“Taitung Miramar Resort”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

Taitung Miramar Resort ({{zh|c=美麗灣渡假村}}) is a BOT (Build Operate Transfer) development on Shanyuan (杉原灣)/Fudafudak in Beinan Township, Taitung County, Taiwan.^[1] In 2004, a contract was signed by Miramar Resort Taitung Ltd (majority owned by Huang Chun-fa) and the Taitung County Government under then County Magistrate Hsu Ching-yuan. It was supported by three subsequently elected magistrates. Although still standing, Miramar was unable to open due to supreme court rulings relating to the legality of its construction.

BOT approval

In 2003, the Taitung County Government received Central Government permission to employ the BOT model to demolish the change room and camping facilities at Shanyuan/Fudafudak and build a ‘theme restaurant’ and new change-room facilities in conjunction with a private partner.^[4] This was unusual as BOT schemes are generally reserved for major infrastructure projects such as subway systems and toll-ways. At the time, Hsu Ching-yuan was three years into his first term as County Magistrate while Justin Huang was the newly elected Taitung representative in the Central Government Legislature.

According to a diary of events compiled by Liu Jhong-xi (also spelt: Liu Chiung-hsi, 劉炯錫), Professor of Natural Sciences at Taitung University, the development area was divided into:

Deemed a minor development, it was classified as ‘General’ rather than ‘International Tourism’ which meant that the Taitung Government was granted control of the project. If ‘International Tourism’, the Central Government would have retained control.^[5] Subsequently, private companies were invited to tender for the rights to build and manage the project.^[6]

Durban Development

Durban Development Company Ltd. (Chinese: 德安開發) is a descendent company from Miramar Group (Chinese: 美麗華集團^[7]),^[8] which, according to the China Post, "consists of subdivisions owned by different members within the giant, extended Huang family” ^[9]

In early 2004, Durban Development Company ^[10] became involved in the Shanyuan/Fudafudak redevelopment bidding process.^[11] From this point, the land usage purpose entered an adjustment period. Durban’s proposal included, in addition to the restaurant and change rooms, a 50-room hotel.^[4] In July 2004, the Taitung County Government announced the project description had been adjusted to “seaside resort”, with a maximum of 80-rooms.^[4]^[12]

Two months later, Miramar/Durban was chosen as the best applicant (it is unclear if there were other tenders), whereupon Huang Chun-fa (and/or his representatives) obtained the right to negotiate the contract. A consortium called Miramar Resort Taitung Ltd (美麗灣度假村股份有限公司) was formed that included a 45% investment stake by Naruwan Hotel (娜魯灣飯店), owned by Lin Yen-huang (林炎煌).^[13]

The contract

In December 2004, Magistrate Hsu Ching-yuan signed a contract with Miramar Resort Ltd for the rights to manage Shanyuan/Fudafudak and build an 80-room resort.^[13] The building to land coverage ratio was 6.5% and the floor to land ratio was 19.8%. ^[13] Miramar was required to pay a royalty fee of NT$5 million (@ NT$100 000 per year, US$3125) for the management rights, as well as 2% of yearly earnings to the Taitung Government. Furthermore, the resort building as well as beach usage rights would be transferred back free of charge to the county government after 50 years.^[14]

In addition to management rights, the Taitung Government agreed to lease Shanyuan/Fudafudak to Miramar/Durban at the nominal rate of NT$30 000 (US $938) per month in order to facilitate the profitability of the project.^[13] According to the Ministry of Finance’s BOT guidelines, Miramar was required to “provide sustainable and quality public service.” ^[15] The Taitung Government would be the competent authority supervising the legality of the project.^[13]

Taitung coastline

Whereas the north, west, and south coastlines of Taiwan have seen growth leading to degradation of the coastal environment, the south-east coast’s rugged mountain and sea beauty is the same geography that has made it the least accessible to big developers. According to Lonely Planet:

This status as the last stretch of undeveloped coastline, much of it "nationally-designated traditional territory of the

Kenting to the south in Pingtung County, and Taitung’s Jhiben hot springs offer the most recent models of coastal resort development in Taiwan.

Indigenous background

There are 16 officially recognised indigenous ethnic groups of Taiwan. Classified as Austronesian peoples, their descendants inhabited the island about 5000 years before the arrival of the Han Chinese. Although the percentage of indigenous in Taiwan today is only 2.35%, in Taitung County it is 35.7%.^[20] In east coast villages outside Taitung city, the figure is around 50% or higher, mostly from the Amis tribe.^[21]

Within the 16 indigenous ethnic groups, the buluo (bu-luo, indigenous village) functions as the central mechanism of indigenous culture. Before and during colonisation, buluo formed and settled in particular geological areas suitable for habitation. (Chen 2015)

Having experienced an accumulating period of cultural weakening, the mid-90’s saw the beginning of a resurgence amongst indigenous communities in Taitung. (Futuru 2010) ^[23]

The Fudafuduk/Shanyuan area is inhabited by the Tse-tung (Erythrina) buluo from the Amis tribe. The annual Amis ocean worship festival, Palaylay (Ilisin, 海祭), is held on the beach during summer. The sheltered coral reef bay provides a food gathering resource, and serves as a training ground for youth in food identification, fishing, diving, and boating skills.^[24]

Significant archeological sites are located in the surrounding area dating back to the Neolithic period, approximately 2000–4000 years ago.

