“Syrian Civil War ceasefires”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

Several attempts have been made to broker ceasefires in the Syrian Civil War.^[1] Three ceasefires have been agreed, two of which have since collapsed.{{dubious|date=February 2017}}

First partial ceasefire (26 February–July 2016)

Following talks in Munich, the world powers in the International Syria Support Group negotiated a ceasefire between the main parties to the war.^[2] On 22 February 2016 the United States and Russia announced the Terms for a Cessation of Hostilities in Syria, pledging "that the cessation of hostilities will be monitored in an impartial and transparent manner and with broad media coverage." ^[3] On 26 February 2016, the United Nations Security Council unanimously adopted resolution 2268 that demanded all parties to comply with the terms^[4] of a U.S.-Russian deal on a "cessation of hostilities".^[5] The cease-fire started on 27 February 2016 at 00:00 (Damascus time).^[6] The ceasefire does not include attacks on UN-designated terrorist organizations such as the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant and the al-Nusra Front.^[7]^[8] At the close of February 2016, despite individual clashes, the truce was reported to hold.^[9]

In early February 2016, the formal start of the UN-mediated Geneva Syria peace talks^[10] and the opposition′s protestations^[11] notwithstanding, the Syrian government carried on with its offensive operations in the Aleppo Governorate^[12] amidst speculations that Turkey, as well as Saudi Arabia^[13] and the United Arab Emirates,^[14] were preparing a military incursion into Syria.^[15]^[16] The Saudi announcement was welcomed by the United States.^[17] Responding to the calls for Russia to stop bombing opposition forces in Syria now that the peace talks had started, Sergey Lavrov speaking in Muscat, Oman, said Russia would not stop its air strikes until Russia defeated "such terrorist organisations as Jabhat al-Nusra and ISIL″; he also stressed the imperative that Syria's border with Turkey be secured to prevent smuggling and the movement of militants.^[18]^[19] Syria′s deputy prime minister Walid Muallem said that any foreign country′s ground intervention in the Syrian territory without the government's approval would be deemed an act of aggression to be confronted: "Any aggressor will be sent back to their country in wooden boxes, whether they be Saudis or Turks."^[20]^[21]

On 11 February, it was confirmed that the Syrian Democratic Forces based in the town of Afrin, north-west of Aleppo, had taken a series of towns, including Deir Jamal and al-Qamiya, as well as a former Menagh Military Airbase near the border with Turkey, previously taken by rebels.^[22] In retaliation, on 13 February Turkey began a sustained campaign of shelling on SDF positions in the area of Azaz from its territory.^[23]^[24]^[25]

On 14 March 2016, Russian president Vladimir Putin announced that Russia would be pulling out the "main part" of its military in Syria.^[26] Putin also said that Russia's Khmeimim airbase will be kept to control the ceasefire agreements and that its port at Tartus would continue to operate as normal.^[27]

According to Western sources, Iran has kept only 700 IRGC advisors in Syria after the ceasefire, but this has not been confirmed. In mid-March, the Ground Forces of Islamic Republic of Iran Army indicated it would send Army commandos and snipers as military advisers to Syria and Iraq, the first formal acknowledgement by Iran of deployment of regular Iranian Army (as opposed to IRGC) forces outside Iran since the Iran–Iraq War of the 1980s.^[28]^[29]

Syrian government with support from Russian and Iranian forces successfully captured Palmyra from the ISIL by the end of March 2016.^[30]

FSA and allied Islamist groups captured al-Ra'i from ISIS on April 8. The capture of the town secured an important supply line for the rebels from Turkey near whose border the town is located.^[31] ISIL recaptured the town along with six villages on April 11.^[32]

By July 2016, this ceasefire had mostly unraveled and violence again escalated.^[33]

Second ceasefire attempt (12 September – 19 September)

On 10 September 2016, Russia and U.S. reached a deal on establishing a cease fire between the Syrian Assad government and a US-supported coalition of so-called 'mainstream Syrian opposition rebel groups'.^[34]

