| 词条 | Bikaner |
| 释义 |
| name = Bikaner | native_name = | other_name = | settlement_type = City | image_skyline = Laxmi niwas palace.JPG | image_alt = Lalgarh Palace, Bikaner | image_caption = Laxmi Niwas Palace, Bikaner | nickname = BKN | map_caption = | pushpin_map = India Rajasthan#India | pushpin_label_position = right | coordinates = {{coord|28|01|00|N|73|18|43|E|display=inline,title}} | subdivision_type = Country | subdivision_name = India | subdivision_type1 = State | subdivision_name1 = Rajasthan | subdivision_type2 = District | subdivision_name2 = Bikaner | established_title = | established_date = | founder = Rao Bika ji | governing_body = Municipal corporation | unit_pref = Metric | area_total_km2 = 155 | elevation_footnotes = | elevation_m = 242 | population_footnotes = [1] | population_total = 644,406 | population_as_of = 2011 | population_density_km2 = auto | demographics_type1 = Languages | demographics1_title1 = Official | demographics1_info1 = Hindi, English | demographics1_title2 = Regional | demographics1_info2 = Marwari | timezone1 = IST | utc_offset1 = +5:30 | postal_code_type = PIN | postal_code = 3340XX | area_code_type = Telephone code | area_code = +91 151 | registration_plate = RJ-07 | website = {{URL|bikaner.rajasthan.gov.in}} }} Bikaner ({{audio|Bikaner.ogg|pronunciation}}) is a city in the northwest of the state of Rajasthan, India. It is located {{convert|330|km|mi|0}} northwest of the state capital, Jaipur. Bikaner city is the administrative headquarters of Bikaner District and Bikaner division. Formerly the capital of the princely state of Bikaner, the city was founded by Rao Bika in 1488[1][2] and from its small origins it has developed into the fourth largest city in Rajasthan. The Ganges Canal, completed in 1928, and the Indira Gandhi Canal, completed in 1987, facilitated its development. The city celebrates its foundation day on Akshaya Tritiya by flying kites and eating special Rajasthani food that includes Bajre Ka Khichda and Imli ka Paani (Tamarind Water) among other snacks. The celebration lasts for two days, known as Chhoti Akha Teej and Badi Akha Teej. People can be seen flying kites during these two days right from the early morning at 5-6am till late sunset. History{{Further|History of Bikaner}}Prior to the mid 15th century, the region that is now Bikaner was a barren wilderness called Jangladesh.[3] Rao Bika established the city of Bikaner in 1488. He was the first son of Maharaja Rao Jodha of the Rathore clan, the founder of Jodhpur and conquered the largely arid country in the north of Rajasthan. As the first son of Jodha he wanted to have his own kingdom, not inheriting Jodhpur from his father or the title of Maharaja. He therefore decided to build his own kingdom in what is now the state of Bikaner in the area of Jangladesh. Though it was in the Thar Desert, Bikaner was considered an oasis on the trade route between Central Asia and the Gujarat coast as it had adequate spring water. Bika's name was attached to the city he built and to the state of Bikaner ("the settlement of Bika") that he established. Bika built a fort in 1478, which is now in ruins, and a hundred years later a new fort was built about 1.5 km from the city centre, known as the Junagarh Fort.[4][5][6] Around a century after Rao Bika founded Bikaner, the state's fortunes flourished under the sixth Raja, Rai Singhji, who ruled from 1571 to 1611. During the Mughal Empire's rule in the country, Raja Rai Singh accepted the suzerainty of the Mughals and held a high rank as an army general at the court of the Emperor Akbar and his son the Emperor Jahangir. Rai Singh's successful military exploits, which involved winning half of Mewar kingdom for the Empire, won him accolades and rewards from the Mughal emperors. He was given the jagirs (lands) of Gujarat and Burhanpur. With the large revenue earned from these jagirs, he built the Chintamani durg (Junagarh fort) on a plain which has an average elevation of {{convert|760|ft|m}}. He was an expert in arts and architecture, and the knowledge he acquired during his visits abroad is amply reflected in the numerous monuments he built at the Junagarh fort.