Shanyuan/Fudafudak is designated indigenous territory. According to Taiwan's Basic Aboriginal Law (2005), such areas require consultation with the traditional custodians before changes to land rezoning and/or usage can take place. (Chen 2015)

Arguments for and against

Diverse community groups formed on both sides, each claiming they had the best interests of Taitung residents, as well as greater Taiwanese society, at heart.^[26]

While opposition to Miramar grew,^[27] a PR vacuum developed in the pro-resort camp. On the private ownership side of the partnership, Huang Chun-fa from Miramar, remained publicly silent, while Lin Yen-huang, the minority shareholder, withdrew his investment in 2007 due to concerns about increasing aboriginal/environmental protest.^[13]

On the political side, then-Magistrate Hsu Ching-yuan resigned and reportedly left to live in Canada the year after signing the deal, ^[28] ^[29] while the next Magistrate, Kuang Li-chen, was the subject of impeachment proceedings relating to inappropriate overseas travel-budget spending,^[30] and considered a puppet of her ex-husband, Wu Chun-li (吳俊立), who had been elected Magistrate but was barred from taking office due to a corruption conviction.^[31]^[32]

Justin Huang

Although the above Magistrates had fought for the BOT project, it was Justin Huang who emerged as Miramar’s most vocal and credible supporter. Son of a previous Taitung Magistrate and KMT powerbroker, Huang Ching-fong (黃鏡峰), Huang is a Masters graduate in International Business Management from Santa Clara University. Before entering Taitung politics in 1996, he had accrued 10 years experience working for private investment companies, including two in Taiwan as General Manager at [https://www.hwashin.com.tw/ HwaShin Investments].^[33] In the period of 2003-4, when the deal was negotiated and signed, Huang, as Taitung’s then representative to the Legislature, was able to monitor the progress of the Miramar project.

In 2009 he was elected County Magistrate of Taitung. Running on a platform of anti-corruption and jobs through development,^[34] he won both elections comfortably. According to a survey conducted by Vision Magazine, both Huang and fellow east coast County Commissioner, Fu Kun-chi (傅崑萁) of Hualien have consistently polled as Taiwan's most popular “5-star” County Magistrates.^[35]

With his family's involvement stretching back to the 1960's,^[36] Huang observed: "Taitung consistently ranks the bottom three in average income among Taiwan's counties." ^[37]

Forecasting, “A vision of beautiful tourist spots and a prosperous economy” ,^[34] the Huang Government would introduce laws to cut through the red tape of “lazy bureaucrats” and stimulate the economy:^[34]

The economy

Given Taitung’s natural beauty,^[39] Huang argued the best way to achieve prosperity was through the promotion of tourism, “the backbone of the economy”.^[34] Protestors largely agree, but point to small business driven ecotourism models operating in other countries.^[40] Huang argued: “Every coastline in the world is building or have already built countryside seashore resorts... Dubai, Bali, Kenting... why not Taitung?”

For purposes of research and promotion, Huang undertook 43 visits to overseas countries during his two terms as County Magistrate.^[42] From these journeys he concluded: “Advanced cultural countries have an advanced sense of environmental protection, but they also love countryside seashore resorts very much.” ^[43]

Huang also made 18 trips to China during his two terms as County Magistrate^[42] to liaise with Tourism and Trade counterparts. He promised to “let tour buses travel freely”.^[34] believing big development projects were essential to the survival of Taitung:

Meanwhile, protesters challenge the core argument that resorts and tourbus tourism are ‘good for the local economy’, pointing to studies that report:

Indigenous opposition

The building of Miramar coincided with a resurgence in indigenous culture in Taiwan.^[23] Although Miramar’s fate was decided in a legal battle over its failure to conduct an EIA (Environmental Impact Assessment) before beginning construction,^[46] the deeper issues that mobilised protest were indigenous and environmental ones.

Lin Shu-ling

Lin Shu-ling is an Amis woman from the Tse-tung buluo (indigenous village). Described as an “accidental activist” in an interview with Glenn Smith,^[47] Lin is a qualified Japanese translator, who runs a small goat farming and hibiscus cropping operation with her mother, Da Panay (Lin Jing-ti 林金蒂). Together they live in the home of Lin’s grandmother, Miarde, who grows/sells artemisia, on the shores of Shanyuan/Fudafudak, at the site of the Miramar development.^[48] Whereas Magistrate Huang claimed local residents had welcomed the arrival of Miramar in their role as “new keepers of the beach”,^[49] Lin recalled:

Known as unassuming by nature, she grew into her role as a spokesperson.^[50]^[51] Regarding motive for building resorts she said:

Regarding the government discourse that the Taitung countryside needs resorts to “keep people and save jobs”,

Asked by an interviewer about Taitung Government’s 'No future without development' narrative: “Lin smiled gently and asked, "Has Taitung collapsed without Miramar?"”^[51]

Tse-tung buluo

The Tse-tung buluo refers to a small Amis community of around 40-50 people within the Fushan village who live on or around the site of the Miramar development.^[53] Whereas the larger A’tolan, a neighbouring buluo from Dulan, experienced cultural renewal from a low-point in the mid 1990’s,^[54] Timothy Chen reports “a perception that Tsetung is ‘disadvantaged’ or ‘weaker’ in certain ways due to its shorter Bu-Luo history and incomplete governing structure.” ^[55]

According to Futuru’s dissertation on the A’tolan, Playing Modernity, the governing structure in an Amis buluo is the 'age-grade' system:

“The age organization with its rigid grade regulations ... is the main political unit, handling the affairs of both outsiders and insiders” (Futuru 2010)

The united base of elders and youth that the A’tolan presented to assert territorial integrity and rebuff a proposed BOT development at Dulan Cape in 2003,^[57] was not as evident in the Tse-tung’s response to the BOT Miramar project. Although Lin Shu-lin and her mother, who became leaders of the movement, are Tse-tung buluo, their decision to oppose Miramar involved an uncomfortable split from the majority decision, led by village chief/chairperson, Liu Yu-yi, who supported it.

Divergent Tse-tung viewpoints

The 'modernity' where youth leave the village to study and pursue careers, brought notions of indigenous territory and how best to “reunite families” into contrast.

