| 词条 | Tattooed lady |
| 释义 |
Tattooed ladies were working class women who acquired tattoos and performed in circuses, sideshows, and dime show museums as means for earning a substantial living. At the height of their popularity during the turn of the 20th century, tattooed ladies transgressed Victorian gender norms by showcasing their bodies in scantily clad clothing and earned a salary considerably larger than their male counterparts. Tattooed ladies often used captivity narratives as a means for excusing their appearance, and to tantalize the audience. The popularity of tattooed ladies waned with the onset of television. OriginsOlive OatmanThirty years before tattooed women exploded on the sideshow and dime museum circuit scene, a young, white woman made national headlines with her unusual appearance and frightening story. During her family's westward emigration along the Santa Fe Trail in 1851, the Yavapi took thirteen-year-old Olive Oatman, along with her seven-year old sister Mary Ann, captive. The Oatman girls lived with the Yavapi until they were traded to the Mojave, with whom they lived with until Mary Ann's death and Olive's subsequent rescue on February 22, 1856.[1] Under the assumption that her entire family were deceased and that rescue proved impossible, Oatman assimilated to Mojave culture and acquired chin and arm tattoos as a means for identifying herself in the afterlife. According to Amelia Klem Osterud, Oatman's story parted with traditional captivity narratives and Victorian gender norms since she didn't "wither and die" due to her experience.[2] Oatman deliberately reconciled her identity as an adopted Mojave with her new one as a marked white woman by traveling on a lecture circuit with her ghostwriter, Royal B. Stratton. Oatman's decision to sensationalize her narrative for profit and to exclude intimate aspects of it for self-protection demonstrates an astute awareness of her predicament. Since US society would not have tolerated Oatman's choice to assimilate into Mojave culture, or even accept her as a transcultural individual, she purposefully recast herself as a victim of outside brutality. In this way, Oatman garnered more nods of sympathy and support rather than stares of disgust. It has also been suggested that the Oilve Oatman story of captivation would not have been so popular in the era if she had not been tattooed by the Mohave people[3]. It is also often claimed that Olive Oatman had not only been assimilated into Mohave life, but that she had also been married into the tribe, bearing a child [4]. In turn, her story served as the model for future working-class women to exploit through mythical and scandalously revealing narratives. Using the victim narrative allowed women such as Oatman, and the ones who copied her story, to display their bodies for profit in a way that just passed for respectable during the Victorian era. Becoming a tattooed ladyGetting started in the tattoo performing business was relatively quick and easy. Circuses and dime museums always searched for new and exciting acts and even went as far as posting wanted ads in newspapers for tattooed ladies.[5] Acquiring tattoos proved to be an accessible and affordable investment with a massive payoff. During the late 1890s to early 1900s, tattoo artists typically charged less than a dollar for small tattoos, while a full body job totalled thirty dollars and took less than two months to complete.[6] Performing in sideshows brought in serious cash; depending on her popularity, a tattooed lady made anywhere from $100 to $200 weekly during the turn of the century. Amelia Klem Osterud further expands on the significance of this salary: "Teachers were making an average of $7 a week in 1900, which generally included room and board; in 1909, clerical workers were only earning about $22 a week […] while the average weekly salary for a man working in a factory or some other industrial job in Milwaukee, Wisconsin, was only $9."[7]The Roanoke Daily reported in 1895 that an unnamed tattooed woman, "was paid $100 a day," and, "[…]the fairy tale about her, as told by the showman, only heightened the crowd's interest and harmed nobody. She was represented in the story as having been stranded on one of the Sandwich islands, shipwrecked with her husband, who was put to death. Her life was spared, but she was put to torture, having these extraordinary characters tattooed all over her body. There from 500 to 700 people at each other the 21 daily performances at which that tattooed woman was exhibited, and all were pleased at the show, for which they paid 10 cents. "Do many of these freaks, remarkable for various reasons, get fine salaries?" "Indeed they do."