This ceasefire was backed by the United States and Russia, with the understanding that – if it held for one week – Russia and the United States could begin to plan a joint mission against ISIS and al-Nusra.^[2]^[35] A notable loophole in the ceasefire meant that it did not apply to attacks against "terrorist targets" – the Russian government has used claims that it was targeting terrorist elements to justify airstrikes against rebel-held areas.^[2] The ceasefire went into effect on 12 September, but was poorly adhered to, with the Syrian government continuing bombing and UN humanitarian aid delayed by security concerns and the danger to convoys.^[35]^[36]

The ceasefire suffered a further set-back 17 September 2016, when a U.S.-British airstrike that they claimed was aimed at ISIL killed 60 Syrian government soldiers, and was on 19 September declared over by the Syrian government, after an airstrike by Syrian or Russian forces hit a Syrian Arab Red Crescent warehouse, killing 14 people and destroying 18 truckloads of food.^[37]^[35]^[38] On 3 October 2016, the U.S. announced suspension of talks with Russia on implementing the agreement, marking the definitive end of the ceasefire deal.^[39]^[40]

Third ceasefire attempt (December 2016–February 2017)

On 28 December 2016, talks between Turkey and Russia in Astana, Kazakhstan have resulted in the two states brokering a nationwide Syrian ceasefire that is due to begin at midnight on 30 December.^[41] The National Coalition for Syrian Revolutionary and Opposition Forces stated that it would abide with the truce.^[42] ISIL, the al-Nusra Front, and the YPG were excluded from the ceasefire, and the following rebel groups signed up for the truce:

Less than 2 hours after the ceasefire was due to be implemented, clashes erupted between the Army of Victory and government forces in the northern Hama Governorate. Rebel-held areas throughout the Idlib Governorate were also reportedly bombed.^[42]

On 31 December, several rebel groups declared the truce to be "null and void" if clashes continued.^[44]

On 2 January 2017, rebel groups said that they freeze talks about participation in peace conference due to ceasefire violations, referring to Wadi Barada offensive.^[45]

According to the United Nations on 6 January 2017, the ceasefire is "largely holding".^[46]

On 14 February 2017, the cease-fire between Assad forces and rebels collapsed throughout the country, leading to fresh clashes in various locations and a fresh rebel offensive in Daraa.

The third meeting of the Astana Process talks concluded in Astana on 25 March 2017.^[47] All parties that participated remained committed to the ceasefire agreement in place from the second round of Astana talks.^[47]

Fourth ceasefire attempt (May 2017)

On 4 May 2017, Russia, Iran, and Turkey signed an agreement in Astana to create four "de-escalation zones" in Syria. The four zones include the Idlib Governorate, the northern rebel-controlled parts of the Homs Governorate, the rebel-controlled eastern Ghouta, and the Jordan–Syria border. The agreement was rejected by some rebel groups,^[48] and the Democratic Union Party also denounced the deal, saying that the ceasefire zones are "dividing Syria up on a sectarian basis". The ceasefire came into effect on 6 May.^[49]

Fifth ceasefire attempt (July 2017–present)

On 9 July 2017, an open-ended cease-fire in southern Syria brokered by the United States, Russia, and Jordan went into effect.^[50] The ceasefire covered the governorates of Daraa, Suwayda and Quneitra.^[51] The deal was hailed as the first attempt by the U.S. Trump administration at peacemaking in the Syrian civil war.^[52]

According to 21 July 2017 report by Fox News, the ceasefire was mainly holding, albeit with flaws.^[53]

In early October 2017, Heather Nauert of U.S. Department of State said the ceasefire ″[wa]s still holding″.^[54]

