| 词条 | Amalie Skram |
| 释义 |
|name =Amalie Skram |image =Amalie Skram2.jpg |imagesize =220px |caption =Amalie Skram |pseudonym =Amalie Mueller |birth_name =Berthe Amalie Alver |birth_date =22 August 1846 |birth_place =Bergen, Norway |death_date =15 March 1905 (age 58) |death_place =Copenhagen, Denmark |occupation =novelist |nationality =Norwegian |movement =Naturalism |notableworks= |spouse =Bernt Ulrik August Müller (1837–1898) Asbjørn Oluf Erik Skram (1847–1923) |children =Jacob Müller (1866-1911) Ludvig Müller (1868-1922) Ida Johanne Skram (1889-1971) |influences = |influenced = |awards = |signature = |website = |portaldisp =}}Amalie Skram (22 August 1846 – 15 March 1905) was a Norwegian author and feminist who gave voice to a woman's point of view with her naturalist writing. In Norway, she is frequently considered the most important female writer of the Modern Breakthrough (Det moderne gjennombrudd). Her more notable works include a tetralogy, Hellemyrsfolket (1887–98) which portray relations within a family over four generations. [1][2][3] BiographyEarly lifeBerthe Amalie Alver was born in Bergen, Norway. Her parents were Mons Monsen Alver (1819–98) and Ingeborg Lovise Sivertsen (1821–1907). She was the only daughter in a family of five children. Her parents operated a small business, which went bankrupt when Amalie was 17 years old. Her father emigrated from Norway to the United States to avoid a term of imprisonment. Her mother was left with five children to care for. [4]Her mother pressured Amalie into a marriage with an older man, Bernt Ulrik August Müller (1837–1898), a ship captain and later mill owner. Following thirteen years of marriage and the birth of two sons she suffered a nervous breakdown, in part attributed to his infidelity. After several years in a mental hospital, she was divorced from Müller. Together with her two sons, Jacob Müller (born 1866) and Ludvig Müller (born 1868), she moved to Kristiania (now Oslo) and began her literary activities. There she met the Bohemian community, including writers Arne Garborg and Bjørnstjerne Bjørnson, with whom she remained in contact for many years.[5] [6]DenmarkIn 1884 Amalie Müller married again, this time the Danish writer Asbjørn Oluf Erik Skram (1847–1923), a son of railroad director Gustav Skram.[4] She moved to Copenhagen, Denmark with her new husband. They had a daughter, Ida Johanne Skram (born 1889), from this union. Her obligations as housewife, mother and author as well as the public's limited acceptance for her then-radical work, led to a further breakdown in 1894, after which Amalie lived in a psychiatric hospital near Roskilde. In 1900 her second marriage was dissolved. She died six years later in Copenhagen and was buried at Bispebjerg Cemetery. [7] [8][9]Literary careerIn 1882 Amalie Skram debuted (as Amalie Müller) with the short story "Madam Høiers leiefolk", published in the magazine Nyt Tidsskrift.[10][11] Her works continued until her death. She dealt with topics she knew well. Her work can be divided into three categories:[12]
She is recognized as an early and strong proponent of what has come to be known as the women's movement, setting the early European trend. Her works, which had been generally forgotten with her death, were rediscovered and received strong recognition in the 1960s. Several of her works are currently available in recent translations to English.[13] Subsequent recognition
Works
