词条 | Submarine warfare in the Black Sea campaigns (1942) |
释义 |
|image= |caption=Photo believed to show Struma in port in Istanbul before her sinking, 1942 |conflict=Submarine warfare in the Black Sea in World War II |partof= the Black Sea Campaigns of the Eastern Front of World War II |date= 1942 |place=Western Black Sea coast |combatant1= {{flagcountry|Nazi Germany}} {{flagcountry|Kingdom of Romania}} {{flagcountry|Kingdom of Italy}} |combatant2={{flag|Soviet Union|1936}} |commander1= |commander2= |strength1= 6 German U-boats 6 Italian midget-submarines 1 Romanian submarine Anti-submarine forces |strength2= 34 submarines Anti-submarine forces |casualties1= 1 Italian midget-submarine lost 1 German cargo sunk 1 German tanker scuttled, 1 damaged 1 German tug sunk 2 Romanian cargo sunk and 1 damaged 1 Romanian tug sunk |casualties2= 9 submarines sunk (4 more lost in Sevastopol operations) |casualties3= 8 neutral Turkish vessels lost 1 refugee ship sunk }} Submarine warfare in the Black Sea in World War II during 1942 involved engagements between primarily submarines of the Soviet Black Sea Fleet attacking Axis merchantmen defended by Romanian and German naval warships. These engagements were a part of the Black Sea campaigns between Axis and Soviet naval forces. BackgroundAs during the first 1941 campaign, the Soviet Navy sent submarines against the Axis supply lines along the western coast of the Black Sea. A number of neutral Turkish vessels were also attacked near the Bosporus area, resulting in the Struma disaster. Once again, Axis defenses primarily consisted of Romanian-laid fields of mines: 5000 mines were laid (both anti-submarine and floating), the Soviet Navy possessed 34 submarines including 14 of new construction but only 20 were operational ready.[1] German U-boats began operating in the Black Sea during late 1942, without scoring any hits while the Romanian submarine Delfinul departed for her final patrols. Sevastopol operationsA separate action was accomplished (alongside other Soviet Navy units) to supply and later evacuate troops from the Siege of Sevastopol. While carrying away men from the besieged city, Soviet submarine ShCh-214 was torpedoed and sunk in surface action by Italian MAS boats on 19 June.[2] A second loss occurred on 26 June when Soviet submarine "S-32" was sunk, most likely by German bombers (while Italian midget-submarines CB-3 and CB-4 also take credit of this victory but their attacks did not matched with S-32's last mission).[3] With the Axis finally victorious in Sevastopol, the Soviet Navy scuttled submarines "D-6" and "A-1" to avoid their capture.[4][5] Engagements
OutcomeGerman U-boats of the 30th U-boat Flotilla failed to sink or damage enemy target during this first year of operations in Black Sea, while Delfinul departed for her last ineffective patrols. Soviet submarines have been extimated to have sunk 13 targets in the Black Sea (13,000 GRT) but only 6 of them directly supporting Axis operations on the Crimea.[1] Other sources raise the total number to 17 targets sunk (but with less tonnage: 12,900 GRT).[49] See also
References1. ^1 John F. O'Connell, Submarine Operational Effectiveness in the 20th Century: Part Two (1939–1945), 2011, p. 200 2. ^1 2 3 4 {{cite web|url=https://uboat.net/allies/warships/ship/5045.html|title=ShCh-214 of the Soviet Navy - Soviet Submarine of the ShCh (Scuka) class - Allied Warships of WWII - uboat.net|website=uboat.net|accessdate=27 March 2018}} 3. ^{{cite web|url=https://uboat.net/allies/warships/ship/5104.html|title=S-32 of the Soviet Navy - Soviet Submarine of the S (Stalinec) class - Allied Warships of WWII - uboat.net|website=uboat.net|accessdate=27 March 2018}} 4. ^{{cite web|url=https://uboat.net/allies/warships/ship/4869.html|title=D-6 / Yakobinets of the Soviet Navy - Soviet Submarine of the D (Dekabrist) class - Allied Warships of WWII - uboat.net|website=uboat.net|accessdate=27 March 