References

1. ^{{Cite journal|last=Lundgren |first=Magnus|year=2016 |title=Mediation in Syria: initiatives, strategies, and obstacles, 2011–2016 |journal=Contemporary Security Policy|volume=37|issue=2|pages=273–288 |doi=10.1080/13523260.2016.1192377}}
2. ^¹²{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-35556783|title=Syria war pause plan agreed by world powers|date=12 February 2016|accessdate=20 September 2016|publisher=BBC}}
3. ^{{cite web|title=Joint Statement of the United States and the Russian Federation, as Co-Chairs of the ISSG, on Cessation of Hostilities in Syria|url=https://www.state.gov/r/pa/prs/ps/2016/02/253115.htm|website=U.S. State Department|accessdate=1 December 2016}}
4. ^{{cite web|title=Joint Statement of the United States and the Russian Federation, as Co-Chairs of the ISSG, on Cessation of Hostilities in Syria |url=https://www.state.gov/r/pa/prs/ps/2016/02/253115.htm|publisher=U.S. Department of State|date=22 February 2016}}
5. ^{{cite news |agency= |work=BBC News|date=26 February 2016|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-35674908 |title=Temporary truce comes into effect}}
6. ^{{cite news |agency= |work=Reuters |date=26 February 2016|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-mideast-crisis-syria-un-idUSKCN0VZ2WM |title=U.N. demands Syria parties halt fighting, peace talks set for March 7}}
7. ^[https://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2016/02/syria-russia-ceasefire/470421/ A Potential Cease-Fire in Syria]. The Atlantic. Published 22 February 2016. Retrieved 3 March 2016.
8. ^Landmark Syria ceasefire begins, with terrorist groups excluded. Scroll.in. Published 27 February 2016. Retrieved 3 March 2016.
9. ^{{cite news |agency=|work=BBC|date=29 February 2016|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-35683931|title=Syria conflict: UN steps up aid deliveries as truce holds}}
10. ^{{cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-mideast-crisis-syria-idUSKCN0VA2OT |title=U.N. announces start of Syria peace talks as government troops advance |publisher= Reuters|accessdate=2 February 2016|date=1 February 2016}}
11. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.aljazeera.com/news/2016/02/syrian-opposition-aleppo-assault-imperils-talks-160202133941656.html|title=Syrian offensive blamed for putting peace talks at risk|work=Aljazeera|accessdate=3 February 2016|date=2 February 2016}}
12. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-mideast-crisis-syria-idUSKCN0VB1CQ |title=Syrian army threatens to encircle Aleppo as talks falter|work=Reuters|accessdate=4 February 2016|date=3 February 2016}}
13. ^{{cite news |last1= Schreck |first1= Adam |last2= Karam |first2= Zeina |date= 8 February 2016 |title= Saudi offer to send troops to Syria comes with uncertainty |work= Associated Press |accessdate= 10 February 2016 |url= http://bigstory.ap.org/article/3f77bcd886294c0fba2b36867f9a522a/saudi-offer-send-troops-syria-comes-uncertainty }}
14. ^{{cite news |last= Harb |first= Malak |date= 7 February 2016 |title= UAE says it's prepared to send ground forces to Syria |url= http://bigstory.ap.org/article/597bb0b48d084da181950b01b41897b4/uae-says-its-prepared-send-ground-forces-syria |work= Associated Press |accessdate= 10 February 2016 }}
15. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-mideast-crisis-russia-turkey-syria-idUSKCN0VD1UX|title=Russia says it suspects Turkey of preparing incursion in Syria|work=Reuters|accessdate=4 February 2016|date=4 February 2016}}
16. ^{{cite web|url= http://edition.cnn.com/2016/02/04/middleeast/turkey-russia-syria-invasion-denial/|title=Turkey isn't preparing to invade Syria, source says|work=CNN|accessdate=5 February 2016|date=5 February 2016}}
17. ^{{cite web|title = Saudi Arabia willing to send ground troops to Syria|url = http://www.aljazeera.com/news/2016/02/general-saudi-arabia-set-deploy-troops-syria-160205042542486.html|website = Al Jazeera English|access-date = 8 February 2016|date = 6 February 2016}}
