“St. John's Fortress, Šibenik”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

St. John's Fortress (also known as Tanaja; Croatian: Tvrđava sv. Ivana) is an early modern fortress in Šibenik, Croatia, situated atop a hill north of the city's historical center. Named after a medieval church dedicated to St. John the Baptist that had stood there from at least 1444,^[1] the fortress, together with the adjacent Barone Fortress, was built during the Cretan War and successfully repelled consecutive Ottoman attacks in 1646 and 1647.^[2] A local name for the fortress, Tanaja, comes from one of its structures, a plier-shaped outwork, or tenaille (Italian tanaglia).

History

At the beginning of the Cretan War, the city of Šibenik was in dire need of additional fortifications. The citizens had been dreading the possibility of enemy attack from the hills above the city and pleading with the Venetian senate for their fortification since the 1520s.^[3] In the spring of 1646, a Genoese engineer in the Venetian service, Father Antonio Leni, designed a simple symmetric fort with its front hornwork elongated towards the enemy and two flanking demi-bastions on the side towards the city.^[4] Although the Venetian war council did not allocate funds for the construction, they also did not forbid the citizens to build the fortress themselves.^[5] And so, according to Leni's plan, the development began. The groundwork was done on 1 August 1646, and the whole fortress was completed in just 58 days.^[6] Although built in haste and lacking certain elements, St. John's Fortress played a key role in city's defense against the Ottomans in October 1646^[7] and especially during the month-long siege in August and September of 1647,^[8] when around 7,000 defenders managed to repel 25,000 Ottoman soldiers who had already conquered parts of the fortress.

As the most modern, strongest and highest fortification, St. John’s Fortress assumed the central role of Šibenik defence. The basic form and structures of the fortress have remained intact until today, as is witnessed by numerous graphic depictions throughout the last three centuries.^[9] Venetian, Austrian and Yugoslav military forces have occupied the fortress and left their mark in small-scale interventions on various facilities, depending on their needs. As the fortress was losing its primary function, parts of the defensive structures were more and more neglected, becoming obsolete and devastated. During the last few decades, the citizens of Šibenik have used this area, already completely covered with Aleppo pine forest, as a pathway and viewpoint.^[10]

Architecture

The first construction phase, in 1646, consisted of a dry-stone star-shaped fort, built around the foundations of St. John's chapel.^[11] Many adaptations between 1646 and the mid-1660s resulted in a shape similar to today's.^[12] It is worth noting that the Fortress of St. John, at the time not even fully completed, in 1647 repulsed what was almost certainly the largest invading army in Dalmatia since Roman times.

Revitalization project

Visitors are currently not allowed to enter inside the fortress for security reasons.^[13] The Revitalization of St. John’s Fortress project, costing €6.7M, is currently ({{As of|2017|lc=y}}) underway, with the fortress's planned re-opening scheduled for September 2019.^[14]

References

1. ^Fran Gundrum Latinski rukopis svećenika Dalmatinca iz petnaestog stoljeća,“ Vjesnik Arheološkog muzeja u Zagrebu, 6(1), 210-214.
2. ^Franjo Difnik, Povijest Kandijskog rata u Dalmaciji, Split, Književni krug, 1986: 86, 98-103, 143-159.
3. ^Žmegač, Bastioni jadranske Hrvatske, 95.
4. ^Žmegač, Bastioni jadranske Hrvatske, 97, 181.
5. ^Franjo Difnik, Povijest Kandijskog rata u Dalmaciji, Split, Književni krug, 1986: 85.
6. ^Andrej Žmegač, Bastioni jadranske Hratske, 98.
7. ^Franjo Difnik, Povijest Kandijskog rata u Dalmaciji, Split, Književni krug, 1986: 98-100.
8. ^Franjo Difnik, Povijest Kandijskog rata u Dalmaciji, Split, Književni krug, 1986: 143-158.
9. ^Josip Ćuzela, Šibenski fortifikacijski sustav, Šibenik, Gradska knjižnica Juraj Šižgorić, 2005: 48-49.
10. ^Josip Ćuzela, Šibenski fortifikacijski sustav, Šibenik, Gradska knjižnica Juraj Šižgorić, 2005: 100.
11. ^{{cite web|url=http://sibenskiportal.rtl.hr/2017/02/17/foto-pod-tvrdavom-sv-ivana-arheolozi-otkopali-zidove-prve-utvrde/|title=FOTO Pod tvrđavom sv. Ivana arheolozi otkopali zidove prve utvrde|first=Mario|last=Marotti|date=17 February 2017|publisher=|accessdate=18 February 2019}}
12. ^Miroslav Bertoša, ur. Tvrđavni spisi Onofrija del Campa. Traktati i memorabilije jednog kondotjera u Dalmaciji u doba Kandijskog rata, Državni arhiv u Rijeci, Rijeka, 2003: 59-72.
13. ^{{Cite web|url=https://www.sibenik-croatia.com/|title=Šibenik Croatia - tourist destinations, information and attractions|website=Sibenik-croatia.com|language=en|access-date=2018-05-15}}
14. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.sibenik.hr/ai/plan-nabave-za-projekt-revitalizacija-podrucja-tvrdave-sveti-ivan|title=Plan nabave za projekt Revitalizacija područja tvrđave sveti Ivan|website=Sibenik.hr|accessdate=18 February 2019}}