References1. ^{{cite web|url = https://skolediskusjon.no/kompendier/norsk/moderne-gjennombrudd |title= Det moderne gjennombrudd|publisher = Skolediskusjon.no|accessdate=March 1, 2018}} 2. ^Erik Bjerck Hagen. Amalie Skram (Store norske leksikon) 3. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.gyldendal.no/Forfattere/Skram-Amalie|title=Amalie Skram|publisher= Gyldendal Norsk Forlag AS |accessdate=2010-10-22}} 4. ^1 {{cite encyclopedia|title=Amalie Skram|encyclopedia=Norsk biografisk leksikon|first=Irene|last=Engelstad|editor=Helle, Knut|publisher=Kunnskapsforlaget|location=Oslo|url=http://www.snl.no/.nbl_biografi/Amalie_Skram/utdypning|language=Norwegian|accessdate=26 June 2010|editor-link=Knut Helle}} 5. ^{{cite web|url = https://snl.no/Ludvig_M%C3%BCller|title= Ludvig Müller|publisher = Store norske leksikon|accessdate=March 1, 2018}} 6. ^{{cite web|url = http://denstoredanske.dk/Kunst_og_kultur/Litteratur/Norsk_litteratur/F%C3%B8r_1914/Amalie_Skram|title= Amalie Skram|publisher = Den Store Danske|accessdate=March 1, 2018}} 7. ^{{cite web|url = https://danskefilm.dk/skuespiller.php?id=16504|title= Johanne Skram Knudsen|publisher = danskefilm.dk|accessdate=March 1, 2018}} 8. ^{{cite web|url = http://denstoredanske.dk/Kunst_og_kultur/Litteratur/Dansk_litteratur/1870-1900/Erik_Skram |title= Erik Skram|publisher = Den Store Danske|accessdate=March 1, 2018}} 9. ^{{cite web|url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140729212919/http://www.kk.dk/da/brugbyen/brug-steder-i-byen/groenne-omraader/kirkegaarde/bispebjerg-kirkegaard/kunst-og-bygninger |title= Portrætbusten af Amalie Skram |publisher = Kunst og bygninger på Bispebjerg Kirkegård |accessdate=March 1, 2018}} 10. ^{{cite journal|title=Madam Høiers leiefolk|first=Amalie| last=Müller|year=1882| volume=1|pages=557–570|magazine=Nyt Tidsskrift|language=Norwegian|editor=Sars, J. E. |editor2=Skavlan, Olaf|location=Kristiania}} 11. ^{{cite book|title=Norges Litteraturhistorie|chapter=Amalie Skram|volume=3|first=Edvard|last=Beyer|authorlink=Edvard Beyer|language=Norwegian|page=488|year=1975|publisher=Cappelen|location=Oslo|isbn=82-02-02996-1}} 12. ^{{cite web|url = http://www.kvinfo.dk/side/170/bio/1282/query/skram/ |title= Amalie Skram (1846-1905)|publisher = KVINFO|author= Birgit Mortensen|accessdate=March 1, 2018}} 13. ^{{cite web|url = https://nordicwomensliterature.net/writers/skram-amalie-3/|title= Amalie Skram|publisher = The History of Nordic Women’s Literature|accessdate=March 1, 2018}} 14. ^{{cite web|url = https://snl.no/Amalie_Skram-prisen |title= Amalie Skram-prisen|publisher = Store norske leksikon|author= Vidar Iversen|accessdate= March 1, 2018}} 15. ^{{cite web|url = https://nbl.snl.no/Maja_Refsum |title= Maja Refsum|publisher = Norsk biografisk leksikon |author= Reidar Storaas|accessdate=March 1, 2018}} 16. ^{{cite web|url = https://nbl.snl.no/Ambrosia_T%C3%B8nnesen |title= Ambrosia Tønnesen|publisher = Norsk biografisk leksikon|author= Tone Wikborg|accessdate=March 1, 2018}} 17. ^Famous Norwegian Women on Stamps {{webarchive|url=https://archive.is/20120905082445/http://home.c2i.net/amd/norwomen/skram.htm |date=2012-09-05 }} 18. ^{{cite web|url = https://bergenbibliotek.no/inspirasjon/litteratur/til-kjernen/kjerneboker/skram-amalie-hellemyrsfolket-1887-1898 |title= Skram, Amalie: Hellemyrsfolket (1887-1898)|publisher = Bergen Off Bibliotek|accessdate=March 1, 2018}} Other sources
External links{{commons category|Amalie Skram}}
10 : 1846 births|1905 deaths|People from Bergen|Norwegian writers|Norwegian feminists|Norwegian women novelists|19th-century Norwegian writers|19th-century Norwegian novelists|19th-century Norwegian women writers|Norwegian expatriates in Denmark |
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