[4][6][7] Maharaja Karan Singh, who ruled from 1631 to 1639, under the suzerainty of the Mughals, built the Karan Mahal palace. Later rulers added more floors and decorations to this Mahal. Anup Singh ji, who ruled from 1669 to 1698, made substantial additions to the fort complex, with new palaces and the Zenana quarter, a royal dwelling for women and children. He refurbished the Karan Mahal with a Diwan-i-Am (public audience hall) and called it the Anup Mahal.Maharaja Gaj Singh, who ruled from 1746 to 1787 refurbished the Chandra Mahal (the Moon palace). During the 18th century, there was internecine war between the rulers of Bikaner and Jodhpur and also amongst other thakurs, which was put down by British troops.[6] Following Maharaja Gaj Singh, Maharaja Surat Singh ruled from 1787 to 1828 and lavishly decorated the audience hall (see illustration) with glass and lively paintwork. Under a treaty of paramountcy signed in 1818, during Maharaja Surat Singh's reign, Bikaner came under the suzerainty of the British, after which the Maharajas of Bikaner invested heavily in refurbishing Junagarh fort.[8] {{double image|right| Lalgarh palace bikaner.jpg|230|Imperialwarcabinet-bordonhu.jpg|200|Left: Lalgarh Palace, built (Indo-Saracenic style) for Maharaja Ganga Singh and named after his father, presently a heritage hotel and also a residence of the Bikaner Royal Family. Right: Ganga Singh as a member of the Imperial War Cabinet at No. 10 Downing Street, 1917.}}Dungar Singh, who reigned from 1872 to 1887, built the Badal Mahal, the 'weather palace', so named in view of a painting of clouds and falling rain, a rare event in arid Bikaner. General Maharaja Ganga Singh, who ruled from 1887 to 1943, was the best-known of the Rajasthan princes and was a favourite of the British Viceroys of India. He was appointed a Knight Commander of the Order of the Star of India, served as a member of the Imperial War Cabinet, represented India at the Imperial Conferences during the First World War and the British Empire at the Versailles Peace Conference. His contribution to the building activity in Junagarh involved separate halls for public and private audiences in the Ganga Mahal and a durbar hall for formal functions. He also built the Ganga Niwas Palace, which has towers at the entrance patio. This palace was designed by Sir Samuel Swinton Jacob, the third of the new palaces built in Bikaner. He named the building Lalgarh Palace in honour of his father and moved his main residence there from Junagarh Fort in 1902. The hall where he held his Golden Jubilee (in 1938) as Bikaner's ruler is now a museum.[6][8][9]Ganga Singh's son, Lieutenant-General Sir Sadul Singh, the Yuvaraja of Bikaner, succeeded his father as Maharaja in 1943, but acceded his state to the Union of India in 1949. Maharaja Sadul Singh died in 1950, being succeeded in the title by his son, Karni Singh (1924-1988).[5] The Royal Family still lives in a suite in Lalgarh Palace, which they have converted into a heritage hotel.[6][8]ClimateBikaner is situated in the middle of the Thar desert and has a hot semi-arid climate (Köppen climate classification BSh) with very little rainfall and extreme temperatures. In summer temperatures can exceed 48°C, and during the winter they may dip below freezing. The climate in Bikaner is characterised by significant variations in temperature. In the summer season it is very hot when the temperatures lie in the range of {{convert|28|-|53.5|C|F}}. In the winter, it is fairly cold with temperatures lying in the range of {{convert|-4|-|23.2|C|F}}.[10] Annual rainfall is in the range of {{convert|260|-|440|mm|in}}.[10][11] {{Weather box| location = Bikaner | metric first = Yes | single line = Yes | width = auto | Jan record high C = 32.9 | Feb record high C = 37.2 | Mar record high C = 42.8 | Apr record high C = 48.2 | May record high C = 52.4 | Jun record high C = 49.9 | Jul record high C = 47.8 | Aug record high C = 43.4 | Sep record high C = 43.9 | Oct record high C = 42.2 | Nov record high C = 38.5 | Dec record high C = 33.5 | Jan high C = 23.0 | Feb high C = 25.5 | Mar high C = 31.8 | Apr high C = 38.2 | May high C = 41.7 | Jun high C = 41.6 | Jul high C = 37.8 | Aug high C = 36.6 | Sep high C = 36.7 | Oct high C = 36.2 | Nov high C = 30.7 | Dec high C = 25.3 | Jan mean C = 14.3 | Feb mean C = 17.1 | Mar mean C = 23.4 | Apr mean C = 30.2 | May mean C = 34.3 | Jun mean C = 35.2 | Jul mean C = 32.8 | Aug mean C = 31.7 | Sep mean C = 30.7 | Oct mean C = 27.7 | Nov mean C = 21.5 | Dec mean C = 16.1 | Jan low C = 5.6 | Feb low C = 8.8 | Mar low C = 15.0 | Apr low C = 22.1 | May low C = 26.8 | Jun low C = 28.8 | Jul low C = 27.7 | Aug low C = 26.8 | Sep low C = 24.7 | Oct low C = 19.1 | Nov low C = 12.1 | Dec low C = 6.9 | Jan record low C = −4.0 | Feb record low C = −2.5 | Mar record low C = -0.6 | Apr record low C = 8.3 | May record low C = 13.7 | Jun record low C = 17.8 | Jul record low C = 20.5 | Aug record low C = 20.6 | Sep record low C = 16.5 | Oct record low C = 7.6 | Nov record low C = 0.6 | Dec record low C = -2.8 | Jan precipitation mm = 5.5 | Feb precipitation mm = 9.1 | Mar precipitation mm = 8.6 | Apr precipitation mm = 7.2 | May precipitation mm = 26.4 | Jun precipitation mm = 45.7 | Jul precipitation mm = 108.6 | Aug precipitation mm = 65.7 | Sep precipitation mm = 36.7 | Oct precipitation mm = 4.8 | Nov precipitation mm = 0.8 | Dec precipitation mm = 1.4 | year precipitation mm = | Jan precipitation days = 0.8 | Feb precipitation days = 1.0 | Mar precipitation days = 1.5 | Apr precipitation days = 0.9 | May precipitation days = 2.6 | Jun precipitation days = 3.2 | Jul precipitation days = 6.6 | Aug precipitation days = 5.6 | Sep precipitation days = 3.0 | Oct precipitation days = 0.6 | Nov precipitation days = 0.3 | Dec precipitation days = 0.5 | Jan humidity = 49 | Feb humidity = 43 | Mar humidity = 34 | Apr humidity = 25 | May humidity = 27 | Jun humidity = 39 | Jul humidity = 58 | Aug humidity = 61 | Sep humidity = 52 | Oct humidity = 36 | Nov humidity = 40 | Dec humidity = 48 | year precipitation days = | source 1 = IMD extremes up to (2010)}} Demographics{{bar box|title=Religions in Bikaner |titlebar=#Fcd116 |left1=Religion |right1=Percent |float=right |bars={{bar percent|Hindus|orange|78.67}}{{bar percent|Muslims|green|17.27}} }}{{As of|2011|alt=As of the 2011 Census of India}} the population of Bikaner city was 644,406 placing it in the top 70 major cities of India and 5th in Rajasthan. The female to male ratio in the city was 904/1,000. The literacy rate in the city was about 79%, male literacy being 87% and female literacy being 71%.[12]{{IndiaCensusPop|align=center|state= | title = Population Growth of Bikaner City | 1891 = 56300 | 1901 = 53100 | 1911 = 55800 | 1921 = 69400 | 1931 = 85900 | 1941 = 127200 | 1951 = 117100 | 1961 = 150600 | 1968 = 186600 | 1971 = 208900 | 1981 = 280400 | 1991 = 416300 | 2001 = 529690 | 2011 = 644406 | footnote = source:[13][12]}} TransportBikaner railway station is a major Railway Junction in North Western Railway zone of Indian Railways. The first Railway link to Bikaner was established in 1891 & it has underwent many administrative modifications since then. Today Bikaner Railway Station is efficiently well connected to National Capital Delhi and Rajasthan State's capital Jaipur along with major Indian cities like Jodhpur, Sri Ganganagar, Rewari, Howrah Kolkata, Mumbai, , Kanpur, Agra, Allahabad, Surat, Ahmedabad, Vadodara, Pathankot, Bhatinda, Amritsar, Haridwar, Jammu, Chandigarh, Pune, Hisar, Bengaluru, Chennai, Hyderabad, Guwahati, Puri, Coimbatore, Thiruvananthapuram, Bhubaneswar, Bilaspur, Indore, Jalandhar, Baroda, Ratangarh, Jaisalmer, Barmer, Alwar, Nagaur, etc. Bikaner is well served with roads and is linked directly to Delhi, Jaipur, Agra, Sri Ganganagar, Jodhpur, Alwar, Rewari, Ludhiana, Bhatinda, Ambala, Panipat, Surat, Ahmedabad, Ajmer, Haridwar, Jaisalmer, Bhilwara, Churu, Sikar and many other cities. National Highway 11 (India) and National Highway 62 (India) passes through Bikaner. Earlier NH-11,15,89 crossed through the city but that numbering has been modified in recent years. Link to old numbering is List of National Highways in India (Old numbering). The internal transport system in Bikaner consists of autorickshaws- traditional & CNG. Bikaner has Domestic Civil Airport Nal Airport which is located 15 km west of the city. Regular flights to Jaipur JAI and Delhi DEL commenced in 2017-18 under UDAN scheme of Narendra Modi Govt. [14][15]CuisineThe city is most famous for its savoury snack Bikaneri bhujia which is sold all over the world[16] and also have Geographical Indication tag[17] to keep its originality intact.[18] Other special Food items for which Bikaner is well known are Bajre ki Roti (Chapati made up of Pearl millet flour), Dal baati Churma, Ghevar, Halvas, Papads/Papadum, Rasgulla, etc. The Kachori and Samosa can be seen/purchased at every nook and corner are highly recommended by the locals. Rajasthani sweets(mithai) & snacks(namkeen) fondly attracts everyone.