[8]This excerpt from the Roanoke Daily also provides insight into 'smoke and mirrors' aspect of work as a tattooed lady. Referring to this unknown tattooed woman's story as a harmless fairytale reveals an awareness that Victorians held. Many knew the falsehood of these captivity stories, yet gladly spent their money to hear them for the sake of entertainment, as well as a chance to satiate their curiosity to see the female body in an uncharacteristic form. In this way, working-class tattooed ladies knowingly tapped into a market that turned the tables on their high-class counterparts by exploiting their gaze for sky-high prices. Other working-class women did not hesitate to justify their reasoning for becoming tattooed performers. In a revealing 1884 Sedalia Weekly Bazoo interview, tattooed lady Mary Baum shared a candid and similar start up story when asked where she got the idea to acquire tattoos from; "I don't know exactly," said the varicolored lady. "I saw the other tattooed ladies in museums, and thought it would be nice."[9] Advertising and moneyIt is important to note that while tattooed women did indeed earn substantially more than their working-class male counterparts, their salary was not necessarily steady. A tattooed woman's earnings depended on the seasons, popularity and success of the circus or dime museum she associated with, and competition from other tattooed performers. Some tattooed women expanded their reach beyond the tent and secured additional income by advertising products. For example, in an advertisement headlined: Punctured Purity: A Wonderfully Tattooed Lady, Nature and Art Perforated— A Beauty, Irene Woodward's name is used to sell pain-reducing St. Jacob's Oil; "Miss Irene was tattooed by her father and underwent what was to her a period of delightful suffering for seven years. The young lady during that time suffered, of course, but were we to undergo such a delightful piece of needlework, it is needless to say that we would want in close proximity a bottle of […] St. Jacob's Oil […]I consider it as far superior to any other medicine in curative power, as Miss Woodward, from an artistic point, is above a bit of bric a brac."[10]Whether or not Irene profited directly off of the advertisement remains unknown, however, the media exposure assisted in gaining popularity and a wider audience. Ultimately, the positive wording in the advertisement, including the mention that Irene is above using a faulty product, attempted to elevate her into a respectable status. Gaining respectabilityUnlike the ease of acquiring tattoos, gaining respectability occurred with great difficulty. The consequences of acquiring tattoos and performing in skimpy outfits weighed heavily in terms of respect towards tattooed ladies. Irene Woodward's appearance served as a mark of deviancy, and most members of society found her exposed tattooed body repulsive outside of the high top. With this in mind, Victorians hardly viewed circuses and dime museums as beacons for good, clean family fun. Nonetheless, they remained curious and captivated by Woodward's tantalizing story. In order to toe the line between virtue and nonconformity, Woodward's media splash in the New York Times provided insight as to how both tattooed ladies and media outlets strategically crafted their image as respectable; "Miss Woodward remarked that she felt a little bashful about being looked at that way, never having worn the costume in the pretense of men before.The tattooing, which was done in India ink, appeared artistic, and the devices were carried and attractive. Around the neck was observed a floral necklace. Dependent from this was a bunch of roses in full bloom dropping until their graceful forms were lost beneath the lace edging of the bodice…the arms were covered with stars hearts, floating angels, wreaths, harps, crosses, a full-rigged ship, and various mottoes."[11]Prefacing Woodward's name with 'Miss', along with referencing her reluctance to reveal herself in front of male figures, for the first time reflects the attempt to legitimize her status as a proper lady, and softens the transgressive nature of her appearance. Woodward's first time occurred every time she presented her body before audiences; this served undoubtedly as a way to 'exclusivize' her display from city to city and to attract droves of spectators. The vivid descriptions of her tattoos, along with the use of the words: bashful, artistic, attractive, floral and graceful as descriptors, served as a way to further elevate and feminize Woodward's appearance. Other performers, such as Miss Creole