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词条 Stereotypes of Africans
释义

  1. Origin and media representation

  2. Asia

     China  Japan  Korea  India 

  3. Europe

     Belgium  France  Germany  Italy  Poland  Portugal  United Kingdom 

  4. North America

     United States 

  5. Oceania

     Australia  News Zealand 

  6. Common stereotypes

     One country   One language    Harsh biome   Backwardness   Poverty    Technology    Urbanization   Crime   Fraud   Wildlife 

  7. References

{{For|the inhabitants of the United States|Stereotypes of African Americans}}

Stereotypes and generalizations about African people and their culture have evolved in the Western world since the years of colonial settlement.[1][2]

Origin and media representation

The idea of Africa's negative stereotypes comes from historical and media interactions.[3][4][5][6][7]

Asia

China

China views itself as a benevolent helper of Africans.[8][9][10].[11] In Chinese internet culture, unlucky or incompetent video game players are called 'Africans', a reference to the expression 'black face' to mean unluckiness.[12][13]

Japan

Japan views Africa on a continent in need of help.[14][15][16][17][18]

Korea

Koreans view Africa is an undeveloped continent.[19]

India

Black skin in India is perceived negatively.[20][21]

Europe

Many of the stereotypes of Africans originate from colonism and media representation.[22][23]

Belgium

Belgians viewed Africans as childlike like Tintin in the Congo.[24][25][26][27]

France

The French had a missionary ambition to civilize the continent.[28]

Germany

The Germans viewed themselves as the master race in comparsion with Africans.[29]

Italy

Italians view Africans as illegal immigrants and beggars.[30]

Poland

Polish understanding of Africa is informed by media.[31]

Portugal

Portuguese viewed ruling Africa as an act of charity.[32][33]

United Kingdom

Charles Darwin helped promote the idea that Africans were no more complex than nonhuman apes.[34][35][36][37]

North America

United States

In the United States Africa is viewed as disease ridden and backward.[38][39][40][41][42][43][44][45][46]

Oceania

Australia

Australians view Africans as part of criminal gangas.[47]

News Zealand

New Zealanders view Africans as uncultured.[48]

Common stereotypes

One country

Africa is often mistaken for a single country instead of a continent with 54 independent countries, each of which have their own languages, cultures, traditions, and histories.[49][50][51] This misrepresentation leads people to think that all Africans are the same and are without a unique history and culture.

One language

Similarly, the Western world often believes that Africans speak a language named African (usually imagined to be similar in sound to Swahili) and that African is an official language. There is no one African language; there are over 2,000 distinct languages spoken throughout the African continent.[52] The most common language used on the African continent is Swahili.[52]

Harsh biome

The common perception is that much or all of Africa is inhospitable jungle or desert.[53] There are many tracts of jungle and desert in Africa and there are many rivers and lakes. The continent of Africa is more developed than the continent of North America; 28 percent of Africa's land is wilderness while North America's land is 38 percent wilderness.{{Citation needed|date=March 2019}}

Backwardness

Poverty

Africa is often believed to be the epicenter of primitive culture and of poverty.[54][55][56][57][58]{{Excessive citations inline|date=March 2019}} Some countries in Africa are impoverished, but many countries in Africa have thriving and prosperous economies, including South Africa, Nigeria, and Kenya.[59]

Technology

Throughout the developed world, Africans are often perceived to have "no access to modern technology"; however this is inaccurate.[60] A report in 2013 showed that 80 percent of Africans could access a mobile phone.[61] Internet usage across Africa grew by 20 percent in 2018, with penetration rates across North Africa of 59 percent, West Africa of 39 percent, and Southern Africa of 51 percent.[62]

Urbanization

Many people falsely believe that Africans live in "mud house[s] in the middle of nowhere."[60] Urban areas in Africa account for 43 percent of the continent's population,[63] though this is below the global average of 55 percent.[64]

Crime

Fraud

A common stereotype is that Africans commit online fraud.[65][66] The most well-known African scam is the advance-fee scam.[67]

