| 词条 | St Elmo Bridge |
| 释义 |
| name = St Elmo Bridge | native_name = | native_name_lang = | image = | alt = An arched truss steel bridge linking a breakwater to the coast | caption = The bridge and the breakwater | coordinates = {{Coord|35|54|10.32|N|14|31|15.61|E|display=inline, title}} | carries = | named_for = Fort Saint Elmo | design = Arched truss footbridge | material = Steel | length = {{convert|70|m|ft|abbr=on}} | width = {{convert|5.5|m|ft|abbr=on}} | number_spans = 1 | clearance_below = {{convert|9|m|ft|abbr=on}} from mean high water level[1] | life = 120 years | architect = Arenas & Asociados | complete = 5 October 2011 | cost = €2.8 million | inaugurated = 24 July 2012 }} The St Elmo Bridge is a single-span arched truss steel footbridge leading from the foreshore of Fort Saint Elmo in Valletta, Malta, to the breakwater at the entrance of the Grand Harbour. It was constructed in 2011–12 to designs of the Spanish architects Arenas & Asociados. The bridge stands on the site of an earlier bridge which had been built in 1906 and which was destroyed during World War II in 1941. The original bridge had a similar design to the present one, but it had two spans instead of one. Original bridgeIn the 19th and 20th centuries, the Grand Harbour was a major British naval base. In 1900 the Admiralty began making plans to construct a breakwater so as to protect the harbour from both the rough seas as well as potential enemy intrusion.[2] The breakwater was built out of limestone and concrete, and it consisted of two sections with a lighthouse on each end. The larger arm of the breakwater was linked to the foreshore near Fort Saint Elmo, with the smaller one being linked to Fort Ricasoli. The tender to construct the breakwater was issued in 1902, and it was won by S. Pearson & Sons. The foundation stone was laid down by King Edward VII on 20 April 1903, and work began in 1905 and was completed in 1910.[2] The total cost of the breakwater was around £1 million.{{efn|Comparing early 20th-century costs and prices with those of today can be challenging. £1 million in 1910 could be equivalent to between £97 million and £951 million in 2018, depending on the price comparison used.[2]}}[3] It was deemed necessary to have a {{convert|70|m|ft|adj=mid|-long}} gap between the larger section of the breakwater and the St Elmo foreshore, so as to prevent water inside the harbour from becoming stagnant and also allowing small vessels to take a quicker route to the harbour. A steel footbridge was constructed across this gap in 1906, and it consisted of two spans of arched truss beams supported on a pair of cylindrical steel columns filled with concrete.[4] DestructionOn the night of 25–26 July 1941, during World War II, the Decima Flottiglia MAS of the Italian Regia Marina launched an attack on the harbour using MAS motorboats, MT explosive motorboats and SLC Maiale human torpedoes. One of the SLCs was supposed to attack the bridge,[7] which had nets blocking the entrance to the harbour,[8] allowing the other vessels to enter the breach and attack naval shipping inside the harbour. The element of surprise was lost when the British were able to detect the impending attack using radar, which the Italians had not anticipated.[7] The attack on the bridge was launched at 04:46 on 26 July.[7] The explosives in the first craft did not detonate, prompting the pilot of another craft to smash his explosive motorboat against the bridge in a suicide mission. The craft hit one of the bridge's columns, and it detonated the explosives in the other boat, causing one of the spans to collapse. This did not allow access to the harbour; on the contrary the collapsed span ended up completely blocking the entrance.[5] The coastal batteries of Fort Saint Elmo[6] subsequently opened fire on the attackers, and most of the vessels were destroyed with a few being captured.[7] The collapsed span was removed after the attack,[7] and the rest of the bridge was subsequently demolished after the war.[15] All that remained were the stone abutments on either side and parts of the central columns. The breakwater and lighthouse were subsequently only accessible by boat.[4] Present bridgeThe intention to construct a replica of the bridge on the site was announced in 2007.[8] However, it became apparent that a reconstruction in accordance with the original design would not be financially feasible due to the quantity of steel required.[18] When a tender for design, fabrication and construction of the bridge was issued on 18 September 2009,[2] it called for a single-span bridge with a new design echoing the style of the original.[9] The construction of a new bridge formed part of a larger project to regenerate Valletta, which also included the reconstruction of City Gate and the Barrakka Lift, among other projects.