and Miss Alawanda, adopted similar media tools in their presentation. As tattooed ladies became more commonplace in circuses and dime museums, the opportunities that came with the twentieth century also forced tattooed ladies to face new challenges. In order to stay exotic within the realm of changing ideas concerning respectability, these women thought of innovative narratives to compete with each other and recapture the attention of audiences. These women shifted the Victorian victim narrative to one that demonstrates elements of deliberate choice in becoming a 'self-made freak'. In a greater sense, the act of exposing their bodies for pay, and even operating independently without subordinating themselves to a male boss, defied traditionally held social expectations concerning a woman's bodily autonomy. Functioning in mainstream societyTrue to their career-driven investment, tattooed ladies kept covered to not only prevent free shows, thus keeping their exoticism fresh, but to also prevent the wear and tear tattoos suffer over the course of aging and through regular sun exposure.[12] Tattooed ladies strategically placed their tattoos in such a way that allowed them to dress modestly in public and to function in their daily lives unnoticed. Photographs of popular tattooed ladies reveal that their tattoos did not extend past their forearms, above their neck or below their ankles. In addition, many of these ladies' bore tattoos that included religious and patriotic iconography. Whether this was for personal preference or as a means of self-expression is not known, however, the organization and thematic nature of these tattoos demonstrate a common pattern. Tattooed ladies used such images to elevate the status of their tattoos as a proper art form worthy of display and as a way to soften the blow of their nonconforming bodies for spectators. Even the Ringling Brothers Circus management remained cognizant of this and encouraged employees, particularly women, to maintain respectable behavior on and off stage to dispel stereotyping associated with their acts; "we should want the "Town folks" to feel that the "Show folks" are real men and women and ladies and gentlemen as well."[13] In this way, the image of respectability encompassed not only a tattooed woman personally, but the entire reputation of the show she worked for. Early tattooed ladiesNora HildebrandtNora Hildebrandt, one of the first tattooed ladies to perform in the US, wildly fictionalized her pasts to attract audiences captivated by her scandalous outfits, as well as the sexual undertones of her forced tattooing by Native Americans.[14] In a pamphlet published around 1882, Hildebrandt's outlandish backstory included not only captivity among Sitting Bull's tribe, but also forced tattooing by her own father: "One of Sitting Bull's warriors accused him of trying to poison them, and the chief told the prisoner if he would tattoo his daughter he would give him his liberty— that he must tattoo her from her toes to her head…He was compelled to work six hours a day for one year before she was recused, accomplishing three hundred and sixty five designs."[15]In reality, Hildebrandt was born into poverty under a different name in London, England sometime in the 1850s. Hildebrandt met professional tattoo artist Martin Hildebrandt, who was often presented as her father or husband even though they did not actually marry, and allowed him to tattoo her entire body in 1882.[16] Though the process of tattooing during this time period involved crudely hand-poked images and long hours of intense pain, Hildebrandt's reward for becoming a self-made 'freak' was not kept secret. She enjoyed an exceptional amount of privilege as a tattooed lady. For example, the New York Clipper reported on March 22, 1884 that during her visit to Mexico, received "the LARGEST AND MOST COSTLY PRESENTS EVER KNOWN [sic]…Among the presents may be mentioned a HANDSOME MUSTANG MENAGE PONY, SADDLE AND BRIDLE FROM PRESIDENT GONZALEZ, AND FROM HIS SON A PRECIOUS PAIR OF SOLITAIRE EARDROPS [sic]."[17]On the other hand, the media did not always behave kindly toward Hildebrandt. In a scathing 1882 review, the New York Times lambasted Hildebrandt's stout stature and masculine facial features; "her face is [so] hard that you wonder they ever got the needle through the skin without a hammer."