Lin Shu-ling, a land rights advocate, favoured the A'tolan model of revitalising the age grade system to re-involve the younger generation whether they live locally or not,^[59] as well as youth small business courses to connect directly with the Taitung tourism sector, especially that related to indigenous culture.^[60]

On the other hand, Liu Yu-yi, chairperson of Tse-tung, argued that Miramar offered a more immediate solution:

Indigenous Consultation

Although Taiwan's Basic Aboriginal Law (2005) required consultation with the local buluo,^[62] Lin argued that the law was too vague:

In the case of Miramar, Tse-tung were not consulted prior to construction. However, later, the majority, represented by their chairperson, Liu Yu-yi, did decide to support it.^[61] The process by which this approval was negotiated is unclear.

According to the model of local buluo participation in planning applications whereby “the community will be entitled to veto development projects... (or) share the benefits of those they agree to” ,^[64] Miramar could have passed that hurdle.

Construction projects on indigenous/public land involve overlapping concentric circles of vested interest. In the case of Miramar they include the local Amis buluo (which may or may not be functioning as an age-grade community), surrounding buluos, non-aboriginal residents, the greater aboriginal society of Taiwan, and Taiwanese society as a whole. How to weight the divergencies within/between these interests in the decision making process raises complex questions regarding indigenous land rights in Taiwan.

The environment

According to the Taiwan Shanyuan Bay Marine Ecology and Biodiversity Survey Report, Shanyuan/Fudafudak contains 119 species of coral which support a range of marine life, while the sandy beach provides a nesting habitat for sea turtles and several crab species.^[66]^[67]^[68]

An impact report by Taiwan Environmental Information Association (TEIA) claimed cement waste flow from the Miramar site covered parts of the coral reef leading to a die-off,^[69] while Tainan Community University researcher Wu Jen-pang (吳仁邦), working with Citizens of the Earth Taiwan, said tests conducted on soil near the hotel indicated high levels of heavy metal chromium contamination.^[70]

These findings were disputed by government department representatives, who commissioned tests showing the level of heavy metal contamination was within the allowable range.^[71]

Regarding the coral die-off, Magistrate Huang suggested it may be “due to environmental factors such as climate change”. ^[69] Furthermore, Huang claimed: “Many locals living near Shan Yuan told me that the beach and forest are much cleaner because Miramar staff keep the beach clean.” With no government service in place for garbage collection on Taitung beaches, Huang claimed Miramar provided a “win-win” solution.^[72]

Landscape

Apart from specific ecological matters, the landscape as a whole was also a focus. [https://scholarsbank.uoregon.edu/xmlui/bitstream/handle/1794/19692/Chen_oregon_0171N_11430.pdf?sequence=1 Timothy Chen’s 2015 thesis on Miramar] discusses conflicting “ideations of landscape aesthetics (and how they) deeply color perspectives on the resort”. ^[73] On the anti-resort side interviewees expressed a sense that Miramar’s five storey domination of the cove is “inherently wrong”; “an ugly concrete structure” on “such a beautiful beach” where “everyone used to go” were typical responses.^[74] On the other hand, Miramar supporters such as then Mayor Huang Wen-ming associate its construction with positive images of a modern world and economic progress, saying the resort had improved the visual aesthetic of the beach overall. Comparing it to some of the driftwood and tin-clad structures, vegetable gardens and chicken shed arrangements of the Tse-tung buluo, which were marked for removal, Huang argued:

The first domino

A point that protestors and resort supporters agreed on was the categorisation of Miramar as the ‘first domino’. Whereas Takanow (Paiwan tribe), a Taitung musician and chairperson of Fan Fan Fan (FFF) warns of “a domino effect of illegal development projects along the east coast of Taiwan”,^[76] Magistrate Huang writes about his frustration at not being able to get the first domino to fall:

In an interview with Sam Wilde, Tiger Ho (何金坤), General Manager of Miramar, echoed this sentiment:

Threat of Miramar suing for compensation

The threat of Miramar suing for compensation was an argument employed to allow the resort to open.

County Magistrate Justin Huang claimed that, "We'd not only lose our investment, we'd definitely be sued by Miramar in court.” ^[79] and this would be unaffordable for "the poorest county in Taiwan”.^[80]

In 2012, Miramar Deputy Executive Manager Chu Ying-chou (朱膺州), said they would seek “compensation of at least NT$1 billion (US$33.8 million)” if they weren’t allowed to open.^[81]

Huang Chun-fa, chairman of Taitung Miramar Resort

The beneficiary of any payout would be the Miramar/Durban Development companies owned by Huang Chun-fa, "...a second-generation business leader in the Huang clan, which controls the Miramar Group".^[109] Whereas other branches of the Miramar Huang family have led high profile lives played out through the media, Business Today noted, "the style of the Huang Jung-hua (branch of) Huangs has always been low-key." ^[110]

In 2004, Huang Chun-fa’s companies were quietly awarded government hotel construction/management tenders in Taipei, Hsinchu and Taitung:^[109]

Old Miramar Hotel

The 15-storey old Miramar Hotel opened in 1978 and was officially closed in July 2000. Huang Chun-fa, a then 21-year-old, worked on the original construction site as a supervisor under the guidance of his father and uncle. He later became responsible for running the hotel.^[83] The Huangs “established a precedent for co-operation with travel agencies” bringing the ‘all-inclusive’ travel model to Taiwan.^[83] With "a reputation of solely catering to tour groups",^[84] the old Miramar, at its peak, was highly profitable, and functioned as a ‘cash cow’ for other expansion enterprises, including the Linkou golf course in New Taipei City.^[83]

921 Earthquake

According to an Epoch Times report:“After the 921 earthquake, The Miramar Hotel was rated as a dangerous building”. ^[85]^[86] Described as a cornerstone business in “the foundation of the Huang Brothers' development”, a Business Today article noted that, “As a result of the 921 earthquake, business almost hit the bottom.” ^[87]

Rebuild on old Miramar Site

Apart from the economic difficulties following the impact of 921, Business Today reported that in 2000, Huang Chun-fa's “(Durban) department store has accumulated losses for five years; last year NT$400 million ... and Daily Air has lost NT$500 million."

