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词条 Theodore S. Clerk
释义

  1. Early life and family

  2. Education and training

  3. Career

  4. Personal life

  5. Death and legacy

  6. References

{{short description|Ghanaian architect and urban planner}}{{EngvarB|date=April 2017}}{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2017}}{{Infobox architect
|name=Theodore Shealtiel Clerk
|image= Theodore S Clerk.png
|caption= Theodore S. Clerk
|nationality={{unbulleted list|British subject (1909 - 1957)|Ghanaian (1957 - 1965)}}
|birth_date= {{Birth date|1909|09|04|df=y}}
|birth_place=Larteh, Gold Coast
|death_date={{Death year and age|1965|1909}}
|death_place=Tema, Ghana
|alma_mater = {{unbulleted list|Achimota School|Edinburgh College of Art}}
|spouse={{marriage|Paulina Quist|1948}}
|parents={{unbulleted list|Nicholas Timothy Clerk (father)|Anna Alice Meyer (mother)}}
|significant_projects=City of Tema
|awards=Rutland Prize
|signature=TSClerk signature.png
}}Theodore Shealtiel Clerk (4 September 1909 – 1965)[1] was an urban planner on the Gold Coast and the first formally trained, professionally certified Ghanaian architect.[2] Attaining a few historic firsts in his lifetime, Theodore Clerk became the chief architect, city planner, designer and developer of Tema which is the metropolis of the Tema Harbour, the largest port in Ghana.[2][3] The first chief executive officer (CEO) of the Ghanaian parastatal,[4] the Tema Development Corporation as well as a presidential advisor to Ghana's first Head of State, Kwame Nkrumah, T. S. Clerk was a founding member and the first president of the first post-independent, wholly indigenous and self-governing Ghanaian professional body, the Ghana Institute of Architects (GIA), that had its early beginnings in 1963.[5][6] He was also an Associate of the Royal Institute of British Architects and the Royal Town Planning Institute.[2][3]

Early life and family

{{further|Clerk family}}

Clerk was born in Larteh in the Akuapem Mountains on 4 September 1909,[1][3] where his father, Nicholas Timothy Clerk (1862 – 1961) was stationed as a Basel missionary at the time.[7][8] His father, a Basel-trained theologian, was the first Synod Clerk of the Presbyterian Church of the Gold Coast from 1918 to 1932.[14] N. T. Clerk was a founding father of the all boys’ boarding high school, the Presbyterian Boys’ Secondary School established in 1938.[9][10] His mother, Anna Alice Meyer (1873 –1934) was of Ga-Dangme and Danish descent.[8][14]

His paternal grandfather, Alexander Worthy Clerk (1820 – 1906), a Jamaican Moravian missionary arrived in the Danish Protectorate of Christiansborg (now the suburb of Osu) in Accra, Gold Coast (Ghana) in 1843, as part of the original group of 24 West Indian missionaries who worked under the auspices of the Basel Evangelical Missionary Society of Basel, Switzerland.[11][12] A.W. Clerk was a pioneer of the Presbyterian Church of Ghana and a leader in education in colonial Ghana, establishing a middle boarding school, the Salem School in 1843.[13] His paternal grandmother, Pauline Hesse was from the Gold Coast, and was of Danish, German and Ga-Dangme descent.[14] Theodore Clerk's grandaunt was Regina Hesse (1832 ─ 1898), a pioneer educator and school principal who worked with the Basel Mission on the Gold Coast.[14]

T. S. Clerk had eight other siblings and was a member of the historically important Clerk family of Accra, Ghana.[7] His older brother, Carl Henry Clerk (1895 – 1982) was an editor, agricultural educationist, school administrator, journalist and church minister who served as the fourth Synod Clerk of the Presbyterian Church of the Gold Coast from 1950 to 1954 as well as the Editor of the Christian Messenger newspaper between 1960 and 1963.[15][16][17][18] Among his sisters were Jane E. Clerk (1904 – 1999), a Gold Coast teacher and pioneering woman education administrator along with Matilda Johanna Clerk (1916 – 1984), the second Ghanaian female medical doctor to become a physician and the first Ghanaian woman in any field to be awarded an academic merit scholarship for university education abroad.[19][20][21]

