| 词条 | Susan J. Crockford |
| 释义 |
| honorific_prefix = | name = Susan J. Crockford | honorific_suffix = | native_name = | native_name_lang = | image = | image_size = | image_upright = | alt = | caption = | birth_name = Susan Janet Crockford | birth_date = {{birth year and age |1954}} | birth_place = | death_date = | death_place = | death_cause = | resting_place = | resting_place_coordinates = | other_names = | pronounce = | residence = | citizenship = | nationality = Canadian | fields = {{ublist|Archaeozoology|Zoogeography|Paleoecology|Domestication}} | workplaces = University of Victoria | patrons = | education = {{ublist|University of British Columbia (B.Sc., 1976)|University of Victoria (Ph.D., 2004)}} | alma_mater = | thesis_title = Animal Domestication and Vertebrate Speciation: A Paradigm for the Origin of Species | thesis_url = http://hdl.handle.net/1828/542 | thesis_year = 2004 | doctoral_advisor = Quentin Mackie | academic_advisors = | doctoral_students = | notable_students = | known_for = Blogging about polar bears | influences = | influenced = | awards = | author_abbrev_bot = | author_abbrev_zoo = | spouse = | partner = | children = | signature = | signature_alt = | website = {{URL|https://susancrockford.com/}} | footnotes = }}Susan Janet Crockford (born 1954) is a Canadian zoologist, author, and blogger specializing in Holocene mammals. She is currently an adjunct professor in Anthropology at the University of Victoria.[1] She is best known for her blog posts on polar bear biology, which oppose the scientific consensus that polar bears are threatened by ongoing climate change.[2] Early life and educationCrockford first gained her interest in the Arctic in elementary school, when she read about Inuit life and Arctic fauna.[1] Her scientific interest in the Arctic was stoked when she received her first Alaskan Malamute at age eleven.[1] Crockford received her Bachelor of Science in Zoology at the University of British Columbia in 1976 and her doctorate in Interdisciplinary Studies from the University of Victoria in 2004.[2] Differing from a normal Zoology degree, she chose to focus on speciation in mammals, with a focus on thyroid function.[1] CareerBusinessIn 1988, Crockford, along with colleagues Rebecca Wigen and Gay Frederick, founded the contracting company Pacific Identifications Inc. in Victoria.[3] The company specializes in offering bone and shell analysis of skeletal elements of fish, mammals and birds from western North America and maintains a prominent library of reference animal remains.[3] Since the start of her career, she has worked primarily through paid contracts for specific work on a variety of topics.[1] BooksIn 2006, she published the book Rhythms of Life: Thyroid Hormone and the Origin of Species, explaining the effect of thyroid hormone secretion upon evolutionary change.[10] She hypothesized that the thyroid is the key to controlling species-specific growth and for maintaining homeostatic conditions for individuals.[4]{{clarify|date=July 2018}} The species-specific flow of hormones would therefore be the root cause of why—for example—a chimpanzee would develop into a chimpanzee while in its mother's womb, instead of a human, despite possessing 99% of the same genes.[4] The most controversial{{citation needed|date=July 2018}} portion of her book was the challenge to the idea that humans alone domesticated animals. She argued species adapted to fulfill the ecological niche provided by becoming the companions of humans or by living within their communities.[4] DogsCrockford is a specialist on the evolutionary history of dogs, especially in regards to their domestication and speciation. In 2007, she was called upon as the scientific consultant for the PBS documentary, Dogs that Changed the World, focused upon the domestication of dogs.[5] In the two-part documentary, she was called upon multiple times to give insight into the process of domestication and the emergence of dogs as a separate species from wolves.[5] She has also written several peer-reviewed papers on this topic.[1] Polar bearsCrockford has been a constant voice of disagreement with the mainstream opinions of polar bear scientists, notably Steven Amstrup and Ian Stirling, regarding polar bears' current status and level of endangerment.[2] Declining levels of summer sea ice and the corresponding levels of polar bear population decline from 2004-2010 was published in a study and used for the popularization of the polar bear as the symbol for climate change.[6]{{failed verification|date=July 2018}} Crockford suggests that the decline in the polar bear population was in fact caused by unusually thick spring ice that year, a recurring trend every decade for the past century, which led to a shortage of their preferred prey, ringed seals.[7]{{clarify|date=July 2018}} Either the subsequent seal shortage or declining ice levels was the cause of an approximately 40% decrease in polar bear numbers in the Beaufort Sea area.[8] She charges that this study, which only used data up to 2010, despite being available until 2013, used cherry picked results due to an undisclosed conflict of interest to cause the species to be categorized as "Threatened" in the International Union for Conservation of Nature's 2015 Red List. A response to her op-ed was written by Amstrup and Andrew Derocher, to which she replied on her blog.