18. ^{{cite news|url=http://uk.reuters.com/article/us-mideast-crisis-syria-lavrov-idUKKCN0VC0SM |title= Lavrov: Russia won't stop Syria strikes until 'terrorists' defeated|publisher= Reuters|accessdate=4 February 2016 |date=3 February 2016}}
19. ^Лавров назвал условия прекращения операции РФ в Сирии NEWSru, 3 Feb 2016.
20. ^Update 1-Al-Moallem: Any intervention is an act of aggression, Syria will not comply with any precondition Sana, 6 Feb 2016.
21. ^[https://news.yahoo.com/syria-rebels-face-rout-allies-saudi-turkey-may-071955719.html As Syria rebels face rout, allies Saudi, Turkey may send troops] AFP, 6 Feb 2016.
22. ^{{cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-mideast-crisis-syria-idUSKCN0VK0E8 |title=Kurdish forces said to take air base near Turkish border |publisher= Reuters|accessdate=11 February 2016|date=11 February 2016}}
23. ^{{cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/feb/13/turkey-shells-kurdish-forces-in-syria-in-retaliation-for-attack-on-border-posts |title=Turkish PM confirms shelling of Kurdish forces in Syria|newspaper=the Guardian|date=2016-02-13}}
24. ^{{cite web |url= https://www.reuters.com/article/us-mideast-crisis-syria-shelling-idUSKCN0VN09S|title= Turkey shells northern Syria for second day: monitor |author=Staff writer(s)|date= 14 February 2016|publisher= Reuters|access-date= 18 February 2016}}
25. ^{{cite web|title = Turkey shells Kurdish positions in Syria for second day|url = http://www.aljazeera.com/news/2016/02/turkey-shells-kurdish-positions-syria-day-160214091007489.html |website = www.aljazeera.com|access-date = 2016-02-14}}
26. ^{{cite news |agency=|work=RT|date=14 March 2016|url=https://www.rt.com/news/335554-putin-orders-syria-withdrawal/|title=Putin orders start of Russian military withdrawal from Syria, says ‘objectives achieved’ }}
27. ^{{cite news |agency=|work=BBC|date=14 March 2016|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-35807689|title=Syria conflict: Russia's Putin orders 'main part' of forces out}}
28. ^Commander: Iran to Send Commandos, Snipers to Iraq, Syria Fars News Agency, 16 March 2016.
29. ^{{cite web|last1=Toumaj|first1=Amir|title=Iran deploys Army Special Forces to Syria and Iraq |url=http://www.longwarjournal.org/archives/2016/03/iran-deploys-army-special-forces-to-syria-and-iraq.php|website=The Long War Journal |accessdate=25 March 2016}}
30. ^{{cite news|title=Syrian army, with Russian air support, advances inside Palmyra |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-mideast-crisis-syria-idUSKCN0WR0RA|agency=Reuters|date=26 March 2016}}
31. ^{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-35993918 |title=Syria war: Rebels take key northern town of al-Rai from IS|work=BBC News|date=2016-04-08}}
32. ^{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-36014027|title=Syria conflict:IS retakes northern town of al-Rai from rebels|work=BBC News|date=2016-04-11}}
33. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-mideast-crisis-syria-truce-idUSKCN0ZM0PZ|title=Syrian army, rebels agree to 72-hour Eid truce, but fighting continues|date=6 July 2016|accessdate=15 October 2016|publisher=Reuters}}
34. ^'Syria's civil war: US and Russia clinch ceasefire deal'. Al Jazeera, 11 September 2016. Retrieved 26 September 2016.
35. ^¹²{{cite news |url=http://news.sky.com/story/syria-timeline-how-the-fragile-week-long-ceasefire-fell-apart-10585670|title=Syria timeline: How the fragile week-long ceasefire fell apart |date=20 September 2016|accessdate=20 September 2016|publisher=Sky News}}
36. ^{{cite news |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-mideast-crisis-syria-opposition-idUSKCN11P240|title=Syrian opposition figure says ceasefire never took hold|date=19 September 2016|accessdate=20 September 2016|publisher=Reuters|author=Yara Bayoumy and John Irish}}
37. ^[https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-37395807 Syria conflict: Russia fears collapse of ceasefire] BBC, 17 October 2016.