2018}} 5. ^{{cite web|url=https://uboat.net/allies/warships/ship/5804.html|title=A-1 of the Soviet Navy - Soviet Submarine of the A (AG) class - Allied Warships of WWII - uboat.net|website=uboat.net|accessdate=27 March 2018}} 6. ^1 2 {{cite web|url=https://uboat.net/allies/warships/ship/5044.html|title=ShCh-213 of the Soviet Navy - Soviet Submarine of the ShCh (Scuka) class - Allied Warships of WWII - uboat.net|website=uboat.net|accessdate=27 March 2018}} 7. ^{{cite web|url=https://uboat.net/allies/warships/ship/5041.html|title=ShCh-210 of the Soviet Navy - Soviet Submarine of the ShCh (Scuka) class - Allied Warships of WWII - uboat.net|website=uboat.net|accessdate=27 March 2018}} 8. ^1 {{cite web|url=https://uboat.net/allies/warships/ship/5036.html|title=ShCh-205 of the Soviet Navy - Soviet Submarine of the ShCh (Scuka) class - Allied Warships of WWII - uboat.net|website=uboat.net|accessdate=27 March 2018}} 9. ^{{cite web|url=https://uboat.net/allies/warships/ship/5806.html|title=A-3 of the Soviet Navy - Soviet Submarine of the A (AG) class - Allied Warships of WWII - uboat.net|website=uboat.net|accessdate=27 March 2018}} 10. ^{{cite web|url=https://uboat.net/allies/warships/ship/5808.html|title=A-5 of the Soviet Navy - Soviet Submarine of the A (AG) class - Allied Warships of WWII - uboat.net|website=uboat.net|accessdate=27 March 2018}} 11. ^Piero Crociani,Pier Paolo Battistelli, Italian Navy & Air Force Elite Units & Special Forces 1940–45, 2013, p.22 12. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.worldwar2.ro/arr/?language=en&article=249|title=WorldWar2.ro – NMS Delfinul|website=www.worldwar2.ro|accessdate=27 March 2018}} 13. ^{{cite web|url=https://uboat.net/allies/warships/ship/4874.html|title=L-5 of the Soviet Navy - Soviet Submarine of the L (Leninec) class - Allied Warships of WWII - uboat.net|website=uboat.net|accessdate=27 March 2018}} 14. ^{{cite web|url=https://uboat.net/allies/warships/ship/5039.html|title=ShCh-208 of the Soviet Navy - Soviet Submarine of the ShCh (Scuka) class - Allied Warships of WWII - uboat.net|website=uboat.net|accessdate=27 March 2018}} 15. ^{{cite web|url=https://uboat.net/allies/warships/ship/4951.html|title=M-36 of the Soviet Navy - Soviet Submarine of the M (Malyutka) class - Allied Warships of WWII - uboat.net|website=uboat.net|accessdate=27 March 2018}} 16. ^{{cite web|url=https://uboat.net/allies/warships/ship/4948.html|title=M-33 of the Soviet Navy - Soviet Submarine of the M (Malyutka) class - Allied Warships of WWII - uboat.net|website=uboat.net|accessdate=27 March 2018}} 17. ^{{cite web|url=https://uboat.net/allies/warships/ship/4932.html|title=M-60 of the Soviet Navy - Soviet Submarine of the M (Malyutka) class - Allied Warships of WWII - uboat.net|website=uboat.net|accessdate=27 March 2018}} 18. ^1 2 Mikhail Monakov, Jurgen Rohwer, Stalin's Ocean-going Fleet: Soviet Naval Strategy and Shipbuilding Programs 1935–1953, Routledge Publishing, 2012, p. 266 19. ^Donald A. Bertke, Gordon Smith, Don Kindell World War II Sea War, Volume 6: The Allies Halt the Axis Advance, Bertke Publications, 2014, p. 268 20. ^Antony Preston, Warship 2001–2002, p. 79 21. ^Donald A Bertke, Gordon Smith, Don Kindell, World War II Sea War, Vol 7: The Allies Strike Back p. 179 22. ^Mikhail Monakov, Jurgen Rohwer, Stalin's Ocean-going Fleet: Soviet Naval Strategy and Shipbuilding Programs 1935–1953, p. 266 23. ^{{cite web |url= http://www.sovboat.ru/ship/m118.php3|title= "М-118" (Russian) |website= sovboat.ru |accessdate= 22 May 2018}} 24. ^{{cite web|url=https://uboat.net/allies/warships/ship/4892.html|title=L-23 of the Soviet Navy - Soviet Submarine of the L (Leninec) class - Allied Warships of WWII - uboat.net|website=uboat.net|accessdate=27 March 2018}} 25. ^{{cite web|url=https://uboat.net/allies/warships/ship/4946.html|title=M-31 of the Soviet Navy - Soviet Submarine of the M (Malyutka) class - Allied Warships of WWII - uboat.net|website=uboat.net|accessdate=27 March 2018}} 26. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.navypedia.org/ships/romania/ro_es_oltul.htm |title=OLTUL submarine chaser (1916/1941)|website=navypedia.org|accessdate=28 March 2018}} 27. ^Antony Preston, Warship 2000–2001, Conway Maritime Press, 2001, p. 79 28. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.wrecksite.eu/wreck.aspx?131976|title=SS Carpati (+1942) on wrecksite.eu|website=wrecksite.eu|accessdate=27 March 2018}} 29. ^Antony Preston, Warship 2001–2002, Conway Maritime Press, 2001, pp. 79–80 30. ^Donald A Bertke, Gordon Smith, Don Kindell, World War II Sea War, Volume 7: The Allies Strike Back, Bertke Publications, 2014, p. 179 31. ^Antony Preston, Warship 2000–2001, Conway Maritime Press, 2001, p. 70 32. ^{{cite news |url= http://nos.nl/artikel/184637-duikers-ontdekken-russische-onderzeeer-wo-ii.html | title =Duikers ontdekken Russische onderzeeër WO II |trans-title=Divers discover WW II Russian submarine | agency = NOS Journaal |date=13 September 2010 |language=Dutch |accessdate=}} 33. ^Donald A Bertke, Gordon Smith, Don Kindell, World War II Sea War, Volume 7: The Allies Strike Back, Bertke Publications, 2014, p. 180 34. ^Jipa Rotaru, Ioan Damaschin, Glorie și dramă: Marina Regală Română, 1940–1945, Ion Cristoiu Publishing, 2000, p. 96 (in Romanian) 35. ^1 {{cite web|url=https://uboat.net/boats/u24.htm|title=The Type IIB U-boat U-24 - German U-boats of WWII - uboat.net|website=uboat.net|accessdate=27 March 2018}} 36. ^Antony Preston, Warship 2000–2001, Conway Maritime Press, 2001, p. 80 37. ^Jipa Rotaru, Ioan Damaschin, Glorie și dramă: Marina Regală Română, 1940–1945, Ion Cristoiu Publishing, 2000, p. 273 (in Romanian) 38. ^1 2 Donald A Bertke, Gordon Smith, Don Kindell, World War II Sea War, Volume 8: Guadalcanal Secured, Bertke Publications, 2015, p. 77 39. ^Donald A Bertke, Gordon Smith, Don Kindell, World War II Sea War, Vol 8: Guadalcanal Secured, Bertke Publications, 2015, p. 77 40. ^{{cite web|url=http://uboat.net/allies/warships/ship/5043.html|title=ShCh-212 of the Soviet Navy - Soviet Submarine of the ShCh (Scuka) class - Allied Warships of WWII - uboat.net|website=uboat.net|accessdate=27 March 2018}} 41. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.wrecksite.eu/wreck.aspx?170593|title=Shch-212 on wrecksite.eu|website=wrecksite.eu|accessdate=27 March 2018}} 42. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.navypedia.org/ships/russia/ru_ss_mxii.htm |work=Navypedia |title="Series XII" submarines (project 40) (1937–1943) |author=Gogin, Ivan |accessdate=}} 43. ^{{cite web |author= Helgason, Guðmundur |url=http://uboat.net/allies/warships/ship/4946.html |title=M-31 |work= uboat.net |accessdate=}} 44. ^Nicolae Koslinski, Raymond Stănescu, Marina română in al doilea război mondial: 1942–1944, Făt-Frumos Publishing, 1996, pp. 53–54 (in Romanian) 45. ^{{cite web|url=https://uboat.net/boats/u9.htm|title=The Type IIB U-boat U-9 - German U-boats of WWII - uboat.net|website=uboat.net|accessdate=27 March 2018}} 46. ^{{cite web|url=https://uboat.net/allies/warships/ship/4893.html|title=L-24 of the Soviet Navy - Soviet Submarine of the L (Leninec) class - Allied Warships of WWII - uboat.net|website=uboat.net|accessdate=27 March 2018}} 47. ^Antony Preston, Warship 2000–2001, Conway Maritime Press, 2001, p. 75 48. ^Donald A Bertke, Gordon Smith, Don Kindell, World War II Sea War, Volume 4: Germany Sends Russia to the Allies, Bertke Publications, 2012, p. 323 49. ^Spencer C. Tucker, World War II at Sea: An Encyclopedia, Volume 1, 2011, p. 113 7 : Naval battles of World War II involving Romania|Naval battles of World War II involving Germany|Naval battles of World War II involving the Soviet Union|Naval battles of World War II involving Bulgaria|Conflicts in 1942|Black Sea naval operations of World War II|Submarine warfare in World War II |
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