In 2001, according to the Epoch Times: “Wong Yi-ming, head of Guo Hua Life Insurance (國華人壽), and Huang Chun-fa, head of Miramar Hotel and Durban Development, colluded in a mutual ‘transfer of benefits’ ...that amounted to nearly NT$2 billion.” ^[88]

Durban Development successfully applied to rebuild a 12-story office block called Miramar Securities Financial Building (美麗華證券金融大樓).^[88] Before opening, Miramar Securities was on-sold to Gwo Hua Life Insurance (國華人壽), which was also facing financial difficulties.^[86] Huang then bought a controlling interest in Gwo Hua whereupon it was declared bankrupt.^[88] The Department of Finance authorised a rescue package of NT$83.868 billion (US$2.725 billion) to cover Gwo Hua's liabilities and merge with Trans Global Insurance (全球人壽) ^[88]^[89]

In 2002, Huang Chun-fa and Wong Yi-ming, were charged with ‘Breach of Trust’ over the deal.^[88]^[86] Wong died during the proceedings, while Huang was acquitted.^[91]

In 2004, Huang’s enterprises experienced a boost when they swept a trifecta of government BOT tenders for hotel constructions in Taipei, Hsinchu, and Taitung.^[92]^[93]^[82]

Initial protest

Unlike the Miramar Taipei Gardens and Miramar Hsinchu, which were city blocks, Taitung Miramar Resort was built on a popular public/indigenous territory beach called Shanyuan/Fudafudak at a time of raised awareness in Taiwan regarding natural heritage and indigenous rights,^[94] and coinciding with the advent of social media.

Two of the first to draw attention to the development were Hsu Lan-hsian (徐蘭香) and Lin Yun-ge (林雲閣). Lin is an investigative journalist who'd reported on the 1997 hillside collapse of the Lincoln Mansions (林肯大郡) (an apartment block) in Sijhih (汐止) that killed 28 residents.^[134]^[95] Subsequently, he developed an interest in inappropriate slope-land construction. According to a News Lens article, Hsu went to Taitung as a peaceful place to write, staying at a residence near Shanyuan/Fudafudak:

Lin yun-ge then met one of his neighbours in the region, Hsu Lan-hsian, who also had concerns about the development. Hsu, who had “settled in the northern Dulan village near Shanyuan Bay, looking for a pure source of water for her craft-brewed vinegar”, had been involved in environmental protests from her home-county of Hsinchu, and was a member of the Taitung chapter of the Taiwan Environmental Protection Union (TEPU).^[96] After discussing the issue with Lin, Hsu raised the topic at a TEPU meeting. In April 2007, the TEPU hired Lin Yun-ge as a full-time secretary to investigate the construction, report potential building violations to relevant government bodies, and write articles.^[96]

TEPU (台灣環境保護聯盟)

The Taitung chapter of the Taiwan Environmental Protection Union (TEPU) was headed by Professor of Natural Sciences, Liu Jhong-xi (劉炯錫) Professor of Geography Liao Chiu-er 廖秋娥, and Yang Tsung-wei (楊宗緯), an ex-railway engineer and Taitung museum curator.^[139] The group originally formed to protest the joint government/private BOO Taitung Incinerator.

After listening to Hsu’s and Lin’s concerns regarding Miramar, TEPU hired Lin as a secretary to investigate the construction and file reports with the relevant authorities. At the same time, the TEPU connected with members of the surrounding indigenous buluos, including traditional custodians, Lin Shu-ling and her mother, (Da) Panay (Lin Jing-ti 林金蒂), and Amis boat builder, Long-ge (賴進龍), as well as members of the Fugang, Fushan, and A'tolan buluos.^[96]

Apart from organising the earliest on-site protest gatherings, TEPU began laying a paper trail of permit violations, filing reports with the Tourism Bureau, the Urban and Rural Development Office, as well as the Central Government’s Administrative Yuan’s Environmental Protection Association (EPA) and the Control Yuan (Ombudsman), and having the Miramar situation raised in the Legislature (by Legislator Lin Shu-fen) in April 2007. They also participated in the Citizen Litigation suits.^[13]^[97]

Land division irregularities

One of the violations ^[16] uncovered in TEPU's research related to a land merging-division application for the site. On February 21, 2005, Miramar representatives and officials from the Taitung County Government Tourism Bureau (renamed Urban and Rural Development Office) agreed to merge land sections 348 and 346-2 then re-divide them to create a new section, 346-4, with an area of 0.9997 hectares, which would serve as the construction base of the hotel.^[98]^[16]

In December 2006, with the basic structure of the 5-floor building nearing completion, Miramar proposed to modify the project into three stages, taking the near-finished part as the first stage, to be followed by 2nd & 3rd construction stages. The building coverage ratio and floor to area ratio increased from 6.5% to 19.69% and 19.8% to 48.54% respectively.^[139]^[99]

2007 Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA)

On January 12, 2007, an EIA panel was commissioned to retrospectively examine the project. The panel recommended a suspension of construction and fining the company for building law violations and environmental damage.

Subsequently, Miramar/Durban was fined NT$300 000 (US$9091) for “exceeding the specified scope of construction ‘Stage 1' by the Taitung Kuang Li-chen Government, though it was maintained that the already erected 5-story structure of the resort was legal.^[98]

This was done by arguing that the project should be seen as separate, evolving “stages”, with the 2nd and 3rd stages representing ‘after-thought’ improvements and/or corrections to the original plan.^[99]

Even though the three stages combined amounted to 5.97 hectares, the Taitung government maintained that the ‘first stage’, if taken in isolation at the time, was only 0.99 hectares and didn’t require an EIA.^[102]

Therefore, “according to the law”,^[103] a building permit was issued, making it a legally pre-constructed building, or at least "definitely not substantially illegal".

