词条 | Big business |
释义 |
The latter half of the 19th century saw more technological advances and corporate growth in additional{{clarify|date=June 2015}} sectors, such as petroleum, machinery, chemicals, and electrical equipment. (See Second Industrial Revolution.) HistoryEarly 20th centuryThe automotive industry began modestly in the late-19th century, but grew rapidly following the development of large-scale gasoline production in the early 20th century. Post-World War IIThe relatively stable period of rebuilding after World War II led to new technologies (some of which were spin-offs from the war years) and new businesses. ComputersThe new technology of computers spread worldwide in the post war years.{{Citation needed|date=April 2010}} Businesses built around computer technology include: IBM, Microsoft, Apple Inc., Samsung, and Intel. ElectronicsMiniaturization and integrated circuits, together with an expansion of radio and television technologies, provided fertile ground for business development. Electronics businesses include JVC, Sony (Masaru Ibuka and Akio Morita), and Texas Instruments (Cecil H. Green, J. Erik Jonsson, Eugene McDermott, and Patrick E. Chodery), while also the companies in the computer-section above can be considered electronics. EnergyNuclear power was added to fossil fuel as the main sources of energy. Criticism of big businessThe social consequences of the concentration of economic power in the hands of those persons controlling "big business" has been a constant concern both of economists and of politicians since the end of the 19th century. Various attempts have been made to investigate the effects of "bigness" upon labor, consumers, and investors, as well as upon prices and competition. "Big business" has been accused of a wide variety of misdeeds that range from the exploitation of the working class to the corruption of politicians and the fomenting of war. Influence over governmentCorporate concentration can lead to influence over government in areas such as tax policy, trade policy, environmental policy, foreign policy, and labor policy through lobbying. In 2005, the majority of Americans believed that big business has "too much power in Washington."[3] See also{{colbegin}}
ReferencesThis article is originally based on material from Dictionary of American History by James Truslow Adams, New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1940 1. ^Forbes.com. [https://www.forbes.com/lists/2005/183/Rank_1.html "The Largest German Companies."] Accessed 2012-12-29. 2. ^Forbes.com. [https://www.forbes.com/2006/12/02/forbes40-hsbc-hbos-biz-cx_pm_1205uk40_intro.html "The U.K.'s 40 Largest Companies."] Accessed 2012-12-29. 3. ^{{citation | url = http://www.cato.org/research/articles/cpr28n4-1.html| author = Timothy P. Carney | date = 2006-07-21 | title = Big Business and Big Government}} 3 : Business terms|Political terminology|Libertarian terms |
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