[19][20][21] Places of interestJunagarh FortThe Junagarh Fort was built around 1590 AD by Rulers of Bikaner Estate.[22] Its temples and palaces are preserved as museums and provide insight into the grandiose living style of the past Maharanas of Rajasthan. Laxmi Niwas PalaceThe Laxmi Niwas Palace is a former residential palace built by Maharajah Ganga Singh, the ruler of the former state of Bikaner. It was designed by the British architect, Col Samuel Swinton Jacob in the year 1902. The style of architecture is Indo-Saracenic. It is now a luxury Heritage hotel owned by the royal family of Bikaner. Rao Bikaji’s FortRao Bikaji’s first fort, built in 1478 is now in ruins. A hundred years later a new fort was built about 1.5 km from the city centre, named Junagarh Fort.[4][5][6]{{double image|right| Lalgarh palace bikaner.jpg|230|Imperialwarcabinet-bordonhu.jpg|200|Left: Lalgarh Palace, built (Indo-Saracenic style) for Maharaja Ganga Singh and named after his father, presently a heritage hotel and also a residence of the Bikaner Royal Family. Right: Ganga Singh as a member of the Imperial War Cabinet at No. 10 Downing Street, 1917.}} Karni Mata Temple{{main|Karni Mata Temple}}The Karni Mata (करणी माता) Temple or the Rat Temple of Rajasthan is situated around 30 km away from the Bikaner city and is dedicated to Karni Mata, a famous mystic of her times, believed to be an incarnation of goddess Durga. The locals will be quick to point out that the creatures running around in the temple are not rats, they are kaabe (plural, kaaba singular). Kaabe are believed to be reincarnations of humans who had been devotees of Karni mata, and the brevity of human life did not sufficiently satisfy their devotion.The construction of the temple was completed in mughal style, in the early 20th century by Maharaja Ganga Singh. The temple was further adorned by Kundanlal Verma of Hyderabad-based Karni Jewelers in 1999. The silver gates of the temple and the marble carvings were also donated by him. The shrine of Karni Mata can be found in the town of Deshnoke 30 km south from Bikaner on the road to Jodhpur. Karni Mata is worshiped as an incarnation of Goddess Durga. Mukam Bishnoi TempleThe Mukam Temple can be found in nearby Nokha. The Mukam is holy place of 29 rules of followers of Bishnois. Bishnoi sect was founded by Guru Jambeshwar. Bishnois are quite protective of nature. Mukam Temple is the place where the soul of guru Jambeshwar lies. On every no moon day (amavasya) there is mob of Bishnois in the temple. Laxminath TempleBuilt by Maharaja Rao Lunakaran, Shri Laxminath Temple is one of the oldest temples in Bikaner and just 4 kilometres away from the famous Junagarh Fort. Lord Vishnu and Goddess Laxmi, grace the sacred sanctum of the temple. The most exquisite artwork inside the temple apart from the shrines is the doorway which is embellished in silver work. Festivals like Janmashtmi, Nirjala Ekadashi, Rama Navami, Diwali and Gita Jayanti are majorly celebrated at the temple.[23] Bhandasar Jain TempleBhandasar Jain Temple is known for its beautiful leaf paintings, frescoes and ornamented mirror work. This temple was constructed by Bhandasa Oswal in the 15th century. This temple is constructed using red sand stone with beautiful paintings on walls and pillars of the sanctum and mandapa. The temple is dedicated to the 5th tirthankar sumatinatha. The temple consist of garbhagriha, antarala, mahamandapa and ardhamandapa[24]WildlifeA variety of wild animals including various birds, mammals and reptiles are found in Bikaner's Semi-Arid climate. Initiatives are being taken to bring back the number of vultures which have dwindled at a staggering rate before. There are around 600 resident vultures at Jorbeer. The region is host to another 1200 migratory vultures. Local varieties include Egyptian and King Vultures. The most common migratory vulture is Eurasian Griffon coming from Spain and Turkey. Other migratory vultures include Cinereous and Himalayan Griffons.[25][26] Saw-scaled Viper is also natively found in Bikaner.