Wild at Heart Legal Defense Association

Wild at Heart Taiwan is a volunteer environmental lawyer organization founded by Robin Winkler. In April 2007, Lin Yun-ge from the Taitung TEPU traveled to Taipei for a meeting with members of Wild at Heart as well as the national arm of TEPU looking for strategic and legal input from groups experienced in dealing with environmental issues on a national level.^[105]

From that meeting, a press conference was called for April 29, where Lin Zi-lin (林子凌), Secretary General of Wild at Heart, and TEPU Secretary General Hou Zhong-shun 何宗勳, outlined the history of the case including land division and waste disposal irregularities .^[105] Environmental lawyer Thomas Chan and Legislator Lin Shu-fen also attended. Following this meeting, the TEPU held activities on Shanyuan/Fudafudak beach and filed reports with the Environmental Protection Bureau (EPB), the Tourism Bureau and the Construction and Planning Agency.^[98] According to News Lens: “For the first time (the Miramar protest) began to connect with a wider network of groups and gain mainstream media interest.” ^[96]

First Citizen Litigation

On July 26, 2007, Wild at Heart lawyer Chen Bo-chou (陳柏舟), working with input from Thomas Chan, assisted the TEPU (as plaintiffs) in launching the first Citizen Litigation, challenging the validity of Miramar’s building permit on the grounds that it had been issued without having passed an EIA.^[106]

On August 1, another press conference was held by Lin Zi-lin and Chen Bo-chou (Wild at Heart), legislator Lai Shin-yuan, TEPU representatives, Liu Jhong-xi, Lin Yun-ge, and He Zhong-shun 何宗勳, and lawyer Thomas Chan. Apart from reiterating the land division irregularities, “they used on-site photos to accuse Miramar of directly burying building waste on the beach, which was strongly denied by the industry”.^[105]

Construction rubble

In response, on the 16th of August, 2007,^[139] representatives for Durban/Miramar and Taitung Council Speaker, Li Jin-hue (李錦慧), invited EPA officials and the media to the site for an “inspection and excavation.” Backhoes dug "ten large holes in the beach, over an approximate area of 250 square meters, but no construction waste was found.” Regarding the previously photographed rubble, a Miramar spokesperson said: “I am afraid it was planted." ^[107]

The spokesperson also accused unnamed professors of “dismantling a Miramar signboard by fierce means” as well as “hindering the development of Taitung”, saying:

Two days later, on August 18, large waves brought on by passing Typhoon Sepat revealed blocks of construction rubble on the beach at a site not excavated during the media event.^[108]

On the 28th of August, the Taitung County Industrial Development & Investment Promotion Committee (TCID&IPC) staged a counter-protest at Taitung University, where TEPU convenors Liu Jhong-xi and Liao Chiu-er worked. Members of TCID&IPC chanted, “Fake Taitung people get out of Taitung!” ^[108]

Legal proceedings

Although the litigation process to stop Miramar evolved into a complicated series of court cases, at its core, it was straightforward. According to the then-Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) Act 14-1:

An EIA must be conducted on any development over one hectare - before construction begins.^[109]

Miramar was a structure exceeding one hectare - without having done an EIA.^[110]

Litigation restrictions

The Taitung Government, apart from being a partner in the BOT Miramar project, was also the competent authority supervising the development. Critics such as Geography Professor, David Chang (張長義), from National Taiwan University have raised conflict of interest concerns when “the player acts as the referee”.^[111]

In the case of Miramar, the TEPU, in concert with Wild at Heart Lawyer, Chen Bo-chou (陳柏舟), filed reports in an attempt to initiate proceedings against Lai Ming-hsuan (賴旻炫) (Taitung Govt. head of Urban and Rural Development ) and Luo Wen-zheng (羅文政) (Urban and Rural Development technical specialist), then-County Magistrate, Kuang Li-chen, and Miramar/Durban owner, Huang Chun-fa, detailing involvement in the improper issuing of building permit documents, illegal waste disposal, sand theft (alleging sand was removed for use at a man-made beach near Taipei 101), and environmental destruction.^[172]

Their evidence consisted of the relevant documents and on-site photos/video of demolition rubble, cement waste-flow, and marine-ecology impact reports.^[105]

Professor of Criminal Justice, Chin Ko-lin, in his book, Heijin (Black Gold), writing about county police in Taiwan in general, reports a “sense of powerlessness” felt by members of county CIB's:

Environmental Impact Assessments (EIA)

Much of the ensuing legal proceedings revolved around the Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) process. In January 2007, an EIA panel was belatedly convened to examine the development. Miramar failed to pass and the panel called for a halt to construction and for the company to be fined. Another three assessment meetings were held during 2007, but they also resulted in a failure to pass the project.^[172]

On January 23, 2008, protest groups achieved their first legal victory when the Kaohsiung Administrative High Court ruled:

The Taitung Government was ordered to halt construction and pay court costs.^[172]

Whereas protestors argued that this meant Miramar would need to be demolished before any reapplication for an EIA could be considered,^[114] Taitung Government and Miramar representatives categorised the decision as merely reflecting “missteps ... during the construction process”,^[115] which could be remedied by retrospectively conducting an EIA.

The 2008 EIA

Despite setbacks with previous EIA's, opportunities arose to rotate the panel. Taipei Times reported Professor Chang (張長義), a member of the original 2007 EIA, as saying, “Most members who had expressed concern or rejected the project have been removed ...by the local government.” ^[116] According to a News Lens report: "EIA members were replaced by county officials and engineering academics, while those from the fields of ecology, geography, and social science were not chosen."

