| 词条 | Aloha ʻĀina |
| 释义 |
Aloha {{okina}}Āina, which literally means "love of the land",[1] is a central idea of ancient Hawaiian thought, cosmology and culture. The concept is felt by many people in Hawai{{okina}}i as a focus of ecological and cultural understanding. HistoryTraditionally, the concept goes back to mythical times, and is illustrated extensively in creation chants such as the Kumulipo, which emphasize the connection between the land and the people. In everyday practice, it embodies a deep passion for the land, as is often demonstrated in songs, hula, stories and lifestyle practices such as farming, which have many celebratory and sometimes sensual elements. As a political term, it came into wide use during the late nineteenth century through the Aloha {{okina}}Āina Party, which transformed into the Home Rule Party of Hawaii in 1900,[2]{{page needed|161|date=September 2016}} after the annexation of Hawai{{okina}}i in the last decade of the 19th century. Since that time some connotations of Hawaiian nationalism are associated with the term. Many practitioners, however, assert that Aloha {{okina}}Āina is not itself a political term but rather a tenet of spiritual and cultural understanding which "drives one into action" (George Helm, 1977). These actions may be political, or may simply involve prayer, lifestyle choices and love and respect for the land and sea. Hawaiian RenaissanceDuring the "Hawaiian Renaissance" of the 1970s, the term again came into common use, and a social movement arose based upon it. Land struggles were the locus of this movement, which brought together ecological principles, ancient practices, historical interests, demilitarization/peace concepts and Hawaiian Sovereignty claims.[2]{{rp|11}}[3] The pinnacle of this movement came in 1976-77, with the occupation of the island of Kaho{{okina}}olawe by the group PKO (Protect Kaho{{okina}}olawe {{okina}}Ohana).[4] Kaho{{okina}}olawe had been used as training area for the military since World War II, and was still an active bombing practice range for the U.S. Navy at the time. The PKO planned to "complete five landings symbolizing the five fingers of limahana (the working hand)."[5] A group of activists, kupuna (elders) and cultural practitioners led by Kawaipuna Prejean and George Helm, a lauded Hawaiian singer, musician and speaker from Molokai[4][6] reached the island by boat, but were later arrested.[7] They returned, and two of the group, Walter Ritte and Richard Sawyer, were left behind on the waterless island when the others were again removed. Helm, who had become the group's leader and a hero to many, paddled the 7 miles from Maui on a surfboard, along with Kimo Mitchell in an attempt to return to Kaho{{okina}}olawe. The pair disappeared and Helm's body was never found.[4][8] The Navy later ended its use of Kaho'olawe and funded a still-incomplete program to remove unexploded ordnance from the island.[9] Modern movementThe Aloha {{okina}}Āina movement later focused on the growing of kalo, or Hawaiian taro. Kalo is a sacred plant in traditional Hawaiian culture, believed to be the elder sibling of the first humans, and the plant from which poi is made. Kalo requires copious water and is very sensitive to pollutants (hence, urbanization); therefore, anti-development and water rights struggles are ubiquitous elements of traditional kalo culture. Kalo culture relates directly to health issues; studies have shown very high rates of heart disease, diabetes, many cancers, and most other preventable, diet-related diseases among native Hawaiians, and a major factor in these statistics is suspected to be the abandonment of traditional dietary practices. The goals of Aloha {{okina}}Āina include the harmonization of human health with the health of the land, through the culturally pono (righteous) protection and care of the natural resources that sustain it. Later issues of concern for the Aloha {{okina}}Āina movement include the hotly contested creation of a genetically modified taro variety and the proposed arrival of 240 Stryker tanks to Hawai{{okina}}i. See also
References1. ^{{cite book|last=Clark|first=John R. K.|title=Beaches Of O'ahu|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=u_ZbHX0wKtIC&pg=PA166|accessdate=29 April 2012|date=1 February 2005|publisher=University of Hawaii Press|isbn=978-0-8248-2892-9|page=166}} 2. ^1 {{cite book|last=Silva|first=Noenoe K.|title=Aloha Betrayed: Native Hawaiian Resistance to American Colonialism|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-G4TZ_hDVfsC&pg=PA161|accessdate=29 April 2012|date=17 August 2004|publisher=Duke University Press|isbn=978-0-8223-3349-4}} 3. ^{{cite book|last=Ryan|first=Donald P.|title=The Everything Family Guide To Hawaii Book: Lodging, Restaurants, Beaches, and Must-See Attractions for All Eight Islands|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eEDU38ZblUMC&pg=PT377|accessdate=29 April 2012|date=12 July 2004|publisher=Everything Books|isbn=978-1-59337-054-1|page=377}} 4. ^1 2 {{cite book|last=Blackford|first=Mansel G.|title=Pathways to the Present: U.S. Development and Its Consequences in the Pacific|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LjYe0SSy5cIC&pg=PA49|accessdate=29 April 2012|year=2007|publisher=University of Hawaii Press|isbn=978-0-8248-3073-1|page=49}} 5. ^{{cite book|last=Lutz|first=Catherine|title=The Bases of Empire: The Global Struggle Against U.S. Military Posts|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nPAgU6lhAT4C&pg=PA312|accessdate=29 April 2012|date=1 March 2009|publisher=NYU Press|isbn=978-0-8147-5243-2|page=312}} 6. ^{{cite book|last=Rubinstein|first=Donald H.|title=Pacific history: papers from the 8th Pacific History Association Conference|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8JpyAAAAMAAJ|accessdate=29 April 2012|date=July 1992|publisher=University of Guam Press & Micronesian Area Research Center|isbn=978-1-878453-14-3|page=431}} 7. ^{{cite web|url=http://starbulletin.com/96/03/19/features/story1.html|title=Story|publisher=Star Bulletin|accessdate=29 April 2012}} 8. ^{{cite book|last=Coleman|first=Stuart Holmes|title=Eddie Would Go|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LEjKqi7HF5sC&pg=PA222|accessdate=29 April 2012|date=3 May 2004|publisher=Random House|isbn=978-0-224-07362-2|page=222}} 9. ^{{Cite news|title = Ordnance Cleanup Begins Healing of Hawaiian Island|url = http://articles.latimes.com/2001/feb/02/news/mn-20076|newspaper = Los Angeles Times|date = 2001-02-02|access-date = 2015-10-07|issn = 0458-3035|first = From Associated|last = Press}} 10. ^{{cite book|last1=Hall|first1=Budd L.|last2=Dei|first2=George Jerry Sefa|last3=Rosenberg|first3=Dorothy Goldin|title=Indigenous Knowledges in Global Contexts: Multiple Readings of Our World|url={{google books|plainurl=y|id=of6XaWJS9cEC|page=46}}|accessdate=29 April 2012|year=2000|publisher=University of Toronto Press|isbn=978-0-8020-8059-2|page=46}} External links
1 : Hawaii culture |
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