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词条 Terrorism in Turkey
释义

  1. History

     1970s  1980s and 1990s  2000s 

  2. Effects on voting behavior

  3. Terrorist incidents

  4. See also

  5. Notes

  6. References

{{POV|talk=NPOV|date=August 2017}}Terrorism in Turkey is a significant issue for Turkish authorities. While the government labels deaths in Kurdish–Turkish conflict (1978–present) as terrorism related, this is disputed by others.{{ref|reference_name_A|[note]}} In addition involvement in the Syrian Civil War and radical political elements in the country have also been a source for alleged terrorist incidents.[1] The violence has had a negative impact on the country's tourism sector.[2]

History

1970s

Terrorism in Turkey in the 1970s stemmed from the student protest movement in the 1960s. Leftist radicals first attempted to challenge the political regime by use of sit-ins, street demonstrations, and the establishment of a new political party, the Turkish Labor Party (TLP). After only receiving 3% of the popular vote in the 1965 election, and 2.7% four years later, leftist radicals began to turn to a more militant approach. Knowledge on the use of explosives and weapons was provided by the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO).[3]

Left-wing terrorism began in 1969 when the Proletarian Revolutionaries and Proletarian Socialists formed the Federation of Revolutionary Youth of Turkey (Dev-Genç). Terror activities included bank robberies, bombings and kidnappings (for ransom). In 1971, the military declared martial law to arrest revolutionaries. By 1973, these incidents had stopped.[4]{{rp|15}}

Two Armenian groups conducted a number of terror attacks aimed at Turkish diplomats, ASALA (Armenian Secret Army for the Liberation of Armenia) and JCAG (Justice Commandos of the Armenian Genocide). These attacks spawned a period of ten years from 1975 to 1985. Their efforts were mostly based overseas, but some attacks occurred in Turkey such as the May 1977 bombing of the Istanbul airport and railway.[4]{{rp|10-12}}

Between 1976 and 1980, more than 5,000 people were killed in hundreds of terrorist incidents.[3]{{Better source|reason=Turkish author. An outside non-Turkish source should be used to classify whether these were Terrorist incidents or a different type of conflict|date=August 2017}}

1980s and 1990s

In the 1980s and 1990s, Jihadist terrorism in Turkey was an isolated phenomenon represented by the Turkish Hezbollah and the Great Eastern Islamic Raiders' Front.[5] Since the 2000s, there has been a rise in attacks from Islamist groups, some with links to Al-Qaeda.[6] One group that has been studied by researchers is the Turkish Hezbollah.[7]

In the 1990s, Islamic terrorist organizations were active in Turkey. Their objective was to bring down the secular democratic regime in Turkey and to establish an Islamic Sharia‐based state (similar to Iran). In July 1993, an arson attack took place where extremists set fire to a hotel where a cultural festival was taking place. Islamic groups attacked and threatened Jewish personalities and the Jewish community in Turkey.[8]

In the course of the Kurdish–Turkish conflict (1978–present) there were an estimated 30,000-35,000 deaths between 1984 and 2000.[9]{{Better source|reason=Published in Prehospital and Disaster Medicine which is a health and medical journal whose main focus is health and not geopolitics|date=August 2017}} While the Turkish government position has been to classify the deaths in the conflict as terror related, other dispute this claim and allege human right violations by the Turkish authorities.[10][11] In 1995, Human Rights Watch reported that it was common practice for Turkish soldiers to kill Kurdish civilians and take pictures of their corpses with the weapons, they carried only for staging the events. Killed civilians were shown to press as Kurdistan Workers Party (PKK) "terrorists".[12]

2000s

The Dokumacılar is an Islamic terrorist group composed of about 60 Turkish militants who joined ISIL. The group is responsible for the 2015 Suruç bombing which resulted in 32 deaths.