The newly appointed EIA panelists included, County Magistrate Kuang Li-chen, Deputy-Magistrate, Pong De-chen (convener and panel member), Chief of Taitung Environmental Protection Bureau (EPB), Huang Ming-en, Chief of Agriculture, Liao Fu-shan, and Chief of Urban and Rural Development Bureau, Hsu Shi-yuan. On June 15, 2008, this panel voted to approve Miramar’s EIA, allowing construction to continue.^[172] The Taitung Government argued that this EIA approval rendered the High Court ruling redundant, and construction resumed.^[172]

Following this development, a Citizen Litigation petition was lodged on behalf of the TEPU by Wild at Heart lawyer Chen Bo-chou, alleging the EIA was invalid due to excessive representation by Taitung Government officials. This petition was rejected by the Taitung Environmental Protection Bureau (EPB).^[106]^[172]

Thomas Chan

Chan's decades-long involvement in environmental protection movements stemmed from his birdwatching and hiking interests:

In the 1980's Chan joined protests against a surge in golf course habitat clearing, saying, "I'd often see a mountain head being shaved to become a golf course". Through this involvement he decided, “A lawyer’s best weapon is “the law”."

Wild at Heart secretary-general, Lin Zi-lin (林子凌) observed in a joint 2010 interview: "Chan is very fond of owls. In fact, he is like an owl; careful, sensitive, sharp.” ^[119] In response to being “often criticised by big companies regarding lengthy EIA's delaying projects” during his tenure as an EIA panelist, Chan replied, "The reason is simple; it’s because they're not legal, therefore hard to pass." ^[120]

Following the EPB's rejection of the citizen petition in 2008, Lin invited Chan to take over the running of the case.^[67] Lin and Chan married in 2012.

The Charges against the Taitung Government

The primary suit against the Taitung County Government challenged the legality of the EIA. Chan introduced arguments related to indigenous rights, environmental damage, and dereliction of duty by the "competent authority", noting that: "According to the provisions of the first paragraph of Article 5: "The person in charge of the department shall be sentenced to a fixed-term imprisonment of not more than three years”". ^[123]

However, the point that gained the most legal traction was that in joint government/private BOT or BOO projects, “members of the target business shall abstain from voting" due to conflict of interest concerns. According to Chan's prosecution:

"After fierce arguments between the two sides", on August 10, 2009, (the Administrative High) court decided to adopt the author's opinion" and declared the EIA invalid.^[123]^[124]

A secondary suit followed on from this finding: as a building permit cannot be issued without first obtaining an EIA, and the EIA had been declared invalid, therefore the building permit was likewise invalidated.^[123]^[124]

Government/Miramar response to 2008 EIA court verdicts

With the Miramar case categorised as “a precedent-setting one for the overall development of Taiwan's east coast (Lin 2012)” ^[125] ^[78] the Taitung Government, backed by their own team of lawyers, were determined to fight on. As Justin Huang argued:

In September 2009, the Taitung Government, under outgoing Magistrate Kuang Li-chen, appealed the decision to the Supreme Court.

On Oct 9, however, Kuang “raised political eyebrows when she announced … she was giving up her reelection bid” (for the upcoming November poll) to make way for Justin Huang.^[127] In a direct swap, Kuang Li-chen was then endorsed as the KMT candidate for the by-election to fill Huang’s vacated Taitung Legislative seat.

On September 15, 2010, the Administrative High Court again ruled against the Taitung Government regarding the revocation of the 2008 EIA and ordered a halt to construction.^[124]^[131] However, on September 21, the Huang Government announced it had dispensed with the ‘three-stage’ arrangement, and re-issued a single permit for the main building and the expansions, and increasing the overall development area to “a six-hectare construction license for the entire district”.^[131]

With the then court rulings relating to the old permit, it argued the new permit rendered the results of previous cases irrelevant.^[124]

Fan Fan Fan (反反反)

Fan Fan Fan (Ban Ban Ban), which formed in early 2011, was an anti-Miramar activist group composed mostly of local artists. They staged exhibitions, rallies, and concerts.

As part of efforts by TEPU, the Taitung Environmental Information Association (TEIA), the Taitung Anti-Nuclear Alliance, and Lin Shu-ling to raise awareness of the case, a public meeting was held at the old Dulan Sugar Factory, which had become a base for local artists.^[132] Lin Shu-ling recalled: "A lot of artists were uncomfortable with the Miramar development, but they hadn’t gotten together." ^[105] From this meeting, described as “a significant turning point”,^[105] indigenous folk singers such as Panai, Nabu, and Takanow became involved, as well as artists Rao Ai-ching, Yi-ming, Xiao-hwa, Eleng, Dou-dou, Hana, Jen-wei, A-pei, Yu-wen and several others. As a result, the group Fan Fan Fan was formed with Takanow acting as chairperson.^[114] Their contacts (particularly Panai's) in the music and arts communities across Taiwan would contribute to “heavyweights from all walks of life showing solidarity with the anti-Miramar movement.”^[105]

Lawyer Xu Jia-rong (許嘉蓉), also from Primordial Law, worked with Thomas Chan on the Miramar case. She observed that legal proceedings necessarily focus on complex points of law, meaning indigenous, environmental, and economic topics were unable to be discussed freely in court, so groups like FFF added another dimension. “One is passion, the other is rationality; the Miramar case was built on cooperation between the two.”

2011 Camp-in and concert on Shanyuan/Fudafudak

In June 2011, FFF members began a month-long camp-in on Shanyuan/Fudafudak beach. Local indigenous driftwood artists, including Yi-ming, Eleng, and Dou Dou, oversaw the building of a taluan (traditional shelter made from driftwood, bamboo, and palm fronds), which served as a base camp, exhibition space, and counterpoint structure.

