Tarso Emi Chi (tarso: "gentle mountain, high plateau"; emi: "large mountain"{{sfn|Permenter|Oppenheimer|2007|p=611}}; named by the Toubou{{sfn|Gèze|Hudeley|Vincent|Wacrenier|1959|p=136}}) is a volcano in Chad.

Tarso Emi Chi is part of the Tibesti Mountains, a group of volcanic mountains that cover a surface area of {{convert|100000|km2}} and reach an elevation of {{convert|3394|m}}. The mountains consist of both a Precambrian crystalline rocks and volcanic rocks.{{sfn|Permenter|Oppenheimer|2007|p=611}}

The volcano consists of a lava plateau that originated in a number of vents,{{sfn|Permenter|Oppenheimer|2007|p=618}} which form a number of volcanic cones.{{sfn|Hellmich|1972|p=18}} It covers a surface of about {{convert|70|x|110|km}}{{sfn|Permenter|Oppenheimer|2007|p=615}} in the northeastern Tibesti mountains,{{sfn|Permenter|Oppenheimer|2007|p=616}} with a steep drop towards the east and the north and gentler slopes in the south and west. Summits in the volcano include Boubou, Chebedo, Godoon, Kazena Lulli, Kégueur Tédi, Mouskorbé, Tarso Adar, Tarso Aozi, Tarso Chididemi, Tarso Goziydi, Tarso Kozen and Tarso Toudougou.{{sfn|Gèze|Hudeley|Vincent|Wacrenier|1959|p=141}} Of these Mouskorbé reaches a height of {{convert|3376|m}}.{{sfn|Hellmich|1972|p=18}}

Tarso Emi Chi has erupted a number of volcanic series such as the "black series" and the "white series", which consist of basaltic andesite,{{sfn|Gèze|Hudeley|Vincent|Wacrenier|1959|p=141}} rhyolite and trachyte. Syenite intrusions have been found as well, the black series consist mainly of basalt.{{sfn|Gèze|Hudeley|Vincent|Wacrenier|1959|p=142}} The "white series" is usually more heavily eroded than the "black series".{{sfn|Hellmich|1972|p=18}}

There is no evidence of historical eruptions at Tarso Emi Chi,{{sfn|Gèze|Hudeley|Vincent|Wacrenier|1959|p=143}} but volcanic products overlie diatom beds of former lakes.{{sfn|Hellmich|1972|p=58}}

Vegetation, ice and water

Block glaciers developed on Mouskorbe,{{sfn|Pachur|Altmann|2006|p=159}} the largest of which is {{convert|2|km}} long on the south flank and ends at {{convert|2100|-|2300|m}} elevation.{{sfn|Hellmich|1972|p=42}} There is widespread evidence of nivation landforms on Mouskorbe above {{convert|2700|m}} and especially above {{convert|3000|m}}.{{sfn|Hellmich|1972|p=41}} Presently, precipitation at Mouskorbe is about {{convert|100|-|150|mm/year|in/year}}.{{sfn|Hellmich|1972|p=113}}

Former lakes in Tarso Emi Chi were inhabited by snails such as Euconulus fulvus, Limnea trunculata, Succinea pfeifferi and Zonitoides nitidus,{{sfn|Pachur|Altmann|2006|p=119}} as well as by diatoms,{{sfn|Pachur|Altmann|2006|p=137}} grasses and reeds.{{sfn|Hellmich|1972|p=54}} Further, Mouskorbe was part of the Kufrah paleoriver watershed;{{sfn|Pachur|Altmann|2006|p=175}} drainages to the east are very steep, north are steep and step-like and drainages to the west are gentler but have still developed deep canyons.{{sfn|Hellmich|1972|p=20}} Presently, acacias grow up to elevations of {{convert|2200|m}}.{{sfn|Pachur|Altmann|2006|p=145}}

References