[6][9] ControversyCrockford is a signatory of the International Conference on Climate Change's 2008 Manhattan Declaration,[10] which states that "Carbon dioxide and other 'greenhouse gas' emissions from human activity...appear to have only a very small impact on global climate," and "Global cooling has presented serious problems for human society and the environment throughout history while global warming has generally been highly beneficial."[11] Between at least 2011 and 2013, she received payment from The Heartland Institute, in the form of $750 per month, which Crockford states was to provide summaries of published papers that might not have been covered by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change's Fifth Assessment Report.[1] This payment has been construed as an undisclosed conflict of interest, by blogs such as Desmog Blog.[2] Her response to such claims was a disclosure of the job description, how much she was paid, and the duration of the contract.[1] Although claims made on Crockford's blog have been called into question by polar bear scientists, the blog has been widely cited by climate change denying websites, with over 80% citing it as their primary source of information on polar bears.[12] Critics point out that none of Crockford's claims regarding the effects of climate change on polar bears has undergone peer review, nor has she ever published any peer-reviewed articles whose main focus is polar bears.[2][12] In 2017 Crockford was accused in the environmental publication The Narwhal by polar bear scientist Ian Stirling as having "zero" credibility on polar bears. “The denier websites have been using her and building her up as an expert,” he told the website.[13] In 2017, Crockford published the State of the Polar Bear Report 2017 for the Global Warming Policy Foundation.[14] This report was met with widespread backlash for results suggesting polar bear numbers have grown or remained steady since 2005, despite declining summer sea ice levels that Crockford claims should have already resulted in disastrous decline.{{citation needed|date=July 2018}} References1. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 7 {{Cite news|url=https://polarbearscience.com/2015/03/12/on-being-a-polar-bear-expert-among-other-things/|title=On being a polar bear expert, among other things|date=2015-03-12|work=polarbearscience|access-date=2018-06-10|language=en-US}} 2. ^1 2 3 4 {{Cite web|url=https://www.desmogblog.com/susan-crockford|title=Desmog Blog|last=|first=|date=|website=Desmog Blog|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=2018-06-10}} 3. ^1 {{Cite web|url=http://www.pacificid.com/index2.php|title=Pacific IDentifications|website=www.pacificid.com|access-date=2018-06-10}} 4. ^1 2 3 {{Cite book|title=Rhythms of Life: Thyroid Hormone and the Origin of Species|last=Crockford|first=Susan|publisher=Trafford Publishing|year=2006|isbn=978-1412061247|location=Victoria, British Columbia|pages=}} 5. ^1 {{Cite news|url=http://www.pbs.org/wnet/nature/dogs-that-changed-the-world-introduction/1273/|title=Dogs That Changed The World {{!}} About {{!}} Nature {{!}} PBS|date=2011-09-12|work=Nature|access-date=2018-06-10|language=en-US}} 6. ^1 {{Cite news|url=https://climatefeedback.org/evaluation/financial-post-publishes-misleading-opinion-misrepresents-science-polar-bears-peril-susan-crockford/|title=Financial Post publishes misleading opinion that misrepresents science of polar bears’ plight|date=2018-03-02|work=Climate Feedback|access-date=2018-06-25|language=en-US}} 7. ^{{Cite web|url=http://business.financialpost.com/opinion/faux-polar-bear-figures|title=Faux Polar Bear Figures|last=Crockford|first=Susan|date=2015-01-15|website=Financial Post|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=2018-06-10}} 8. ^{{Cite news|url=https://www.huffingtonpost.com/2014/11/18/polar-bear-population-decline_n_6173346.html|title=These Polar Bears Had A Tough Decade|last=Boehrer|first=Katherine|date=2014-11-18|work=Huffington Post|access-date=2018-06-11|language=en-US}} 9. ^{{Cite news|url=https://polarbearscience.com/2018/03/11/amstrup-colleages-cant-refute-my-critique-of-their-2007-polar-bear-survival-model-part-1/|title=Amstrup & colleages can’t refute my critique of their 2007 polar bear survival model, Part 1|date=2018-03-12|work=polarbearscience|access-date=2018-06-25|language=en-US}} 10. ^QUALIFIED ENDORSERS NOT AT CONFERENCE 11. ^Core Principles 12. ^1 {{Cite journal|last=Harvey|first=Jeffrey A|last2=van den Berg|first2=Daphne|last3=Ellers|first3=Jacintha|last4=Kampen|first4=Remko|last5=Crowther|first5=Thomas W|last6=Roessingh|first6=Peter|last7=Verheggen|first7=Bart|last8=Nuijten|first8=Rascha J M|last9=Post|first9=Eric|date=2017-11-29|title=Internet Blogs, Polar Bears, and Climate-Change Denial by Proxy|journal=BioScience|language=en|volume=68|issue=4|pages=281–287|doi=10.1093/biosci/bix133|pmid=29662248|pmc=5894087|issn=0006-3568}} 13. ^{{Cite news|url=https://thenarwhal.ca/polar-bears-chosen-bizarre-symbol-deny-climate-change-scientists-say/|title=Polar Bears Chosen as a Bizarre Symbol to Deny Climate Change, Scientists Say {{!}} The Narwhal|work=The Narwhal|access-date=2018-10-30|language=en}} 14. ^{{Cite web|url=https://www.thegwpf.org/new-report-polar-bears-are-thriving/|title=New Report: Polar Bears Are Thriving {{!}} The Global Warming Policy Foundation (GWPF)|website=www.thegwpf.org|access-date=2018-06-11}} External links
10 : Living people|University of Victoria faculty|University of Victoria alumni|University of British Columbia alumni|Canadian women scientists|Canadian zoologists|Place of birth missing (living people)|Climate change skepticism and denial|Heartland Institute|1954 births |
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