The camp-in, which emphasised the indigenous land rights aspect of the case, culminated in a rally led by Nabu (Bunun tribe) supported by “about 20 civic groups”,^[134] as well as a concert on July 9, featuring indigenous musicians including [https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/MATZKA_(%E6%A8%82%E5%9C%98) Matzka] (樂團), Long-ge (龍哥), Takanow (達卡鬧), Siki and Shan Shan, and Panai (巴奈), as well as Taiwan indie acts [https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%91%A3%E4%BA%8B%E9%95%B7%E6%A8%82%E5%9C%98 The Chairman (董事長樂團)] and [https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%8B%B7%E7%A7%8B%E5%8B%A4 Kao Chou-chin (拷秋勤)]. An estimated 1000 people attended, elevating the protest to the level of a national movement.^[134]^[133]

Miramar opening

Upon the issuing of the revised building permit, work resumed. “With construction almost complete”,^[228] consortium representatives began projecting an opening date. According to a Focus Taiwan article in September 2011:

Supreme Court Verdict 2008 EIA

On January 19, 2012, the Supreme Court upheld previous rulings, reaffirming that there were only 5 eligible members in attendance, which was less than the quorum of 8, in which case the resolution was invalid.^[124] ^[131] ^[136]

On Jan 20, 2012 TEPU held a press conference on the beach in front of Miramar calling for “the building to be demolished and the environmental damage to be repaired”. ^[124]^[137]

On Feb 23, a subsequent Administrative High Court order was issued for construction to be stopped. By that time, the resort was virtually complete.^[124]

Huang argued, "Today, the situation is that the main structure has been completed long ago. It’s very easy to just oppose it, but what should the government do? We must solve the issue according to law. Especially considering the NT$2 billion incinerator crisis compensation payout isn’t that far behind us." ^[138]

The 2012 EIA

After the first meeting of the new committee in June 2012, Huang wrote, “The County Government was happy to see that the EIA panel was functioning independently - everything would be left to the experts to decide” ^[140] The convenor and panel chairperson was then Deputy Magistrate, Chang Ji-yi, an architect and Harvard graduate in landscape design, as well as a member of Huang’s “leadership force” triumvirate.^[141] Three county Department Directors were also appointed, including: Huang Ming-an (黃明恩), Director of Environmental Protection Bureau; Hsu Rui-gui (許瑞貴), Director of Construction Department; and Liu Rong-tang (劉榮堂), Director of Agriculture.

Protest concert 2012

In response, Fan Fan Fan in alliance with Citizens of the Earth Taiwan and the network of environmental/aboriginal civil groups, re-built the 'taluan' from the previous year and occupied Fudafudak, resulting in confrontation with Miramar management.^[142]

On July 18, a press conference including [https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%91%A3%E4%BA%8B%E9%95%B7 The Chairman] vocalist A-chi (阿吉), FIR vocalist [https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%A9%B9%E9%9B%AF%E5%A9%B7 Faye (飛)], singer/songwriter Deserts Chang (張懸), music critic Chang Tieh-chih (張鐵志), and Panai and Nabu was held to promote the event. Deserts Chang said, “The government should use its policies to preserve these places, instead of avoiding obligations and finding regulation loopholes”, while Chang Tieh-chih asked, “Should we allow the first domino to fall, leading to a grey [covered with concrete] coastline in eastern Taiwan?” ^[143]

On July 28, with a typhoon looming, an exhibition, rally, and concert was held on Fudafudak. The event was attended by around 1000 people and featured performances by [https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BB%A5%E8%8E%89%C2%B7%E9%AB%98%E9%9C%B2 Ilid Kaolo (以莉．高露)], [https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BD%95%E6%AC%A3%E7%A9%97 Ciacia (何欣穗)], Panai (巴奈), [https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%91%A3%E4%BA%8B%E9%95%B7 The Chairman], [https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%83%A1%E5%BE%B7%E5%A4%AB Kimbo Hu (胡德夫)], Takanow (達卡鬧), Long Ge (龍哥), [https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%BC%95%E9%AC%86%E7%8E%A9 Relax One (輕鬆玩)], and [https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%8B%B7%E7%A7%8B%E5%8B%A4 Kao Chou Ching (拷秋勤)].^[144]

36 hours later, Typhoon Saola made landfall, sweeping away the taluan and causing damage to Miramar.

Academics’ petition

The first meeting of the new EIA panel (6th overall), was held in June, but as it failed to reach a resolution, the panel adjourned until November 29. Prior to the November meeting, the Taipei Times reported:

Consequently the meeting was cancelled due to a failure to achieve a quorum of 8.^[124]

The day of the 2012 EIA

On December 22, protestors and resort supporters gathered.^[147] According to Sam Wilde for the Taipei Times:

A symbol of the FFF group was an ocean-going raft built by local Amis resident, Long Ge (Lai Ching-lung 賴進龍). Video shows protesters carrying it on their shoulders and making thrusts towards police lines as the crowd chants “Illegal EIA!” (環評違法) and “Demolish! Demolish! Demolish!” (拆拆拆) ^[149]

The pro-Miramar contingent was allotted the steps area of County Hall. They included representatives from the local Tse-tung buluo who performed traditional songs, as well as members of Taitung County Industrial Development & Investment Promotion Committee (TCID&IPC). They chanted: “Fake Taitung Residents Get Out of Taitung!”

With police focus on the boat-surge, a group of activists gained access to County Hall through a back window. Inside, they chanted “Illegal EIA!”, before being forcibly removed by police.^[149] Deputy Magistrate and chairperson, Chang Ji-yi, withdrew the panel to a closed hearing before emerging to announce the decision.

Second projected opening

In the following months, “The county government gave the green light for the company to resume construction”, and Miramar held a 'soft opening' activity at the resort, saying it would "commence trial operations in May".