Wildlife

Another mistaken belief about Africa is that wild animals are commonplace and are perceived the way domestic animals are in Western countries. While there are many large wild animals in Africa, and they are well known at safaris (especially the lion, leopard, rhinoceros, elephant, and buffalo), many citizens of African countries typically do not see them outside of zoos.[60][68] The mistaken belief that wild animals are commonplace has led to the perception that ordinary Western animals (domestic animals, squirrels, pigeons) are seen as exotic by Africans and thus kept in zoos.{{Citation needed|date=March 2019}}

References

1. ^{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/?id=myLOFYZ4dQ0C&pg=PA98&dq=Stereotypes+of+Africans#v=onepage&q=Stereotypes+of+Africans&f=false|title=Perspectives on Africa: A Reader in Culture, History and Representation|first1=Roy Richard|last1=Grinker|first2=Stephen C.|last2=Lubkemann|first3=Christopher|last3=Steiner|page=98|date=17 May 2010|publisher=John Wiley & Sons|accessdate=16 May 2017|via=Google Books|isbn=9781444335224}}
2. ^{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/?id=xSqIrrswbG0C&pg=PA485&dq=Stereotypes+of+Africans#v=onepage&q=Stereotypes+of+Africans&f=false|title=African Sexualities: A Reader|first=Sylvia|last=Tamale|date=23 June 2011|publisher=Fahamu/Pambazuka|accessdate=16 May 2017|via=Google Books|isbn=9780857490162}}
3. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.coe.int/en/web/commissioner/blog/-/asset_publisher/xZ32OPEoxOkq/content/afrophobia-europe-should-confront-this-legacy-of-colonialism-and-the-slave-trade|title=Afrophobia: Europe should confront this legacy of colonialism and the slave trade|website=Commissioner for Human Rights|accessdate=4 March 2019}}
4. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.ukren.org/uploads/Black%20Europeans%20Briefing%20Paper%20Summer%202012.pdf|title=People of African Descent in Europe : A UKREN Briefing Paper|date=June 2012|author=Amy Clarke|website=Ukren.org|accessdate=4 March 2019}}
5. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2017/02/04/opinion/sunday/the-history-the-slaveholders-wanted-us-to-forget.html|title=Opinion - The History the Slaveholders Wanted Us to Forget|first=Henry Louis Gates|last=Jr|date=4 February 2017|accessdate=4 March 2019|website=Nytimes.com}}
6. ^{{cite web|url=https://kisa.org.cy/wp-content/uploads/2015/08/book_-_people_of_african_descent_-_final-21.pdf|title=Invisible Visible Minority|website=Kisa.org|accessdate=4 March 2019}}
7. ^{{cite web|url=http://ieg-ego.eu/en/threads/backgrounds/european-encounters/guido-abbattista-european-encounters-in-the-age-of-expansion|title=European Encounters in the Age of Expansion European Encounters|first=Guido|last=Abbattista|website=Ieg-ego.eu|accessdate=4 March 2019}}
8. ^{{cite web|url=https://foreignpolicy.com/2015/09/30/china-africa-stereotype-map-chaotic-somalia-awesome-gambia/|title=Map: China's Stereotypes of Africa, from 'Chaotic' Somalia to 'Awesome' Gambia|first=Warner|last=Brown|website=Foreignpolicy.com|accessdate=4 March 2019}}
9. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.globaltimes.cn/content/1054216.shtml|title=Zimbabwean in China finds strength to battle stereotypes of the continent - Global Times|website=Globaltimes.cn|accessdate=4 March 2019}}
10. ^{{cite web|url=http://theconversation.com/chinas-media-struggles-to-overcome-stereotypes-of-africa-92362|title=China's media struggles to overcome stereotypes of Africa|first=Dani|last=Madrid-Morales|website=The Conversation|accessdate=4 March 2019}}
11. ^{{cite web|url=https://qz.com/africa/1216783/china-racist-stereotypes-of-africans-is-a-problem-for-its-media/|title=China's media is struggling to overcome its racial stereotypes of Africa|first1=Dani|last1=Madrid-Morales|first2=Dani|last2=Madrid-Morales|website=Quartz Africa|accessdate=4 March 2019}}
12. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.scmp.com/news/china/policies-politics/article/2148023/chinas-gaming-world-lucky-europeans-and-unlucky|title=In China's gaming world, 'Europeans' and 'Africans' expose stereotypes|date=29 May 2018|website=South China Morning Post|accessdate=4 March 2019}}