Education and training

T. S. Clerk attended Basel Mission primary schools in Larteh Akuapem, the boys' boarding middle school, the Salem School at Osu and had his secondary education at Achimota School, as a member of one of the institution's earliest generations of students.[2][8] He also took draughtsmanship or technical drawing lessons at the then Achimota College Engineering School where he was taught by Charles Deakin.[22] At Achimota, Clerk's contemporaries included Kwame Nkrumah, Ghana's first president, R. P. Baffour, the first Vice-Chancellor of the Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology (KNUST) as well as Charles Odamtten Easmon, the first Ghanaian surgeon.[22]

Clerk secured a Gold Coast colonial scholarship for a diploma course in architecture at the Edinburgh College of Art, a constituent college of the University of Edinburgh where he attended from October 1938 to June 1943.[2][3] Records of his nomination for admission to the professional associations for architecture and town planning suggest that he also completed a diploma in town planning in 1944.[3] Theodore Clerk's nomination papers are housed at the Victoria and Albert Museum in London.[3]

During the Easter term of 1941, Clerk was in Manchester on a vacation scholarship and later that summer in 1941, he undertook measuring work for the Scottish branch of the National Buildings Record.[3] In the summer of 1942, he carried out a housing survey assignment for the Department of Health for Scotland.[3]

Theodore Clerk passed the intermediate examination in June 1941 and the final examination in June 1943, and was admitted as an associate (ARIBA) by the Royal Institute of British Architects on 1 October 1943, with Frank Charles Mears, Leslie Grahame Thomson and John Ross McKay listed as his proposers.[3] Furthermore, Clerk was also an Associate Member of the Royal Town Planning Institute (AMTPI).[3]

Career

In the summer of 1943, Clerk was awarded the Rutland Prize by the Royal Scottish Academy of Art and Architecture; an award which facilitated a critical study and tour of the Building Research Station in Garston and the Forest Products Research Lab in Princes Risborough, in addition to analysing the architecture, housing and town planning in London, Leeds, Liverpool and Coventry.[3]

He joined the [https://web.archive.org/web/20160716133309/http://tcpghana.gov.gh/ Town and Country Planning Department] in Accra, Gold Coast in 1946 and was later transferred to its Sekondi office from 1948 to 1953.[3][46] For a time, Clerk was the only Ghanaian architect in the country and later, one of three Ghanaian architects in the late 1950s.[22][48][49] He had been appointed the Chief Architect and Town Planner in the parastatal, Tema Development Corporation by 1954.[3][23] By 1960, he had led the design, urban planning and development of the post-independent port city of Tema, a project commissioned by Ghana's first president, Kwame Nkrumah.[2][3] In planning the first three Communities at Tema, Theodore Clerk led a team of English architects to design affordable, middle class, standard houses, with four out of every five houses reserved for industrial workers, especially, low-income dockworkers at the harbour, who were facing a housing shortage at the time.[24][25] The British architects who worked under Clerk were D. C. Robinson, D. Gillies-Reyburn, N. R. Holman, M. J. Hirst, W. D. Ferguson, C. Kossack, G. Rochford, D. B. Duck and H. G. Herbert.[24][25][26]

T. S. Clerk later became the first chief executive officer (CEO) of the Tema Development Corporation when an Act of Parliament, the Tema Development Corporation Act was passed in 1963, making the institution a publicly-owned corporate entity.[4][27] Theodore Clerk was also an external examiner at the Department of Architecture of the Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology (KNUST).[5]

Sometime in 1963, a group of about fifteen mostly British and American-trained Ghanaian architects came together to streamline the architectural practice, education and accreditation through a professional body, the Ghana Institute of Architects (GIA) as the successor of the pre-independence Gold Coast Society of Architects, a colonial social club for Gold Coast-based architects founded in August 1954.[5][6] These architects were T. S. Clerk, D.K. Dawson, J.S.K. Frimpong, P.N.K., Turkson, J. Owusu-Addo, O.T. Agyeman, A. K. Amartey, E.K. Asuako, W.S. Asamoah, M. Adu-Donkor, K.G. Kyei, C. Togobo, V. Adegbite, M. Adu Bedu and E. Kingsley Osei.[5][6][28] On Friday 11 December 1964 at 8:30 p.m., the inauguration of the body took place at the University of Ghana, Legon, where T. S. Clerk was elected the first president of the Ghana Institute of Architects, after which he gave his inaugural speech.[5][6][29] Theodore Clerk also authored the first constitution of the Ghana Institute of Architects.[29] T. S. Clerk had previously served as the president of the erstwhile Gold Coast Society of Architects during the British colonial era.[6] He was later reassigned to the Ghanaian presidency by Kwame Nkrumah, to be his presidential advisor.