[11] This statement reveals that no woman remained safe from oppressive societal standards of beauty. Indeed, a tattooed woman remained especially vulnerable to social commentary concerning aspects of her body outside of her control. With this in mind, how the media treated a tattooed lady ultimately determined her star's ability to rise. In turn, once tattooed women began to change their stories and use the media to their advantage, they experienced more longevity in their careers. Irene WoodwardNot much is known about Irene Woodward's origins before her career as a tattooed lady. In fact, the New York Times claimed that "She was the daughter of a sailor who began the tattooing when she was but 6 years of age and finished it when she was 12. She was born near Dallas, Texas, and has spent the greater part of her life in the Western wilds. She conceived the idea of exhibiting herself after seeing the tattooed Greek in Denver."[11]In a far less captivating story, Samuel O'Reilly and his not yet famous apprentice, Charles Wagner, tattooed Woodward. Unlike Hilderbrant, Miss Creole and Miss Alawanda, Woodward did not use the captivity narrative in full. Though her tattoos were still imposed from an outside individual, the implication that her father completed them suggested that the imposition came from within Western cultural practices rather than external ones. Woodward's unusually honest statement proves that her motive came from a place far deeper than her ink. She saw a male tattooed performer, the possibility of securing a living by replicating him, and reinvented herself. Tattooed ladies in transitionAs women began to experience greater social freedom due to suffrage, the New Woman Movement and the absence of male competition in the workforce during both World Wars, the tattoo evolved into a solidified marker of working-class folk art. Undoubtedly, tattooed women still faced harsh scrutiny for their appearance. However, with their limited options taken into consideration, the pay-off was ultimately worth it and women during this time period continued to perform. During the 1930s and onward, tattooed ladies deviated from fictionalized captivity narratives and boldly accounted for their choice of profession more freely. Mae VandermarkWhen asked in 1931 why she acquired her tattoos, Mae Vandermark quipped, "I love Art…and that's true, too—up to a certain point…I mean, I like to eat regular."[18] Vandermark found that performing as a tattooed lady garnered a higher profit than working as a stenographer. According to a 1927 article in the Milwaukee Sentinel, Vandermark saw another woman with a small tattoo while swimming at Coney Island and decided she wanted one. Upon acquiring two, she met and became "great friends" with tattooed performer Lotta Pictoria "who persuaded Mae to be a professional."[19] In the same article, Pictoria is referenced as the person who introduced Vandermark to Charles Wagner and helped her gain a full body suit over the course of ten months for the bargain price of $130. This suggests that Pictoria mentored or showed Vandermark the ropes of performing as a tattooed lady by sharing her social connections with Vandermark, ultimately helping in launching her career. Betty BroadbentBetty Broadbent initially performed as the youngest tattooed woman ever during the 1920s. By the time bathing suits and hemlines rose, Broadbent decided to shock the public when she entered a beauty pageant at the World's Fair in 1939.[20] While she had no chance of winning, Broadbent enjoyed the attention and free advertising, and assured her audiences that her wholesome act stood apart from "those carnival floozies with one or two tattoos who would bump and grind."[20] Like Vandermark, Broadbent's tattoos also bore references to pop culture icons and ones suited to her individual taste; she sported images of Charlie Chaplin and Charles Lindberg. In this way, Broadbent reflects the tattoo's permanence in American folk culture as an art form steadily gaining recognition. Incidentally, Broadbent's tattoos suggest a deliberate attempt to express oneself through choice rather than imposition or affliction. Broadbent's overt challenge to traditional female behavior also substantiated her tattoo narrative. Gone were the days of having to invent a victim tale to excuse her status as a tattooed lady. In fact, her souvenir postcard bluntly dispelled any mystery surrounding her choice in getting tattooed; "It was done for professional reasons only. I have no regrets for having chosen this most unusual career."[21] Broadbent's 1956 pay stub for $220 suggests no need for regrets, as her earnings were significantly high.