38. ^{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/sep/19/syria-ceasefire-is-over-says-countrys-military|title=US blames Russia after UN aid convoy in Syria targeted by air attack |newspaper=The Guardian|author=Julian Borger|date=20 September 2016 |accessdate=20 September 2016}}
39. ^{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/10/04/world/middleeast/us-suspends-talks-with-russia-on-syria.html|title=Tension With Russia Rises as U.S. Halts Syria Negotiations|last=Gordon|first=Michael R.|date=2016-10-03|last2=Kramer|first2=Andrew E.|newspaper=The New York Times|issn=0362-4331|access-date=2016-10-04}}
40. ^[https://www.reuters.com/article/us-mideast-crisis-usa-russia/u-s-suspends-syria-ceasefire-talks-with-russia-blames-moscow-idUSKCN1231X3 U.S. suspends Syria ceasefire talks with Russia, blames Moscow] Reuters, 3 October 2016.
41. ^{{cite news|url= https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2016/12/28/turkey-russia-broker-ceasefire-deal-syria/|title=Turkey and Russia 'broker ceasefire deal for all of Syria'|work=AFP|date=28 December 2016|last1=France-Presse|first1=Agence}}
42. ^¹{{cite web|url=http://www.voanews.com/a/syria-says-it-has-agreed-to-nationwide-ceasefire/3655304.html|title=Nationwide Syrian Cease-fire Begins|work=VOA News|date=29 December 2016}}
43. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-38463021 |title=Syria conflict: Russia-Turkey brokered truce comes into force|work=BBC|date=30 December 2016}}
44. ^{{cite web |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-38475830?intlink_from_url=&link_location=live-reporting-story|title=Syria conflict: UN to vote on Syria ceasefire deal|work=BBC|date=31 December 2016}}
45. ^[https://www.reuters.com/article/us-mideast-crisis-syria-rebels-ceasefire-idUSKBN14M16Q Syrian rebels say they froze talks on Russian-backed peace conference due to ceasefire violations] Reuters. 2 January 2017
46. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-38528654|title=Syria conflict: Russia 'withdrawing aircraft carrier group'|work=BBC|date=6 January 2017}}
47. ^¹{{cite news|title=Syria meeting in Astana|url=http://astanatimes.com/2017/03/kazakhstan-welcomes-results-of-syria-meeting-in-astana-as-russia-iran-and-turkey-issue-joint-statement/|publisher=The Astana Times}}
48. ^{{cite web |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2017/05/04/world/middleeast/russia-iran-turkey-syria-de-escalation-zones.html?smpr&_r=0|title=Russia Reaches Deal for Syria Safe Zones, but Some Rebels Scoff|work=The New York Times|author=ANNE BARNARD and RICK|date=4 May 2017}}
49. ^{{Cite web|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-mideast-crisis-syria-pyd-idUSKBN1811PZ|title=Syrian Kurdish PYD denounces Syria deal for 'de-escalation zones'|work=Reuters|date=5 May 2017}}
50. ^{{Cite news|url=http://www.foxnews.com/world/2017/07/09/cease-fire-in-southern-syria-goes-into-effect.html|title=Syria cease-fire goes into effect in southern part of country|date=2017-07-09|work=Fox News|access-date=2017-07-10|language=en-US}}
51. ^{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2017/jul/09/us-russian-ceasefire-holding-in-southwest-syria-say-rebel-sources|title=US-Russia ceasefire holding in southwest Syria, say rebel sources|date=2017-07-09|work=The Guardian|access-date=2017-07-23}}
52. ^[https://www.reuters.com/article/us-mideast-crisis-syria-ceasefire/partial-ceasefire-deal-reached-in-syria-in-trumps-first-peace-effort-idUSKBN19S2DG Partial ceasefire deal reached in Syria, in Trump's first peace effort] Reuters, 7 July 2017.
53. ^{{cite news|url=http://www.foxnews.com/world/2017/07/20/syria-ceasefire-brokered-by-us-russia-holding-but-with-flaws-tricks-in-play.html|title=Syria ceasefire brokered by US, Russia holding, but with flaws, 'tricks' in play|first=Hollie|last=McKay|publisher=Fox News|date=20 July 2017|accessdate=23 July 2017}}
54. ^[https://www.state.gov/r/pa/prs/dpb/2017/10/274630.htm#SYRIA Department Press Briefing - October 4, 2017] U.S. Department of State, 4 October 2017.