“Status of the Golan Heights”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

The Golan Heights are a rocky plateau in Western Asia that were captured by Israel from Syria in the 1967 Six-Day War. The international community widely considers the territory to be Syrian held under Israeli military occupation. In 1981, Israel passed the Golan Heights Law, which applied Israeli civil law to the territory in a move that effectively annexed it to Israel. In response, the United Nations Security Council unanimously passed UNSC Resolution 497 which condemned the Israeli actions to change the status of the territory declaring them "null and void and without international legal effect", and that the Golan remained an occupied territory. In 2019, the United States became the first state to recognize the Golan Heights as Israeli sovereign territory, while the rest of the international community continues to consider the territory Syrian held under Israeli occupation.^[1]^[2]

British and French Mandates

Following World War I, portions of the former territory of the Ottoman Empire was split into several League of Nations mandates under the control of one of the victorious Allied countries of the war. The British Mandate for Palestine and the French Mandate for Syria were two such mandates, with the border finalized between the two in the Paulet–Newcombe Agreement. The border, drawn in 1923, was the first international border between Syria and Palestine and to date is the last,^[1] with the remaining boundaries since then having been a result of armistice agreements. The boundary placed the entirety of the Sea of Galilee, along with a ten meter wide strip on the eastern shore, within the British Mandate.^[2] The French Mandate ended in 1946 with the independence of the Republic of Syria, and Syria demanded changes to the border to allow for greater access to fresh water sources, demands the British refused on the basis that the border had been submitted and approved to the League of Nations and Britain thus considered the matter closed.^[3]

Post-mandate period

The 1948 Arab–Israeli War, which followed Israel's declaration of independence, resulted in the newly formed state of Israel in control over roughly 77% of what had been the territory of the British Mandate.^[4] Syria had however advanced to the eastern shoreline of the Sea of Galilee, where the border as delineated by the British and the French was ten meters east of the shoreline.^[5]^[2] In the armistice negotiations that followed the declaration of a ceasefire, that ten meter strip was included in a demilitarized zone as Israel had argued for.^[6]

Six-Day War and aftermath

In the 1967 Six-Day War, Israel captured and occupied a majority of the Golan Heights from Syria. Following the war, the United Nations Security Council passed Resolution 242, which called on Israel to withdraw from territories occupied in the war in exchange for the termination of all states of belligerency and recognition of Israel as a sovereign state by the Arab states.^[7] The 1973 Arab-Israeli War saw further territorial gains by Israel, though Israel agreed to return to the 1967 ceasefire line in the 1974 disengagement agreement between Israel and Syria.^[8] Syria has continued to insist on the return of the Golan in any negotiated peace agreement between the two countries.^[9]

Golan Heights Law

On 14 December 1981 the Israeli Knesset passed the Golan Heights Law. While the law did not use the term annexation, it was considered to be an annexation by the Israeli opposition and international community.^[10]^[11]

The action was condemned internationally, and in response the United Nations Security Council passed United Nations Security Council Resolution 497 declaring the law "null and void and without international legal effect" and that the Fourth Geneva Convention continued to apply to the Golan as an occupied territory.^[12]^[13]^[17]

International views

The international community widely considers the Golan to be Syrian territory held under Israeli occupation.^[14]^[15]^[16] A number of states recognize the Israeli occupation as being legitimate under the United Nations Charter on a self-defense basis, but do not consider those concerns to allow for the annexation of territory seized by force.^[15]

In 2019, the United States, which previously considered the Golan Heights to be occupied, became the first country to recognize Israeli sovereignty over the territory it has held since 1967. The rest of the international community continues to view the territory as Syrian held under Israeli occupation.^[17]^[18] The European Union members of the United Nations Security Council issued a joint statement condemning the US announcement and the UN Secretary-General António Guterres issued a statement saying that the status of the Golan Heights had not changed.^[19]^[20]