[22] Fading awayDuring the 1950s and 1960s, business started to lag for many artists and tattooed ladies since circus shows and dime museums fell out of vogue. As the postwar era hailed a sense of conformity and normalcy, tattoos decreased in popularity and once again became stigmatized due to their longstanding association with criminal activity. Still, a small group of tattooed women, whose youth and ink faded considerably by this time, continued to perform where an audience gathered. Artoria Gibbons, one of the last ladies to perform, performed well into her eighties during the 1980s. Gibbon's performed not necessarily for money, but for the love of performance art.[23] Though not as visible or discussed as often, tattooed ladies moonlighted as artists during their off seasons alongside their husbands. Many of these tattooed ladies learned the craft of professional tattooing from their significant others and paved the way for a new generation of women to secure their livings by creating feminine styles of flash in their own shops. Tattooed ladies today{{Copyedit section|date=December 2018}}The presence of tattooed ladies in sideshows eventually faded away and the women reentered mainstream society. However, tattoos once again have gained a negative connotation. Throughout history, there have been negative connotations surrounding people with tattoos. However, the presence of tattoos on a man has been more socially accepted than that of a woman. In recent decades, the popularity of tattooing has increased, with women now obtaining more than half of the tattoos in the industry. The re-emergence of the tattooed lady has taken on a different entity. They are no longer the sideshow performers of the past, but take the form of the everyday woman. Although the sideshow tattooed lady is no longer mainstream, tattooing among women has significant correlations with sexualization and gendered stereotypes that reinforce gendered expectations[24]. A recent study of career-oriented women with tattoos found that the women felt strong support for their tattoo(s) from their partners and friends, but not as much support from their mothers, siblings, and children. Fathers of the tattooed women, physicians and registered nurses with whom the subjects came into contact, and the general public were the least likely to voice acceptance of the tattoos.[25] Due to the continued stigma around women with tattoos, women tend to determine the placement of their tattoos differently than men. Generally, women will choose an area of the body where the tattoo will not be seen immediately or that can be covered up when needed. Women usually have the first tattoo placed on an unexposed part of their body. If they later choose another tattoo, a more visible body area may be selected.[26] They also choose areas of the body that may be considered the most feminine. While women are choosing the top of the foot, inner wrist, the side of the rib cage and the shoulder as their most common body parts to get inked, their male counterparts are choosing areas like the arm, chest, forearm, and back. For many years women with tattoos were placed into specific categories: circus sideshow acts, biker chicks, hippies or prostitutes. The presence of a tattoo on a woman’s body in today’s society is not necessarily against the norm, though a certain sexual connotation still exists. Historically, tattoos have been viewed as a masculine trend. In today's society, women are challenging this stigma by choosing to artistically enhance their bodies as a form of self-expression. Therefore, any tattoo on a woman's body becomes the symbol of bodily excess. When a woman's body is a sex object, a tattooed woman's body is a lascivious sex object; when a woman's body is nature, a tattooed woman’s body is primitive. Their tattoos are culturally written over to punctuate meanings already attached to the female body within a larger cultural domain.[27] Whatever the meaning behind a woman's tattoos, whether it symbolises strength, beauty or sex, it is very clear that the tattooed lady is not disappearing from mainstream society as quickly as she did before. See also
References1. ^{{Cite web|url=http://cdnc.ucr.edu/cgi-bin/cdnc?a=d&d=LASTAR18560419.2.2&srpos=6&e=-------en--20-LASTAR-1--txt-txIN-olive+oatman-------1|title=Los Angeles Star 19 April 1856 – California Digital Newspaper Collection|website=cdnc.ucr.edu|access-date=December 15, 2017}} 2. ^{{Cite book|title=The Tattooed Lady|last=Klem Osterud|first=Amelia|publisher=Taylor Trade Publishing|year=2014|isbn=|location=Maryland|pages=58}} 3. ^{{Cite journal|last=Putzi|first=Jennifer|date=Summer 2004|title=Capturing Identity in Ink: The Captivities of Olive Oatman|url=https://muse.jhu.edu/article/534938/pdf|journal=Western American Literature|publisher=University of Nebraska Press|volume=39|pages=177-199|via=Project MUSE}} 4. ^{{Cite journal|last=Putzi|first=Jennifer|date=Summer 