| 词条 | Big Diomede |
| 释义 |
| name = Big Diomede | local_name = {{unbulleted list |{{lang-ru|остров Ратманова}} |Inupiaq: Imaqliq }} | image_name = Bigdiomecropped.jpg | image_caption = Big Diomede seen from its nearest neighbor, Little Diomede | map_caption = | locator_map_size = | nickname = | location = Bering Strait | coordinates = {{coord|65|46|52|N|169|03|25|W|region:RU_type:isle_source:GNS-enwiki}} | archipelago =Diomede Islands | total_islands = | major_islands = | area_km2 = 29 | length_km = | width_km = | highest_mount = | elevation_m =477.3168 | population = 0 (permanent inhabitants) | population_as_of = | density_km2 = | ethnic_groups =Inupiat (formerly) | country = {{flagicon|RUS}} Russia | additional_info = | timezone1 = Kamchatka Time – UTC+12 }} Big Diomede Island ({{lang-ru|о́стров Ратма́нова}}, ostrov Ratmanova (Russian for Ratmanov Island);[1] Inupiat: Imaqłiq) or "Tomorrow Island" (due to the International Date Line) is the western island of the two Diomede Islands in the middle of the Bering Strait. The island is a part of the Chukotsky District of the Chukotka Autonomous Okrug of Russia. The border separating Russia and the United States runs north-south between the Diomede Islands. GeographyBig Diomede Island is located about {{convert|45|km|mi|abbr=on}} southeast of Cape Dezhnev on the Chukchi Peninsula and is Russia's easternmost point or, technically, the westernmost point. The coordinates are {{coord|65|46|52|N|169|03|25|W|region:RU_type:isle_source:GNS-enwiki|display=inline,title}}. The rocky tuya-type island has an area of about {{convert|29|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}}[2] The International Date Line is about {{convert|1.3|km|mi|abbr=on}}[3] east of the island. The highest point of the island is at 65°46'24.64" N, 169°04'06.61" W where the elevation reaches 1,566 feet. HistoryThe island was originally inhabited by Inupiat. The First Alaskans Institute says that, "The people of the Diomede and King Islands are Inupiat...".[4] The first European to reach the islands was the Russian explorer Semyon Dezhnyov in 1648. The Russian navigator (Danish nationality) Vitus Bering re-discovered the Diomede Islands on August 16, 1728, the day on which the Russian Orthodox Church celebrates the memory of the martyr St. Diomede.[5] In 1732, the Russian geodesist Mikhail Gvozdev plotted the island's map. In 1867, during the Alaska Purchase, the new border between the nations was drawn between the Big Diomede and Little Diomede islands. 20th centuryDuring World War II, Big Diomede became a military base, and remained so for some time into the Cold War.[6] After World War II, the native population was forced off Big Diomede Island to the mainland in order to avoid contacts across the border. Today, unlike Alaska's neighboring Little Diomede Island, it has no permanent native population, but it is the site of a Russian weather station and a base of Border Service of the Federal Security Service of the Russian Federation troops (FSB).[7][8] During the Cold War, the section of the border between the U.S. and the USSR separating Big and Little Diomede became known as the "Ice Curtain". In August 1987, however, Lynne Cox, an American long distance swimmer, swam from Little Diomede to Big Diomede (approx. {{convert|2.2|mi|km}}) in ice cold waters. She was congratulated jointly by Mikhail Gorbachev and Ronald Reagan four months later at the signing of the INF Missile Treaty at the White House, when Gorbachev made a toast. He and President Reagan lifted their glasses and Gorbachev said: "Last summer it took one brave American by the name of Lynne Cox just two hours to swim from one of our countries to the other. We saw on television how sincere and friendly the meeting was between our people and the Americans when she stepped onto the Soviet shore. She proved by her courage how close to each other our peoples live".[9] FaunaEleven species of birds including such as puffins and guillemots[10] have been found on Big Diomede. In 1976 a rufous hummingbird was identified on the island.[11] This finding, unique so far in Russia, was very likely due to a dispersed specimen. For mammals, pinnipeds (e.g. ringed and bearded seals, walruses[12]) and cetaceans (e.g. gray and rarer bowhead whales) inhabit the waters around the island.[13] See also
References1. ^ru:Ратманов, Макар Иванович {{Chukchi Sea Islands}}2. ^{{cite encyclopedia |url=http://www.history.com/encyclopedia.do?articleId=207616 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090326134750/http://www.history.com/encyclopedia.do?articleId=207616 |archivedate=2009-03-26 |title=Diomede Islands |encyclopedia=Funk & Wagnalls New Encyclopedia |year=2006 |publisher=World Almanac Education Group}} 3. ^Wikimapia 4. ^Bering Straits{{dead link|date=November 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}, First Alaskans Institute, Regional Fact Sheets 5. ^Russia.com {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080920223833/http://www.russia.com/islands/diomede-islands/ |date=2008-09-20 }} 6. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.usgennet.org/usa/ak/state/diomede.html |title=Diomede – Inalik, Alaska |publisher=Usgennet.org |date= |accessdate=2012-03-24 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120424100037/http://www.usgennet.org/usa/ak/state/diomede.html |archivedate=2012-04-24 |df= }} 7. ^Diomede Islands, britannica.com 8. ^{{cite web|url=https://maps.google.com/?ll=65.813909,-169.033563&spn=0.001987,0.006899 |title=Google Maps |publisher=Maps.google.com |date=1970-01-01 |accessdate=2012-03-24}} 9. ^Cox, Lynne. "Swimming to Antarctica,Tales of a Long-Distance Swimmer", Knopf, 2004, p. 275. 10. ^2016. Bird Watching in the Russian Arctic 11. ^{{cite book|last1=Newfield|first1=Nancy L.|last2=Nielsen|first2=Barbara|title=Hummingbird Gardens: Attracting Nature's Jewels to Your Backyard|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Rh2N3Wob7y4C&pg=PA53|year=1996|publisher=Houghton Mifflin Harcourt|isbn=1-881527-87-5|pages=53–}} 12. ^Hughes P.. 2016. [https://howtospendit.ft.com/travel/119271-arctic-thrill-an-expedition-through-the-northwest-passage Arctic thrill: an expedition through the Northwest Passage]. How to spend it - Financial Times. Retrieved on March 01, 2017 13. ^ Jarvenpa R.. Brumbach J. H.. 2006. Circumpolar Lives and Livelihood: A Comparative Ethnoarchaeology of Gender and Subsistence. pp.239. University of Nebraska Press. Retrieved on March 01, 2017 6 : Islands of the Chukchi Sea|Islands of the Bering Sea|Islands of Chukotka Autonomous Okrug|Populated places of Arctic Russia|Former populated places in Russia|Bering Strait |
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