Other attacks, like the 2017 Istanbul nightclub shooting, were perpetrated by Islamic State.[13] However, initially, the Turkish government avoided labelling ISIL as a terror organization.[14]

Effects on voting behavior

One study found that Turkish voters are highly sensitive to terrorism and that they blame the government for casualties. Additionally, exposure to terrorism leads to an increase in the vote share of the right-wing parties.[15]

Terrorist incidents

{{Main|:Category:Terrorist incidents in Turkey}}

See also

{{portal|Terrorism}}
  • Turkey–ISIL conflict
  • 2015 police raids in Turkey
  • Revolutionary People's Liberation Party/Front

Notes

  • {{note|reference_name_A|note}} The Turkey–PKK conflict is also known as the Kurdish conflict,[16][17][18][19][20][21] the Kurdish question,[22] the Kurdish insurgency,[23][24][25][26][27][28] the Kurdish rebellion,[29][30][31][32][33] the Kurdish–Turkish conflict,[34] or PKK-terrorism[35][36][37] as well as the latest Kurdish uprising[38] or as a civil war.[39][40][41][42][43]{{Excessive citations inline|date=December 2017}}

References

1. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.cnn.com/2017/01/04/europe/why-turkey-is-terror-target/index.html|title=Why Turkey is such a target for terror|first=Eliza|last=Mackintosh|website=CNN}} January 12, 2017.
2. ^Feridun, Mete. "Impact of terrorism on tourism in Turkey: empirical evidence from Turkey." Applied Economics 43, no. 24 (2011): 3349-3354.
3. ^1 Sayari, Sabri. "Political Violence and Terrorism in Turkey, 1976–80: A Retrospective Analysis." Terrorism and Political Violence 22, no. 2 (2010): 198-215.
4. ^1 Mango, Andrew. Turkey and the War on Terror: For Forty Years We Fought Alone. Routledge. 2005.
5. ^Malhotra, Brigadier VP. Terrorism and Counter Terrorism in South Asia and India: A Case of India and Her Neighbours. Vij Books India Pvt Ltd, 2011.
6. ^Cline, Lawrence E. "From Ocalan to Al Qaida: the continuing terrorist threat in Turkey." Studies in Conflict & Terrorism 27, no. 4 (2004): 321-335.
7. ^Ozeren, Suleyman, and Cécile Van De Voorde. "Turkish Hizballah: A case study of radical terrorism." International Journal of Comparative and Applied Criminal Justice 30, no. 1 (2006): 75-93.
8. ^Karmon, Ely. "Islamic terrorist activities in Turkey in the 1990s." Terrorism and Political Violence 10, no. 4 (1998): 101-121.
9. ^Rodoplu, Ulkumen, Jeffrey Arnold, and Gurkan Ersoy. "Terrorism in Turkey." Prehospital and Disaster Medicine 18, no. 2 (2003): 152-160.
10. ^[https://www.amnesty.org/ailib/intcam/turkey/turk2.htm Turkey campaign (Chapter 2)], Amnesty International, 1997. {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070714171715/http://www.amnesty.org/ailib/intcam/turkey/turk2.htm |date=14 July 2007 }}
11. ^[https://www.hrw.org/reports/1993/WR93/Hsw-08.htm Turkey: Human Rights Developments], Human Rights Watch.
12. ^{{cite news|title=HRW|url=https://www.hrw.org/reports/1995/Turkey.htm|accessdate=31 Jan 2016}}
13. ^{{cite web|url=https://amp.theguardian.com/world/2017/jan/02/isis-group-claims-responsibility-for-istanbul-nightclub-attack|title=Isis claims Istanbul nightclub attack as perpetrator remains at large|first=Jamie|last=Grierson|date=3 January 2017|publisher=The Guardian}}
14. ^{{cite web|url=http://m.huffpost.com/us/entry/us_58b87e1ee4b0ffd61787bd38/amp|title=Turkey's Crippled Counterterrorism Capacity: How Domestic Purges Represent A Major International Threat To Europe's Security|website=m.huffpost.com}}
15. ^Kibris, Arzu. "Funerals and elections: The effects of terrorism on voting behavior in Turkey." Journal of Conflict Resolution 55, no. 2 (2011): 220-247
16. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.asiantribune.com/node/13802 |title=Greener Pastures for Bruce Fein: The Kurdish Conflict in Turkey |publisher=Asiantribune.com |accessdate=15 April 2011}}
17. ^{{cite book|title=The Kurdish Conflict in Turkey: Obstacles and Chances for Peace and Democracy |isbn = 978-0312236298|last1 = Ibrahim|first1 = Ferhad|last2 = Gurbey|first2 = Gulistan|year = 2000}}
18. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.middle-east-online.com/english/?id=41597 |title=Turkey in fresh drive to end Kurdish conflict |publisher=Middle-east-online.com |date=28 September 2010 |accessdate=15 April 2011}}
19. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.euronews.net/2010/06/04/turkey-looks-to-iraq-to-help-end-kurdish-conflict/ |title=Turkey looks to Iraq to help end Kurdish conflict |publisher=Euronews.net |date=16 June 2010 |accessdate=15 April 2011}}
20. ^{{cite news|last=Head |first=Jonathan |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/8359582.stm |title=Turkey unveils reforms for Kurds |publisher=BBC News |date=13 November 2009 |accessdate=15 April 2011}}
21. ^{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/cifamerica/2008/oct/24/us-turkey-kurds-war |title=Nudging Turkey toward peace at home |publisher=Guardian |date=3 January 2011 |accessdate=15 April 2011 |location=London |first=Stephen |last=Kinzer}}
22. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.todayszaman.com/columnist-270565-would-turkey-intervene-in-syria.html |accessdate=5 February 2012 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120205220532/http://www.todayszaman.com/columnist-270565-would-turkey-intervene-in-syria.html |archivedate=5 February 2012 | title=Would Turkey intervene in Syria?|author=Emre Uslu|work=Today's Zaman}}, 5 February 2011
23. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.time.com/time/daily/special/ocalan/bitterend.html |accessdate=10 April 2011 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081210050323/http://www.time.com/time/daily/special/ocalan/bitterend.html |archivedate=10 December 2008 | title=A Terrorist's Bitter End | date=1 March 1999 | work=Time }}
24. ^{{cite web|last=Birch |first=Nicholas |url=http://warincontext.org/2009/10/20/kurdish-rebels-surrender-as-turkey-reaches-out/ |title=Kurdish rebels surrender as Turkey reaches out — War in Context |publisher=Warincontext.org |date=20 October 2009 |accessdate=15 April 2011}}
25. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.thewashingtonnote.com/archives/2010/07/selective_partn/ |title=The Kurdish Issue and Turkey's Future |publisher=Thewashingtonnote.com |accessdate=15 April 2011}}
26. ^BBC News Turkey may ban Kurdish DTP party
27. ^{{cite news|url=http://articles.cnn.com/1999-03-07/world/9903_07_turkey.kurds_1_kurdish-rebels-abdullah-ocalan-kurdistan-workers-party-pkk?_s=PM:WORLD |title=Kurdish rebels say they shot down Turkish helicopter |publisher=CNN.com |date=7 March 1999 |accessdate=15 April 2011 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20111013051527/http://articles.cnn.com/1999-03-07/world/9903_07_turkey.kurds_1_kurdish-rebels-abdullah-ocalan-kurdistan-workers-party-pkk?_s=PM%3AWORLD |archivedate=13 October 2011 |df= }}
28. ^{{cite news| url=https://www.reuters.com/article/2012/01/06/turkey-plot-general-idUSL6E8C61S020120106 | work=Reuters | title=Turkish military's best and brightest now behind bars |date=6 January 2012}}
29. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P2-8765571.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121105204607/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P2-8765571.html |dead-url=yes |archive-date=5 November 2012 |title=Turkish crackdown fails to halt Kurdish rebellion |publisher=Highbeam.com |date=1 November 1992 |accessdate=15 April 2011}}
30. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.thenational.ae/news/worldwide/europe/turkey-and-iraq-seek-to-end-kurdish-rebellion |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120914051655/http://www.thenational.ae/news/worldwide/europe/turkey-and-iraq-seek-to-end-kurdish-rebellion |dead-url=yes |archive-date=14 September 2012 |title=Turkey and Iraq seek to end Kurdish rebellion |publisher=Thenational.ae |accessdate=15 April 2011 }}
31. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.kuna.net.kw/NewsAgenciesPublicSite/ArticleDetails.aspx?id=2096923&Language=en |title=Turkey says determined to uproot Kurdish rebellion |publisher=Kuna.net.kw |date=25 June 2010 |accessdate=15 April 2011}}
32. ^{{cite web|author=Tore Kjeilen |url=http://looklex.com/e.o/kurds.htm |title=Kurds |publisher=Looklex.com |accessdate=15 April 2011}}
33. ^{{cite web|url=http://macedoniaonline.eu/content/view/7863/46/ |title=MINA Breaking News – Turkey marks 25 years of Kurd rebellion |publisher=Macedoniaonline.eu |date=15 August 2009 |accessdate=15 April 2011}}
34. ^{{cite journal|title=Nation–states and ethnic boundaries: modern Turkish identity and Turkish–Kurdish conflict| doi=10.1111/1469-8219.00065|volume=8|journal=Nations and Nationalism|pages=549–564|year = 2002|last1 = Saatci|first1 = Mustafa}}
35. ^{{cite web|title=Partiya Karkeran Kurdistan [PKK]|url=http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/para/pkk.htm|publisher=GlobalSecurity.org|accessdate=23 July 2013}}
36. ^{{cite web|url=http://edoc.bibliothek.uni-halle.de/servlets/MCRFileNodeServlet/HALCoRe_derivate_00003560/Turkey%20and%20PKK%20terrorism.pdf |title=TURKEY AND PKK TERRORISM |format=PDF |accessdate=15 April 2011 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110531224347/http://edoc.bibliothek.uni-halle.de/servlets/MCRFileNodeServlet/HALCoRe_derivate_00003560/Turkey%20and%20PKK%20terrorism.pdf |archivedate=31 May 2011 |df= }}
37. ^{{cite web|url=https://fas.org/irp/world/para/docs/mfa-t-pkk.htm |title=A Report on the PKK and Terrorism |publisher=Fas.org |accessdate=15 April 2011}}
38. ^McDowall, David. A modern History of the Kurds. London 2005, pp 439 ff
39. ^{{cite news|url=http://articles.sfgate.com/1996-02-23/news/17769255_1_kurdish-kurdistan-worker-s-party-turkish |title=Inside Turkey's Civil War, Fear and Geopolitics / For all sides, Kurd insurgency is risky business |publisher=Articles.sfgate.com |date=23 February 1996 |accessdate=15 April 2011 |first=Frank |last=Viviano}}
40. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.cacianalyst.org/Publications/Cornell_Orbis.htm |title=The Kurdish Question In Turkish Politics |publisher=Cacianalyst.org |date=16 February 1999 |accessdate=15 April 2011 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110522191840/http://www.cacianalyst.org/Publications/Cornell_Orbis.htm |archivedate=22 May 2011 |df= }}
41. ^{{cite web|url=http://ivarfjeld.wordpress.com/2010/06/25/israeli-military-to-help-turkish-army-in-civil-war-against-kurds/ |title=Israeli military aid used by Turkish in civil war against Kurds |publisher=Ivarfjeld.wordpress.com |date=25 June 2010 |accessdate=15 April 2011}}
42. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.ekurd.net/mismas/articles/misc2011/2/turkey3136.htm |title=Thousands of Kurds protest to support jailed Abdullah Ocalan in Strasbourg |publisher=Ekurd.net |accessdate=15 April 2011}}
43. ^{{cite news|author=Helena Smith in Athens |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2003/apr/11/iraq.kurds |title=Turkey told US will remove Kurd forces from city |work=Guardian |date=11 April 2003|accessdate=15 April 2011 |location=London}}
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