Legal reaction

The Taipei Times reported: "Local residents filed two (Citizen Litigation) lawsuits with the Kaohsiung Administrative Court: one alleging that the 2012 EIA review was illegal and the other demanding that the approval to resume construction of the hotel be revoked.” ^[154]

Lawyer Thomas Chan would argue that, “The (resolution) was illegal because the case was not reviewed at the central government level, as it should have been according to administrative procedures (EIA’s for international tourism developments must be conducted by the central government, not local governments), the review committee members (three of whom were government department heads) did not avoid conflicts of interest, and the case was evaluated on a continuing basis (according to the modified permits instead of the original plans).” ^[151]

Walk to Taipei

On April 4, 2013, the groups Fan Fan Fan (FFF) and Citizens of the Earth Taiwan with support from Wild at Heart and TEPU, began a walk from Fudafuduk/Shanyuan, the site of Miramar, up the east coast to Taipei.^[155]

Local resident and Amis elder, Long Ge (賴進龍), acted as "spiritual leader", while Taitung broken-tile artist, Rao Ai-ching, was chairperson for the group. Indigenous activists and FFF members, Lin Shu-ling, Nabu and Panai also participated. The walk connected with villages in Taitung, Hualien, Ilan, and Taipei to participate in ceremonies and discuss land rights and local construction issues.^[157]

They also visited the Lungmen Nuclear Power Plant on the north east coast near Fulong beach, where they were met by rows of armed police. With a referendum on the facility being debated at the time, protesters claimed the plant was an inappropriate development on an indigenous artefact site,^[158] and prone to earthquakes or missiles from China. (It has since been mothballed.) ^[159]^[160]

Upon arriving in Taipei, a march and rally with “an alliance of more than 40 civic groups and Aboriginal tribes” was held at Huang Chun-fa’s Miramar Garden Taipei hotel, before continuing to the Presidential Palace (Presidential Office Building) for speeches and a concert featuring popular indigenous and indie acts, which was attended by approximately 2000 people.^[155]

Court verdicts regarding 2012 EIA

What followed was another round of courtroom defeats for the Taitung government. In July 2013 the Administrative High Court ordered a halt to construction pending the outcome of the case challenging the 2012 EIA, which was announced on October 28 when the Administrative High Court ruled it invalid.^[124] Using the same maths as with the 2008 EIA, the judges found that when the three government department heads were subtracted from the vote, there were only five eligible members, which was under the required quorum of 8.^[161]^[162] Waiting until the final day of allowable time, the Taitung Government filed an appeal to the Supreme Court, with Chen Chin-hu saying, “We didn’t enclose any legal arguments for the appeal in our submission. We will decide later whether to offer reasons or not - it depends on the attitude of Miramar executives towards this case.” ^[108]^[163]

Lin Shu-ling (林淑玲), one of 14 plaintiffs on the citizen suit, described the decision to appeal as “a waste of public money”. She said,

Thomas Chan also argued the central government had let the BOT project run out of control.^[123]

More than two years later, on March 31, 2016, the Administrative Supreme Court dismissed the Taitung government’s final appeal and barred Miramar from opening. The decision could not be appealed.^[161]^[162] By that time, the Taitung Government had lost 10 straight cases.^[124]

No court proceedings have been held to decide whether Miramar should be demolished.

Miramar’s compensation claim

One of the main arguments for allowing the resort to open was the threat of Miramar suing if it was blocked. In 2011 Magistrate Huang said: "We'd not only lose our investment, we'd definitely be sued by Miramar in court.” ^[164]

In late 2014, following Miramar/Taitung government’s eighth court loss, Huang shifted focus to an internal resolution:

On August 13, 2018, Miramar deputy manager Lin Hung-che (林弘哲) announced “a request for arbitration.” According to a Taipei Times report: “Miramar Resort Hotel Co has demanded NT$1.2 billion (US$39.08 million) from the Taitung County Government in compensation for repeated delays in the construction.”

Dispute resolution tribunal

An arbitration tribunal is composed of the two disputant parties and a mediator. In the Miramar case, however, Miramar and the Taitung government were already in broad agreement on an amount, with both sides having floated a figure “in excess of 1 billion” prior to the meeting.^[165]^[163]^[169]

According to Arbitration law, Article 23: "The Arbitration process is a closed hearing. The (mediator) should afford both parties sufficient opportunities to make their statement, and investigate when necessary according to what they propose. The negotiation process will remain confidential unless both parties agree to disclose details." ^[170]

Opposition to compensation arbitration

Critics such as Lin Shu-ling, have questioned the lack of transparency surrounding the arbitration process ^[171] and whether the central figures involved in the negotiations can be trusted to act in the public interest.

Protesters have called for a halt to arbitration proceedings pending an investigation.

Apart from the Miramar controversies, Huang Chun-fa (owner of Miramar) was found guilty of insider trading in 2016,^[173]^[174] and is currently being investigated regarding government subsidy fraud in relation to his time as owner of Daily Air,^[175] while Magistrate Justin Huang was found guilty of falsifying accounts to process payments from pharmaceutical company proxies through his charity foundations in 2014.^[176]^[177]^[178] Justin Huang maintains his innocence.

Current Status

Although the company has abandoned hopes of opening the resort, no process has been established to demolish Miramar or to seek compensation from the company for environmental restoration.

Magistrate Huang, who said, “even if compensation is paid in the future, it will still not be demolished”, ^[179] has proposed that it be converted into an “office block” or “international conference hall”.^[180]

No criminal investigation has been conducted in relation to the building of Miramar.

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158. ^Taipei Times, Aboriginal artefacts found at site of nuclear power plant, Apr 28, 2010
159. ^Taipei Times, Nuclear power debate: academics slam referendum, March 9, 2013
160. ^Taipei Times, Nuclear referendum question protested, Apr 20, 2013
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