13. ^{{cite web|url=https://sg.news.yahoo.com/china-gaming-world-lucky-europeans-010203396.html|title=In China's gaming world, lucky 'Europeans' and unlucky 'Africans' expose racial stereotypes|website=sg.news.yahoo.com|accessdate=4 March 2019}}
14. ^{{cite web|url=https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/6453/a3797171d34014635b1ffd67033491549e1e.pdf|title=Japanese Aid Diplomacy in Africa : An Historical Analysis|author=Makoto Sato|website=Pdfs.semanticscholar.org|accessdate=4 March 2019}}
15. ^{{cite journal|title=Confronting diversity: Africans challenging Japanese societal convictions|first=Paul|last=Capobianco|date=1 June 2015|journal=Contemporary Japan|volume=27|issue=2|pages=189–212|doi=10.1515/cj-2015-0011}}
16. ^{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/?id=FUrJAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA238&lpg=PA238&dq=japan+africa+relations+stereotypes#v=onepage&q=japan+africa+relations+stereotypes&f=false|title=Japan-Africa Relations|first=T.|last=Lumumba-Kasongo|date=26 April 2010|publisher=Springer|accessdate=4 March 2019|via=Google Books|isbn=9780230108486}}
17. ^{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/?id=uWyJoEICLTEC&pg=PA79&lpg=PA79&dq=japan+africa+relations+stereotypes#v=onepage&q=japan+africa+relations+stereotypes&f=false|title=Africa and the North: Between Globalization and Marginalization|first1=Ulf|last1=Engel|first2=Gorm Rye|last2=Olsen|date=10 November 2004|publisher=Routledge|accessdate=4 March 2019|via=Google Books|isbn=9781134315888}}
18. ^{{cite book|url=http://khoaqth.ufl.udn.vn/img/uploads/quoctehoc/sachmoi/Japan-Africa%20Relations.pdf|title=Japan-Africa Relations|author=T. Lumumba-Kasongo|isbn=9780230108486|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan|accessdate=4 March 2019}}
19. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.huffingtonpost.ca/2017/02/15/koreans-black-people_n_14771318.html|title=South Koreans Share Their Thoughts On Black People In Eye-Opening Video|date=15 February 2017|website=HuffPost Canada|accessdate=4 March 2019}}
20. ^{{cite web|url=https://scroll.in/magazine/900647/theres-more-to-us-than-black-skin-the-first-miss-africa-india-hopes-to-break-racial-stereotypes|title='There's more to us than black skin': The first Miss Africa India hopes to break racial stereotypes|first=Anu|last=Prabhakar|website=Scroll.in|accessdate=4 March 2019}}
21. ^{{cite web|url=http://content.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,1997936,00.html|title=Why Do Black African Racial Stereotypes Persist in India?|first=Madhur|last=Singh|date=21 June 2010|accessdate=4 March 2019|website=Content.time.com}}
22. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2015/sep/08/european-racism-africa-slavery|title=The roots of European racism lie in the slave trade, colonialism – and Edward Long - David Olusoga|first=David|last=Olusoga|date=8 September 2015|accessdate=4 March 2019|website=Theguardian.com}}
23. ^{{cite web|url=https://en.ejo.ch/ethics-quality/dark-continent-africa-stereotypes-european-media|title=Africa Stereotypes in the European media|date=25 July 2013|website=En.ejo.ch|accessdate=4 March 2019}}
24. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2019/01/tintin-90-years-on-belgian-comic-book-stirs-racial-controversy-190110063908744.html|title=Tintin 90 years on: Belgian comic book stirs racial controversy|website=www.aljazeera.com|accessdate=4 March 2019}}
25. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/1559792/Tintin-book-accused-of-colonial-racism.html|title=Tintin book accused of colonial racism|first=Bruno|last=Waterfield|date=7 August 2007|accessdate=5 March 2019|website=Telegraph.co.uk}}
26. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.kuleuven.be/english/studentservices/welcome/pdf-1/remembering-and-forgetting-the-belgian-colonial.pdf|title=Remembering and Forgetting the Belgian Colonial Past|author=Bambi Ceuppens|website=Kuleuven.be|accessdate=5 March 2019}}