[21] The single-span steel bridge weighs {{convert|190|tonnes}}, and it is {{convert|70|metres}} long and {{convert|5.5|metres}} wide. It has an asymmetrical L-shaped cross section, with an arched truss facing the seaward side. It is supported on the stone abutments of the original bridge, and the remains of the columns were also retained, although they are not connected to the modern bridge. The bridge was designed by the Spanish architects Arenas & Asociados,[4] and it was fabricated at A Coruña before being shipped to Malta on board the Storman Asia.[2] Bezzina & Cole Architects along with the contractor Vassallo Builders were responsible for putting the bridge in place,[10] and the installation took place on 5 October 2011.[11] The lighting system was designed by Anthony Magro of Calleja Limited. The project cost €2.8 million.[12][18] The bridge was designed to last for 120 years.[18] The bridge was inaugurated on 24 July 2012 by Austin Gatt, the Minister for Infrastructure, Transport and Communications,[13][14] and it was subsequently opened to the public.[15][16] The bridge received mixed reactions from the public, with some praising its design and the fact that it restored the original appearance of the breakwater, while critics disapproved of the cost of construction and called it a "bridge to nowhere."[17][18] Since its inauguration it has become a landmark,[17] and it has occasionally suffered damage to its decking or railings, which have resulted in it being closed to the public for some periods of time to allow for repair works.[18][19][20] Notes{{notelist}}References1. ^{{cite news |title=Bridge To breakwater to be put in place next week |url=http://www.independent.com.mt/articles/2011-09-21/news/bridge-to-breakwater-to-be-put-in-place-next-week-298976/ |work=The Malta Independent |date=21 September 2011 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20181115014037/http://www.independent.com.mt/articles/2011-09-21/news/bridge-to-breakwater-to-be-put-in-place-next-week-298976/ |archivedate=15 November 2018}} 2. ^{{cite web|last1=Officer|first1=Lawrence H.|last2=Williamson|first2=Samuel H.|title=Five Ways to Compute the Relative Value of a UK Pound Amount, 1270 to Present|url=https://www.measuringworth.com/ukcompare/|website=MeasuringWorth.com|accessdate=20 January 2019}} 3. ^{{cite book|last1=Hughes|first1=Quentin|last2=Thake|first2=Conrad|title=Malta, War & Peace: An Architectural Chronicle 1800–2000|date=2005|publisher=Midsea Books Ltd|isbn=9789993270553|page=94–95|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=75IgAAAACAAJ}} 4. ^1 2 {{cite web |title=New St. Elmo Breakwater Footbridge in Valletta Grand Harbour / Arenas & Asociados |url=https://www.archdaily.com/501625/new-st-elmo-breakwater-footbridge-in-valletta-grand-harbour-arenas-and-asociados |website=ArchDaily |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170917165232/http://www.archdaily.com/501625/new-st-elmo-breakwater-footbridge-in-valletta-grand-harbour-arenas-and-asociados |archivedate=17 September 2017 |date=1 May 2014}} 5. ^1 {{cite news |title=When the Italian Navy attacked Grand Harbour |url=https://www.timesofmalta.com/articles/view/20050726/local/when-the-italian-navy-attacked-grand-harbour.82997 |work=Times of Malta |date=26 July 2005 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304050643/http://www.timesofmalta.com/articles/view/20050726/local/when-the-italian-navy-attacked-grand-harbour.82997 |archivedate=4 March 2016}} 6. ^{{cite web |last1=Gafa' |first1=Kirsty |title=The Development of Fort St. Elmo and Fort St. Angelo for Heritage and Cultural Tourism |url=https://www.um.edu.mt/library/oar/bitstream/handle/123456789/10189/14BTOU018.pdf |website=University of Malta |page=14 |date=May 2014}} 7. ^1 2 3 4 {{cite news |last1=Abela |first1=Tony |title=The failed Italian motor torpedo boat attack on Grand Harbour |url=https://www.timesofmalta.com/articles/view/20160724/life-features/The-failed-Italian-motor-torpedo-boat-attack-on-Grand-Harbour.619860 |work=Times of Malta |date=24 July 2016 |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/73w0rP4vJ |archivedate=15 November 2018}} 8. ^{{cite news |title=Grand Harbour Regeneration plan: Breakwater bridge to be rebuilt |url=http://www.independent.com.mt/articles/2007-11-24/news/grand-harbour-regeneration-plan-breakwater-bridge-to-be-rebuilt-200060/ |work=The Malta Independent |date=24 November 2007 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20181114175233/http://www.independent.com.mt/articles/2007-11-24/news/grand-harbour-regeneration-plan-breakwater-bridge-to-be-rebuilt-200060/ |archivedate=14 November 2018}} 9. ^{{cite news |title=Breakwater bridge to be rebuilt |url=https://www.timesofmalta.com/articles/view/20090213/local/breakwater-bridge-to-be-rebuilt.244826 |work=Times of Malta |date=13 February 2009 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20181114175515/https://www.timesofmalta.com/articles/view/20090213/local/breakwater-bridge-to-be-rebuilt.244826 |archivedate=14 November 2018}} 10. ^{{cite web |title=St Elmo Bridge |url=https://www.vassallogroupmalta.com/project/post-3/ |website=Vassallo Group |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20181115005425/https://www.vassallogroupmalta.com/project/post-3/ |archivedate=15 November 2018 |date=27 May 2016}} 11. ^{{cite magazine |last1=Buttigieg |first1=Jonathan |title=St. Elmo's Footbridge |magazine=Arkati |date=Summer 2012 |pages=6–7 |publisher=Vassallo Group |url=http://www.vassallogroupmalta.