51}} Around 13,000 animals are estimated to remain in the wild; and about 20 are kept in zoos.[6]
South African giraffe (G. g. giraffa), also known as Cape giraffe [13]{{rp>52}} Approximately 31,500 are estimated to remain in the wild, and around 45 are kept in zoos.[6]

Descriptions

The Cape subspecies of the southern giraffe has dark, somewhat rounded patches "with some fine projections" on a tawny background colour. The spots extend down the legs and get smaller. The median lump of males is less developed.[9]{{rp|52}}

Distribution and habitat

The southern giraffes live in the savannahs and woodlands of northern South Africa, Angola, southern Botswana, southern Zimbabwe, Zambia and south-western Mozambique. After local extinctions in various places, the South African giraffes have been reintroduced in many parts of Southern Africa, including in Swaziland. They are common in both inside and outside of protected areas.[4]

Ecology and behavior

Southern giraffes usually live in savannahs and woodlands where food plants are available. Southern giraffes are herbivorous mammals. They feed on leaves, flowers, fruits and shoots of woody plants such as Acacia.

Threats

Southern giraffes are not threatened, as their population is increasing.[4]

References

1. ^Lesson, R. (1842). [https://archive.org/stream/biostor-107888#page/n13/mode/2up/search/Two-horned+giraffe The Southern or Two-horned giraffe (Giraffa capensis).] Existing Forms of Giraffe (February 16, 1897): 14.
2. ^1 {{Cite journal|last=IUCN|title=Giraffa camelopardalis: Muller, Z., Bercovitch, F., Brand, R., Brown, D., Brown, M., Bolger, D., Carter, K., Deacon, F., Doherty, J.B., Fennessy, J., Fennessy, S., Hussein, A.A., Lee, D., Marais, A., Strauss, M., Tutchings, A. & Wube, T.|journal=IUCN Red List of Threatened Species|doi=10.2305/iucn.uk.2016-3.rlts.t9194a51140239.en|year=2016}}
3. ^1 {{Cite journal|last=Bercovitch|first=Fred B.|last2=Berry|first2=Philip S.M.|last3=Dagg|first3=Anne|last4=Deacon|first4=Francois|last5=Doherty|first5=John B.|last6=Lee|first6=Derek E.|last7=Mineur|first7=Frédéric|last8=Muller|first8=Zoe|last9=Ogden|first9=Rob|date=2017-02-20|title=How many species of giraffe are there?|url=http://www.cell.com/current-biology/fulltext/S0960-9822(16)31520-2?_returnURL=http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0960982216315202?showall=true|journal=Current Biology|language=English|volume=27|issue=4|pages=R136–R137|doi=10.1016/j.cub.2016.12.039|pmid=28222287|issn=0960-9822}}
4. ^1 2 {{Cite journal | author = Muller, Z. | author2 = Bercovitch, F. | author3 = Brand, R. | author4 = Brown, D. | author5 = Brown, M. | author6 = Bolger, D. | author7 = Carter, K. | author8 = Deacon, F. | author9 = Doherty, J.B. | author10 = Fennessy, J. | author11 = Fennessy, S. | author12 = Hussein, A.A. | author13 = Lee, D. | author14 = Marais, A. | author15 = Strauss, M. | author16 = Tutchings, A. | author17 = Wube, T. | last-author-amp = yes | title = Giraffa camelopardalis | journal = The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species | volume = 2016 | page = e.T9194A109326950 | date = 2016 | url = http://www.iucnredlist.org/details/9194/0 | doi = 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T9194A51140239.en | access-date = 23 December 2017}}
5. ^{{Cite journal|year=1971|title=Giraffa camelopardalis|url=http://www.science.smith.edu/msi/pdf/i0076-3519-005-01-0001.pdf|journal=Mammalian Species|volume=5|issue=5|pages=1–8|doi=10.2307/3503830|jstor=3503830|author=Dagg, A. I.}}
6. ^1 2 3 4 {{cite journal |author1=Fennessy J. |author2=Bidon T.|author3=Reuss F. |author4=Kumar V. |author5=Elkan P. |author6=Nilsson M.A. |author7=Vamberger M. |author8=Fritz U. |author9=Janke A. |title=Multi-locus Analyses Reveal Four Giraffe Species Instead of One |journal=Current Biology |volume=26 |issue=18|pages=2543–2549|year=2016 |doi=10.1016/j.cub.2016.07.036 |pmid=27618261}}
7. ^{{Cite journal|last=Brown|first=David M.|last2=Brenneman|first2=Rick A.|last3=Koepfli|first3=Klaus-Peter|last4=Pollinger|first4=John P.|last5=Milá|first5=Borja|last6=Georgiadis|first6=Nicholas J.|last7=Louis|first7=Edward E.|last8=Grether|first8=Gregory F.|last9=Jacobs|first9=David K.|date=2007-01-01|title=Extensive population genetic structure in the giraffe|journal=BMC Biology|volume=5|pages=57|doi=10.1186/1741-7007-5-57|issn=1741-7007|pmc=2254591|pmid=18154651}}
8. ^{{cite journal|doi= 10.1111/j.1365-2028.2009.01078.x|author1=Brenneman, R. A. |author2=Louis, E. E. Jr |author3=Fennessy, J. |year=2009|title=Genetic structure of two populations of the Namibian giraffe, Giraffa camelopardalis angolensis|journal=African Journal of Ecology|volume=47|issue=4|pages=720–28}}
9. ^1 2 Seymour, R. (2002) The taxonomic status of the giraffe, Giraffa camelopardalis (L. 1758), PH.D Thesis

External links

{{Sister project links |wikt=giraffe |commons=Giraffa giraffa |b=no |n=no |q=no |v=no |species=Giraffa giraffa }}{{Artiodactyla|R.}}{{Taxonbar|from=Q26840221}}{{Authority control}}{{DEFAULTSORT:giraffe, southern}}

5 : Giraffes|Mammals of Southern Africa|Extant Miocene first appearances|Mammals described in 1784|Taxa named by Mathurin Jacques Brisson
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