Personal life

On 20 March 1948, Theodore Clerk married Paulina Quist, a midwife from Christiansborg, Accra, at the Ebenezer Presbyterian Church, Osu.[30] Quist was the daughter of Emmanuel Charles Quist (1880 – 1959), a barrister and judge who became the first African President of the Legislative Council from 1949 to 1951, Speaker of the National Assembly of the Gold Coast from 1951 to 1957, and Speaker of the National Assembly of Ghana from March 1957 to November 1957.[31] Clerk belonged to the District Grand Lodge of Ghana under the United Grand Lodge of England. T. S. Clerk was an organist and also served as a Presbyter and the Choir President of the Ebenezer Presbyterian Church, Osu.[32]

Death and legacy

Clerk died in 1965 of complications relating to stomach cancer.[7] T. S. Clerk's funeral service was held at the Ebenezer Presbyterian Church, Osu and his remains were buried at Accra's Osu Cemetery, previously known as [https://web.archive.org/web/20170330091209/https://findagrave.com/cgi-bin/fg.cgi?page=cr&CRid=2448697 Christiansborg Civil Cemetery]. The Ghanaian government named a street in Tema, T.S. Clerk Street, between Akojo School Park and Tweduaase Primary School at Site 6 of Community I, in his honour, in appreciation of his pioneering services to the development of Ghana.[4]