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/Arkati-2012.pdf |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20181115013501/http://www.vassallogroupmalta.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/Arkati-2012.pdf |archivedate=15 November 2018}} 12. ^1 2 3 4 {{cite web |title=St. Elmo breakwater bridge, Valletta – Restoration |url=https://calleja.com.mt/st-elmo-breakwater-bridge-valletta-restoration/ |website=Calleja Limited |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/73vdQ14LZ |archivedate=14 November 2018}} 13. ^1 {{cite news |title=New breakwater bridge inaugurated in blaze of lights |url=https://www.timesofmalta.com/articles/view/20120724/local/new-breakwater-bridge-inaugurated-in-blaze-of-lights.429982 |work=Times of Malta |date=24 July 2012 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170822001321/https://www.timesofmalta.com/articles/view/20120724/local/new-breakwater-bridge-inaugurated-in-blaze-of-lights.429982 |archivedate=22 August 2017}} 14. ^1 {{cite news |title=St Elmo Bridge Officially inaugurated |url=http://www.independent.com.mt/articles/2012-07-25/news/st-elmo-bridge-officially-inaugurated-313703/ |work=The Malta Independent |date=25 July 2012 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20181114174445/http://www.independent.com.mt/articles/2012-07-25/news/st-elmo-bridge-officially-inaugurated-313703/ |archivedate=14 November 2018}} 15. ^{{cite news |title=St Elmo Bridge open to the public |url=https://www.timesofmalta.com/articles/view/20120726/local/st-elmo-bridge-open-to-the-public.430250 |work=Times of Malta |date=26 July 2012 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160422143458/http://www.timesofmalta.com:80/articles/view/20120726/local/st-elmo-bridge-open-to-the-public.430250 |archivedate=22 April 2016}} 16. ^{{cite web |title=Press Release – St. Elmo Bridge |url=http://www.transport.gov.mt/news/press-release-st-elmo-bridge |website=Transport Malta |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20181115004700/http://www.transport.gov.mt/news/press-release-st-elmo-bridge |archivedate=15 November 2018 |date=26 July 2012}} 17. ^1 2 3 4 {{cite news |last1=Micallef |first1=Keith |title=Breakwater bridge to be brought back to light |url=https://www.timesofmalta.com/articles/view/20180101/local/breakwater-bridge-to-be-brought-back-to-light.666920 |work=Times of Malta |date=1 January 2018 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180101143031/https://www.timesofmalta.com/articles/view/20180101/local/breakwater-bridge-to-be-brought-back-to-light.666920 |archivedate=1 January 2018}} 18. ^1 {{cite news |title=Bridge to nowhere |url=https://www.timesofmalta.com/articles/view/20140401/local/Bridge-to-nowhere.513046 |work=Times of Malta |date=1 April 2014 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20181115010554/https://www.timesofmalta.com/articles/view/20140401/local/Bridge-to-nowhere.513046 |archivedate=15 November 2018}} 19. ^{{cite web |title=Breakwater bridge is being repaired |url=https://news.transport.gov.mt/breakwater-bridge-is-being-repaired/ |website=Transport Malta |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20181115011125/https://news.transport.gov.mt/breakwater-bridge-is-being-repaired/ |archivedate=15 November 2018 |date=20 May 2015}} 20. ^{{cite news |last1=Micallef |first1=Keith |title=Breakwater bridge suffers fresh damage |url=https://www.timesofmalta.com/articles/view/20180122/local/breakwater-bridge-suffers-fresh-damage.668579 |work=Times of Malta |date=22 January 2018 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20181108220101/https://www.timesofmalta.com/articles/view/20180122/local/breakwater-bridge-suffers-fresh-damage.668579 |archivedate=8 November 2018}} External links{{commons category inline|St. Elmo Bridge}}{{Valletta}} 12 : Footbridges|Steel bridges|Truss bridges|Bridges in Malta|Buildings and structures in Valletta|Bridges completed in 1906|1906 establishments in Malta|Buildings and structures in Malta destroyed during World War II|Buildings and structures demolished in 1941|1941 disestablishments in Malta|Bridges completed in 2012|2012 establishments in Malta |
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