“Amelia Island affair”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

The Embargo Act (1807) and the abolition of the American slave trade (1808) made Amelia Island, on the coast of northeastern Florida, a resort for smugglers with sometimes as many as 150 square-rigged vessels in its harbor.^[1] In June, 1817, Gregor MacGregor, a Scottish adventurer styling himself the "Brigadier General of the United Provinces of New Granada and Venezuela and General-in-Chief of the Armies of the Two Floridas", came to Amelia Island. A peripatetic military adventurer, MacGregor, purportedly commissioned by Simón Bolívar, had raised funds and troops for a full-scale invasion of Florida, but squandered much of the money on luxuries; as word of his conduct in the South American wars reached the United States, many of the recruits in his invasion force deserted. Nonetheless, he overran the island with a small force, but left for Nassau in September.

His followers were soon joined by Louis-Michel Aury, formerly associated with MacGregor in South American adventures,^[2] and previously one of the leaders of a group of buccaneers on Galveston Island, Texas.^[3]^[4]^[5] Aury assumed control of Amelia,^[6] created an administrative body called the "Supreme Council of the Floridas",^[7] directed his secretaries Pedro Gual Escandón and Vicente Pazos Kanki to draw up a constitution,^[8] and invited all Florida to unite in throwing off the Spanish yoke. For the few months that Aury controlled Amelia Island,^[9] the flag of the revolutionary Republic of Mexico was flown.^[10] This was the flag of his supposed clients who were still fighting the Spanish in their war for independence at that time. The United States, which had plans to annex the peninsula, sent a naval force which captured Amelia Island on December 23, 1817.^[11]

References

1. ^{{cite journal|last1=|author1=James Willard Milgram|journal=Florida Historical Quarterly|title=A Florida Cover under American Occupation of Spanish Territory|date=July 1961|volume=40|issue=1|jstor=30139819|publisher=Florida Historical Society|page=94|quote=But beginning with 1808, because of Jefferson's Embargo Act, Fernandina became a thriving port with more business than even St. Augustine. The reason was that from it, merchants had easy access to the states and smuggling became a most profitable business. At one time it was stated that there were more than 150 ships in the harbor.}}
2. ^{{cite book|author=John Quincy Adams|title=Memoirs of John Quincy Adams: Comprising Portions of His Diary from 1795 to 1848|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qlADAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA75|year=1875|publisher=J.B. Lippincott & Company|page=75}}
3. ^{{cite book|author=Natalie Ornish|title=Pioneer Jewish Texans|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7kiMNQ-O5_IC&pg=PA17|date=1 September 2011|publisher=Texas A&M University Press|isbn=978-1-60344-433-0|page=17}}
4. ^{{cite book|author=David G. McComb|title=Galveston: A History|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WL1aBAAAQBAJ&pg=PT43|date=1 January 2010|publisher=University of Texas Press|isbn=978-0-292-79321-7|pages=43–44}}
5. ^{{cite book|author1=Frank L. Owsley|author2=Gene A. Smith|title=Filibusters and Expansionists: Jeffersonian Manifest Destiny, 1800-1821|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ykoCBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA136|date=22 March 2004|publisher=University of Alabama Press|isbn=978-0-8173-5117-5|page=136}}
6. ^{{cite book|author=James L. Erwin|title=Declarations of Independence: Encyclopedia of American Autonomous and Secessionist Movements|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pYrlk8fDC50C&pg=PA47|year=2007|publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group|isbn=978-0-313-33267-8|page=47}}
7. ^{{cite book|author=David Head|title=Privateers of the Americas: Spanish American Privateering from the United States in the Early Republic|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=i6t5CgAAQBAJ&pg=PA107|date=1 October 2015|publisher=University of Georgia Press|isbn=978-0-8203-4400-3|page=107}}
8. ^{{cite book|author=Judith Ewell|title=Venezuela and the United States: From Monroe's Hemisphere to Petroleum's Empire|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3_Bn5HBkJyoC&pg=PA250|year=1996|publisher=University of Georgia Press|isbn=978-0-8203-1782-3|page=250}}
9. ^{{cite book|author=Rafe Blaufarb|title=Bonapartists in the Borderlands: French Exiles and Refugees on the Gulf Coast, 1815-1835|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3K8Oi3rpzQQC&pg=PA250|year=2005|publisher=University of Alabama Press|isbn=978-0-8173-1487-3|page=250}}
10. ^{{cite journal|author1=Richard G. Lowe|title=American Seizure of Amelia Island|journal=The Florida Historical Quarterly|date=July 1966|volume=45|issue=1|page=22|jstor=30145698}}
11. ^{{cite book|title=British and Foreign State Papers|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZJMAAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA756|year=1837|publisher=H.M. Stationery Office|pages=756–757}}