2004|title=Capturing Identity in Ink: The Captivities of Olive Oatman|url=https://muse.jhu.edu/article/534938/pdf|journal=Western American Literature|publisher=University of Nebraska Press|volume=39|pages=177-199|via=Project MUSE}} 5. ^{{Cite news|url=http://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn82015679/1902-08-24/ed-1/seq-24/|title=The Indianapolis journal. (Indianapolis [Ind.]) 1867–1904, August 24, 1902, PART TWO, Image 24|date=August 24, 1902|access-date=December 15, 2017|issn=2332-0974}} 6. ^{{Cite book|title=Bodies of Inscription: A Cultural History of the Modern Tattoo Community|last=DeMello|first=Margo|publisher=Duke University Press|year=2000|isbn=|location=Durham & London|pages=55–59}} 7. ^{{Cite book|title=The Tattooed Lady|last=Klem Osterud|first=Amelia|publisher=Taylor Trade Publishing|year=2014|isbn=|location=Maryland|pages=104}} 8. ^{{Cite news|url=http://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn95079481/1895-10-15/ed-1/seq-2/|title=The Roanoke daily times. (Roanoke, Va.) 1895–1897, October 15, 1895, Image 2|date=15 October 1895|access-date=15 December 2017|pages=2|issn=2166-7950}} 9. ^{{Cite news|url=http://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn90061066/1884-10-28/ed-1/seq-7/|title=The Sedalia weekly bazoo. (Sedalia, Mo.) 187?–1904, October 28, 1884, Image 7|date=October 28, 1884|access-date=December 15, 2017|pages=7|issn=2163-7369}} 10. ^{{Cite news|url=https://bklyn.newspapers.com/clip/462292/irene_woodward_punctured_purity/|title=Irene Woodward Punctured Purity – Newspapers.com|work=Brooklyn Public Library|access-date=15 December 2017}} 11. ^1 2 {{Cite news|url=https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1882/03/19/102772175.pdf|title=THE TATTOOED WOMAN.|access-date=15 December 2017}} 12. ^{{Cite book|title=The Tattooed Lady|last=Klem Osterud|first=Amelia|publisher=Taylor Trade Publishing|year=2014|isbn=|location=Maryland|pages=66, 114, 119}} 13. ^"Suggestions and Rules for Employees, Ringling Brothers," Photocopy of employee pamphlet. Circus World Museum, Baraboo, Wisconsin. 14. ^{{Cite book|title=The Tattooed Lady|last=Klem Osterud|first=Amelia|publisher=Taylor Trade Publishing|year=2014|isbn=|location=Maryland|pages=56–57}} 15. ^Robert Bogdan Private Collection 16. ^{{Cite book|title=The Tattooed Lady|last=Klem Osterud|first=Amelia|publisher=Taylor Trade Publishing|year=2014|isbn=|location=Maryland|pages=42}} 17. ^{{Cite web|url=http://idnc.library.illinois.edu/cgi-bin/illinois?a=d&d=NYC18840322.2.58&e=-------en-20--1--txt-txIN-------#|title=New York Clipper 22 March 1884 – Illinois Digital Newspaper Collections|website=idnc.library.illinois.edu|access-date=15 December 2017}} 18. ^"Art Means Grub to a Tattooed Lady," New York Post, April 7, 1931 19. ^Love Tragedy of the India-Rubber Man and the Tattooed Lady," The Milwaukee Sentinel, August 14, 1927 20. ^1 {{Cite book|title=Bodies of Subversion: A Secret History of Women and Tattoo|last=Mifflin|first=Margot|publisher=Powerhouse Books|year=2013|isbn=|location=New York|pages=25}} 21. ^{{Cite book|title=The Tattooed Lady|last=Klem Osterud|first=Amelia|publisher=Taylor Trade Publishing|year=2014|isbn=|location=Maryland|pages=113}} 22. ^Dana Brunson Private Collection 23. ^Charlene Gibbons, Facebook message to author, April 22, 2016. 24. ^{{Cite journal|last=Leader|first=Karen|date=Winter 2016|title=On the Book of My Body|url=https://resolver.ebscohost.com/openurl?ID=doi%3a10.1353%2fff.2016.0048&genre=article&atitle=%22On+the+book+of+my+body%22%3a+Women%2c+Power%2c+and+%22Tattoo+Culture%22.&title=Feminist+Formations&issn=21517363&isbn=&volume=28&issue=3&date=20161201&aulast=Leader%2c+Karen&spage=174&pages=174-195&sid=EBSCO%3aEducation+Source%3a120957019&site=ftf-live|journal=Feminist Formations|publisher=John Hopkins University Press|volume=28|pages=174-195|via=Project MUSE}} 25. ^{{cite journal |doi=10.1111/j.1547-5069.1991.tb00674.x |pmid=1937518 |title=Career-oriented Women with Tattoos |journal=Image: The Journal of Nursing Scholarship |volume=23 |issue=4 |pages=215–20 |year=1991 |last1=Armstrong |first1=Myrna L. }} 26. ^{{cite journal |pmid=3994406 |year=1985 |last1=Goldstein |first1=N. |title=Tattoos today. From eyelids to ankles and some in '3-D' |journal=Archives of Dermatology |volume=121 |issue=5 |pages=604–5 }} 27. ^{{cite journal |last1=Braunberger |first1=Christine |year=2000 |title=Revolting Bodies: The Monster Beauty of Tattooed Women |journal=NWSA Journal |volume=12 |issue=2 |pages=1–23 |url=https://muse.jhu.edu/article/25211 }} Works cited
3 : Tattooing|History of circuses|Sideshow attractions |
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