[27]Gajner Wildlife Sanctuary is located 32 km west of the Bikaner city. Animal HusbandryNational Research Centre on Camels, BikanerNational Research Centre on Camels was established in 1984 in Bikaner by the Central Government under Indian Council of Agricultural Research at the outskirts of Bikaner city to promote research & development related to camels such as effective breeding, utilization of camel milk. Scientists engage with all stakeholders like Camel herders, traders via collaborative programmes & significant growth had been made.[28]A camel museum is available to apprise them of the developmental and research aspects of the camel in the desert ecosystem. Maharaja Ganga Singh of the Indian State of Bikaner founded Bikaner Camel Corps around 1890. It participated in World Wars & now falls under BSF India.[29][30][31] National Research Centre on equines, BikanerNational Research Centre on equines was established on 28 September 1989 for conducting research for improving the technologies for optimization of production potential of the equines. The campus has state-of-art laboratories for conducting research in equine genetics, nutrition, medicine, reproduction and management. The Campus has the responsibility to generate technologies for augmenting equine performance in order to uplift the socio-economic status of poor equine owners. Conservation and propagation of equines through ecotourism has recently been initiated. The elite Marwari horses of Rajasthan, Kathiawari horses of Gujarat, Zanskari horses of Ladakh, Manipuri horses of Manipur and Poitou donkeys of France are maintained and bred here. An Equine Information Centre and a Museum has been developed for the depicting the basic and technical details about the horses. Cryopreservation of semen, artificial insemination, ultrasonography and endoscopy of equines is routinely carried out here. Cow sanctuaryThe Rajasthan government has decided to set up its first cow sanctuary in Bikaner. It has a dedicated Ministry of Cow Husbandry. The sanctuary is likely to be set up near Amarpura village, about 70 km from Bikaner.[32] {{clear}}EducationEducational Institutes located in Bikaner are Government Engineering College, Bikaner, Maharaja Ganga Singh University, Rajasthan University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Swami Keshwanand Rajasthan Agricultural University & newly established Bikaner Technical University.[33][34][35] Fairs and festivalsInternational Camel FestivalInternational Camel Festival is held every year in January. Organised by the Department of Tourism, Art and Culture, the city celebrates the festival in honour of the "Ship of the Desert — The Camel". Beautifully adorned camels and performances by artistes from different regions are the key attraction for both domestic and foreign tourists. The event includes spectacular camel performances like Camel dances, Camel races, Neck shaking Camel rides. Activities such as Fur cutting, Camel decoration and Designing are also organized. Competitions like Mr Bikana and Miss Marwan are also held during the festival.[36][37] Notable people from Bikaner{{alumni|people|date=October 2017}}
|Northwest = Multan (Pakistan) |North = Sri Ganganagar |Northeast = Churu |West = |Center = Bikaner |South = Jodhpur |Southwest = Jaisalmer |Southeast = Nagaur, Merta City, Ajmer |East = Sikar, Jaipur |}} See also
References
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|url=https://www.bhaskar.com/rajasthan/bikaner/news/rahul39s-local-connection-in-the-bole-raphael-deal-if-the-3000-crore-of-bhujiya-rasgulla-industry-was-scam-then-the-city-would-become-self-reliant-034159-2949499.html |accessdate=28 December 2018 |work=Dainik Bhaskar |date=11 October 2018 |language=hi}} 22. ^{{cite news |last1=Chowdhary |first1=Charu |title=Don't miss visiting Junagarh Fort in Bikaner |url=https://www.india.com/news-travel/junagarh-fort-standing-in-its-regal-glory-is-the-epitome-of-architectural-brilliance-3455310/ |accessdate=28 December 2018 |work=India.com |date=1 December 2018 |language=en}} 23. ^{{cite web|title=Laxminath temple|url=https://www.makemytrip.com/travel-guide/bikaner/shri-laxminath-temple-religious.html}} 24. ^http://asijaipurcircle.nic.in/Bhandasar%20jain%20temple.html 25. ^{{cite news |title=Vultures find abode in Bikaner |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/jaipur/Vultures-find-abode-in-Bikaner/articleshow/3943964.cms |accessdate=28 December 2018 |work=The Times of India |date=7 Jan 2018}} 26. ^{{cite news |last1=Prasad |first1=R. |title=Antibiotic resistance: vultures wintering in India show pattern |url=https://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/science/antibiotic-resistance-vultures-wintering-in-india-show-pattern/article23264272.ece |accessdate=28 December 2018 |work=The Hindu |date=15 March 2018 |language=en-IN}} 27. ^{{cite news |last1=Kumar |first1=N. Shiva |title=Charming serpents to safety |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/specials/india-interior/seducing-serpents-in-the-desert/article24059922.ece |accessdate=28 December 2018 |work=Business Line |date=1 June 2018 |language=en}} 28. ^{{cite web |title=ICAR- National Research Center on Camels, Bikaner |url=https://icar.org.in/node/8328 |website=Indian Council of Agricultural Research |accessdate=28 December 2018}} 29. ^{{cite news |title=BSF camel contingent marches during India Republic Day |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/rday-bsf-camel-contingent-march-on-google-doodle/article8154465.ece |accessdate=28 December 2018 |work=Hindu Business Line |date=19 Jan 2018 |language=en}} 30. ^{{cite web |title=National Research Centre on Camels |url=https://www.lonelyplanet.com/india/attractions/national-research-centre-on-camels/a/poi-sig/1148979/356195 |website=www.lonelyplanet.com |accessdate=28 December 2018 |language=en}} 31. ^{{cite news |title=Benefits of drinking Camel Milk |url=https://www.newdelhitimes.com/benefits-of-drinking-camel-milk123/ |accessdate=28 December 2018 |work=New Delhi Times |date=11 Feb 2017}} 32. ^{{cite news |title=In a first, a sanctuary for cows to come up in Bikaner district |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india/in-a-first-a-sanctuary-for-cows-to-come-up-in-bikaner-district/story-IHy2MN0wZiVOXqYPGQWbrM.html |accessdate=28 December 2018 |work=Hindustan Times |date=22 January 2016 |language=en}} 33. ^{{cite news |title=Bikaner Technical University colleges to upload attendance register daily |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/jaipur/btu-colleges-to-upload-attendance-register-daily/articleshow/65329415.cms |accessdate=28 December 2018 |work=The Times of India |date=9 Aug 2018}} 34. ^{{cite news |title=Bikaner university says won’t charge fee from transgender students |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/jaipur/bikaner-university-says-won-t-charge-fee-from-transgender-students/story-8JGQvn9aUPzTfpWMWDOXTL.html |accessdate=28 December 2018 |work=Hindustan Times |date=6 November 2017 |language=en}} 35. ^{{cite news |title=Indian varsity awards PhD on poet's poetry |url=https://www.aninews.in/news/national/general-news/indian-varsity-awards-phd-on-poets-poetry201807312140070001/ |accessdate=28 December 2018 |work=ANI News |date=31 July 2018 |language=en}} 36. ^{{cite news |title=International camel festival in Bikaner from January 12 |url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2018/dec/27/international-camel-festival-in-bikaner-from-january-12-1917326.html |accessdate=29 December 2018 |work=The New Indian Express |date=27 Dec 2018}} 37. ^{{cite news |title=Travelling in Rajasthan? Don’t miss the Bikaner camel festival |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/travel/travelling-in-rajasthan-don-t-miss-the-bikaner-camel-festival/story-8OStnby947ytwt4E4OwIIM.html |accessdate=29 December 2018 |work=Hindustan Times |date=14 January 2018 |language=en}} 38. ^{{cite news|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2007-11-30/india/27967587_1_aiims-director-p-venugopal-t-d-dogra|title=Venugopal removed, T D Dogra is new AIIMS director, The Times of India|date=30 November 2007 |accessdate=19 May 2013|work=The Times Of India}} 39. ^{{cite web|url=http://sgtuniversity.org/officers_of_university.html|title=SGT University|accessdate=19 May 2013}} 40. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.akbarkhan.co.in|title=Information website about Akbar Khan, Bikaner, Rajasthan, India|publisher=Akbarkhan.co.in|accessdate=2013-09-15}} External links
8 : 1488 establishments in Asia|15th-century establishments in India|Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2008|All articles containing potentially dated statements|Bikaner|Populated places established in the 1480s|Former capital cities in India|15th-century Jain temples |
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