See also

References

1. ^{{cite book | last=Kipnis | first=Yigal | title=The Golan Heights: Political History, Settlement and Geography since 1949 | publisher=Taylor & Francis | series=Routledge Studies in Middle Eastern Politics | year=2013 | isbn=978-1-136-74092-3 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=94_HWZx0s8sC&pg=PA235 | access-date=2019-03-29 | page=235}}
2. ^¹{{cite book | last=Balanche | first=F. | title=Atlas of the Near East: State Formation and the Arab-Israeli Conflict, 1918-2010 | publisher=Brill | year=2017 | isbn=978-90-04-34518-8 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qOEzDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA114 | access-date=2019-03-29 | page=114}}
3. ^{{cite book | last=Capinera | first=John | title=Israel And Syria: Peace And Security On The Golan | publisher=Taylor & Francis | year=2019 | isbn=978-0-429-71086-5 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VimNDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT27 | access-date=2019-03-29 | page=27}}
4. ^{{cite book | last=Oberschall | first=A. | title=Conflict and Peace Building in Divided Societies: Responses to Ethnic Violence | publisher=Taylor & Francis | year=2007 | isbn=978-1-134-12814-3 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mrd8AgAAQBAJ&pg=PA129 | access-date=2019-03-29 | page=129}}
5. ^{{cite book | last=Cordesman | first=Anthony | title=Israel and Syria : the military balance and prospects of war | publisher=Praeger Security International Published in cooperation with the Center for Strategic and International Studies | year=2008 | isbn=978-0-313-35520-2 | oclc=615600412 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zr6Y3VusjqIC&pg=PA222 | access-date=2019-03-29 | page=222}}
6. ^{{cite book | last=Ben-Dror | first=Elad | title=Ralph Bunche and the Arab-Israeli Conflict: Mediation and the UN, 1947-1949 | publisher=Taylor & Francis | series=Israeli History, Politics and Society | year=2015 | isbn=978-1-317-65470-4 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mP2PCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA234 | access-date=2019-03-29 | page=234}}
7. ^{{cite journal | last=Zacher | first=Mark | title=The Territorial Integrity Norm: International Boundaries and the Use of Force | journal=International Organization | publisher=Cambridge University Press (CUP) | volume=55 | issue=2 | date=2001-06-01 | issn=1531-5088 | doi=10.1162/00208180151140568 | pages=231-232 |jstor=3078631}}
8. ^{{cite book | last=Rabinovich | first=Itamar | title=The Brink of Peace: The Israeli-Syrian Negotiations | publisher=Princeton University Press | year=2009 | isbn=978-1-4008-2265-2 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ne09zdj1aWgC&pg=PA28 | access-date=2019-03-29 | page=28}}
9. ^{{cite book | last=Ehteshami | first= Anoushiravan | last2=Hinnebusch | first2=Raymond| title=Syria and Iran: Middle Powers in a Penetrated Regional System | publisher=Taylor & Francis | year=2002 | isbn=978-1-134-73021-6 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=U_iFAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA160 | access-date=2019-03-29 | pages=160—161}}
10. ^Israeli Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Golan Heights Law.
11. ^{{cite book|last=Rabinowitz|first=Dan|editor=Thomas M. Wilson and Hastings Donnan|title=A Companion to Border Studies|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yu4kFC_vNokC&pg=PA307|date=28 March 2012|publisher=John Wiley & Sons|isbn=978-1-118-25525-4|pages=307–308|chapter=17: Identity, the State and Borderline Disorder}}
12. ^Council on Foreign Relations. UN Security Council Resolution 497.
13. ^{{cite book | last=Benvenisti | first=E. | title=The International Law of Occupation | publisher=OUP Oxford | year=2012 | isbn=978-0-19-163957-9 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=f19hVb54_s8C&pg=PA203 | ref=harv | access-date=2019-04-01}}
14. ^{{Cite journal | title = Prolonged Military Occupation: The Israeli-Occupied Territories Since 1967 | last = Roberts | first = Adam | author-link = Adam Roberts (scholar) | journal = American Journal of International Law | date = January 1990 | volume = 84 | issue = 1 | page = 60 | jstor = 2203016 | ref = harv | doi = 10.2307/2203016 }}
15. ^¹²{{citation |title=The Right of Conquest: The Acquisition of Territory by Force in International Law and Practice |last=Korman |first=Sharon |publisher=Oxford University Press |pages=262–264 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ueDO1dJyjrUC&pg=PA262}}
16. ^{{cite web | last=Pileggi | first=Tamar | last2=Winer | first2=Stuart | last3=Newman | first3=Marissa | last4=Bachner | first4=Michael | title=US redrawing official maps to include Golan as part of Israel | website=The Times of Israel | date=2019-03-28 | url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/us-redrawing-official-maps-to-include-golan-as-part-of-israel-report/ | ref=harv | access-date=2019-04-02}}
17. ^¹{{cite web | last=Aji | first=Albert | title=Trump acceptance of Israeli control of Golan sparks protests | work=Associated Press | date=2019-03-26 | url=https://apnews.com/ba302addc3e24e32b76168c5e0488b4c | ref=harv | access-date=2019-03-29}}
18. ^¹{{cite web | title=Trump’s Golan move unites Gulf States and Iran in condemnation | website=France 24 | date=2019-03-26 | url=https://www.france24.com/en/20190326-trump-golan-heights-israel-gulf-arabs-iran | ref={{sfnref | France 24 | 2019}} | access-date=2019-03-31}}
19. ^{{cite news |title=Trump recognizes Golan Heights as Israeli, boosting Netanyahu and angering Syria |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-israel/trump-recognizes-golan-heights-as-israeli-boosting-netanyahu-and-angering-syria-idUSKCN1R61S6 |accessdate=March 25, 2019 |agency=Reuters |date=March 25, 2019 }}
20. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-israel-un-idUSKCN1R623E|title=U.N. chief clear that Golan status has not changed: spokesman|date=March 25, 2019|publisher=|via=www.reuters.com}}
21. ^{{cite web | last=Fassihi | first=Farnaz | title=Security Council Denounces Trump’s Golan Decision | website=WSJ | date=2019-03-28 | url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/security-council-denounces-trumps-golan-decision-11553750154 | ref=harv | access-date=2019-03-29}}
22. ^{{Cite web|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2019/03/trump-formally-recognises-israeli-sovereignty-golan-heights-190325153937336.html|title=Trump formally recognises Israeli sovereignty over Golan Heights|website=www.aljazeera.com|access-date=2019-04-02}}