27. ^{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/?id=z7SDOxidP5EC&pg=PA11&lpg=PA11&dq=hutu+belgian+stereotypes#v=onepage&q=hutu+belgian+stereotypes&f=false|title=How to Prevent Genocide: A Guide for Policymakers, Scholars, and the Concerned Citizen|first=John G.|last=Heidenrich|date=5 March 2019|publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group|accessdate=5 March 2019|via=Google Books|isbn=9780275969875}}
28. ^{{cite news|url=http://www.independent.co.uk/voices/emmanuel-macron-africa-france-colonial-past-not-that-liberal-a7836056.html|title=Are we finally realising that Macron isn’t that liberal after all?|date=11 July 2017|newspaper=The Independent|accessdate=4 March 2019}}
29. ^{{cite web|url=https://openaccess.leidenuniv.nl/bitstream/handle/1887/35741/MA%20Thesis%20Anton%20Scholz.pdf?sequence=1|format=PDF|author=Anton Scholz|location=Leiden University|date=July 2015|title=Hutu, Tutsi, and the Germans : Racial Cognition in Rwanda under German Colonial Rule|website=Openaccess.leidenuniv.nl|accessdate=5 March 2019}}
30. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.fmag.unict.it/Public/Uploads/links/Stereotypes%20and%20prejudice%20toward%20Africans%20in%20univ%20students.pdf |title=WCPCG 2013 : The relationship between stereotypes and prejudice toward the Africans in Italian university students |author1=Rossella Falanga |author2=Maria Elvira De Carolia |author3=Elisabetta Sagone |website=Fmag.uniict.it |accessdate=2017-05-23}}
31. ^{{cite journal |doi=10.1016/j.sbspro.2014.10.114 |title=Sociocultural Stereotypes in Media and Intercultural Communication (Africa in the Polish Media) |journal=Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences |volume=154 |pages=72–76 |year=2014 |last1=Ndiayea |first1=Iwona Anna |last2=Ndiayea |first2=Bara }}
32. ^{{cite journal|title=The Colonial Situation in Southern Africa|first=Hilda|last=Kuper|date=5 March 1964|publisher=|journal=The Journal of Modern African Studies|volume=2|issue=2|pages=149–164|jstor = 158816|doi = 10.1017/S0022278X00003979}}
33. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2011/sep/12/portugal-race|title=Portugal is race blind, but not for the right reasons - Joana Gorjão Henriques|first=Joana Gorjão|last=Henriques|date=12 September 2011|publisher=|accessdate=5 March 2019|via=www.theguardian.com}}
34. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/books/features/did-charles-darwin-believe-in-racial-inequality-1519874.html|title=Did Charles Darwin believe in racial inequality?|date=30 January 2009|website=The Independent|accessdate=5 March 2019}}
35. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/292141961|title=(PDF) The Representation of Africa in Western Media: still a 21st century problem|website=ResearchGate|accessdate=5 March 2019}}
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40. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/monkey-cage/wp/2014/08/25/othering-ebola-and-the-history-and-politics-of-pointing-at-immigrants-as-potential-disease-vectors/|title=Ebola and the History and Politics of Pointing at Immigrants as Potential Disease Vectors|website=Washingtonpost.com|accessdate=4 March 2019}}
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42. ^{{cite web|url=https://wtamu-ir.tdl.org/handle/11310/104|title=U.S. MASS MEDIA PORTRAYAL OF THE AFRICAN CONTINENT: THE AFRICAN PERSPECTIVE|first=Sheba Anili|last=Manya|date=20 February 2017|accessdate=5 March 2019|website=Wtamu-ir.tdl.org}}
43. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.voanews.com/a/on-being-an-african-in-the-us-navigating-an-endless-web-of-stereotypes/4008772.html|title=On Being an African in the US: Navigating an Endless Web of Stereotypes|website=VOA|accessdate=5 March 2019}}
44. ^{{cite web|url=https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/37768085.pdf|date=2006|title=Africans and African Americans: Conflicts, Stereotypes and Grudges|author=Foday Darboe|location=Portland State University|website=Core.ac.uk|accessdate=5 March 2019}}
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3 : Ethnic and racial stereotypes|Stereotypes|Stereotypes of black people
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