References

1. ^1 {{cite web|url=https://www.myheritage.com/person-1000060_58948112_58948112/theodore-shealtiel-clerk |title=Profile of THEODORE SHEALTIEL CLERK |website=MyHeritage.com |access-date=2017-04-06 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170407145232/https://www.myheritage.com/person-1000060_58948112_58948112/theodore-shealtiel-clerk |archivedate= 7 April 2017 |df= }}
2. ^1 2 3 4 5 {{Cite news |url=http://omgvoice.com/lifestyle/successful-ghanaians-achimota-school/ |title=22 Successful Ghanaians Who Went To Achimota School |last=Ofori-Mensah |work=OMGVoice |access-date=2017-04-06 |language=en |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170330084031/http://omgvoice.com/lifestyle/successful-ghanaians-achimota-school/ |archivedate=30 March 2017 |df=dmy-all }}
3. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 {{cite web|url=http://www.scottisharchitects.org.uk/architect_full.php?id=403511|title=Dictionary of Scottish Architects - DSA Architect Biography Report (April 6, 2017, 9:52 pm)|last=Goold|first=David|website=www.scottisharchitects.org.uk|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170407150018/http://www.scottisharchitects.org.uk/architect_full.php?id=403511|archivedate=7 April 2017|deadurl=no|access-date=2017-04-06|df=}}
4. ^1 2 {{cite web |url=http://tdctema.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=1&Itemid=3 |title=Background of TDC |last=Administrator |website=tdctema.org |language=en-gb |access-date=2017-04-06 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170407144915/http://tdctema.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=1&Itemid=3 |archivedate=7 April 2017 |df= }}
5. ^1 2 3 4 {{Cite news|url=http://www.graphic.com.gh/features/features/in-praise-of-pioneer-architects.html|title=Ghana news: In praise of pioneer architects - Graphic Online|last=Intsiful|first=Prof George W. K.|work=Graphic Online|access-date=2017-07-27|language=en-GB|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160813041747/http://www.graphic.com.gh/features/features/in-praise-of-pioneer-architects.html|archivedate=13 August 2016|df=dmy-all}}
6. ^1 2 3 4 {{Cite web|url=http://gia.org.gh/subcat_select.cfm?History&corpnews_catid=2&corpnews_scatid=2|title=History|website=gia.org.gh|language=en|access-date=2017-07-27}}{{dead link|date=February 2018 |bot=Kandymotownie |fix-attempted=yes }}
7. ^1 2 {{Cite book|title=The Settlement of West Indian Emigrants on the Gold Coast 1843-1943 - A Centenary Sketch|last=Clerk|first=N. T.|year=1943|isbn=|location=Accra|pages=}}
8. ^1 2 {{Cite book|title=Owura Nico, the Rev. Nicholas Timothy Clerk, 1862-1961: Pioneer and Church Leader|last=Debrunner|first=Hans W.|publisher=Waterville Publishing House|year=1965|isbn=|location=Accra|pages=}}
9. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.odadee.net/school#history |title=PRESEC {{!}} ALUMINI PORTAL |website=www.odadee.net |language=ru |access-date=2017-04-10 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170330174159/http://www.odadee.net/school |archivedate=30 March 2017 |df= }}
10. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.odadee75.org/downloads/70years.pdf |title=70 Years of excellent secondary education |date= |accessdate=2017-04-10 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110722010817/http://www.odadee75.org/downloads/70years.pdf |archivedate=22 July 2011 |df= }}
11. ^1 2 {{cite web|url=https://dacb.org/stories/ghana/clerk-nt/|title=Clerk, Nicholas Timothy, Ghana, Basel Mission|last=|first=|date=|website=www.dacb.org|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160328135331/http://dacb.org/stories/ghana/clerk_n.html|archivedate=28 March 2016|deadurl=no|access-date=2017-04-06|df=}}
12. ^{{Cite news|url=http://old.jamaica-gleaner.com/gleaner/20031007/mind/mind1.html|title=Ghanaian church built by Jamaicans|last=Antwi|first=Daniel J|date=October 7, 2003|work=Jamaican Gleaner|access-date=|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171121144858/http://old.jamaica-gleaner.com/gleaner/20031007/mind/mind1.html|archive-date=21 November 2017|dead-url=no|df=dmy-all}}
13. ^{{cite web |url=http://osusalem.org/pages/aboutus.php?parentpage=aboutus&page=history |title=Osu Salem |website=osusalem.org |access-date=2017-04-06 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170329141604/http://osusalem.org/pages/aboutus.php?parentpage=aboutus&page=history |archivedate=29 March 2017 |df= }}
14. ^1 {{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books/about/Encounters_in_Quest_of_Christian_Womanho.html?id=a5loknGzxTQC|title=Encounters in Quest of Christian Womanhood: The Basel Mission in Pre- and Early Colonial Ghana|last=Sill|first=Ulrike|date=2010|publisher=BRILL|isbn=978-9004188884|location=|pages=|language=en}}{{dead link|date=May 2017|bot=Kandymotownie|fix-attempted=yes}}
15. ^{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/?id=nL8DAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA47&lpg=PA47&dq=carl+henry+clerk#v=onepage&q=carl%20henry%20clerk&f=false |title=Jet |last=Company |first=Johnson Publishing |date=1954-08-26 |publisher=Johnson Publishing Company |language=en }}{{dead link|date=May 2017 |bot=Kandymotownie |fix-attempted=yes }}
16. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.myheritage.com/names/carl_clerk |title=Carl Clerk - Historical records and family trees - MyHeritage |website=www.myheritage.com |access-date=2017-04-06 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170406111341/https://www.myheritage.com/names/carl_clerk |archivedate= 6 April 2017 |df= }}
17. ^{{Cite news|url=|title=The Christian Messenger, Basel, 1883-1917.|last=|first=|date=|work=|access-date=|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=}}
18. ^{{Cite book|url=https://www.amazon.com/history-Christianity-Ghana-Hans-Debrunner/dp/B0006CO3YQ |title=A history of Christianity in Ghana |last=Debrunner |first=Hans W. |date=1967-01-01 |publisher=Waterville Pub. House |language=English |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130703222956/http://www.amazon.com/history-Christianity-Ghana-Hans-Debrunner/dp/B0006CO3YQ |archivedate= 3 July 2013 |df= }}
19. ^{{Cite book|title=Obituary: Dr. Matilda Johanna Clerk, MBChB, DTM&H|last=Clerk|first=Nicholas, T.|date=5 January 1985|publisher=Presbyterian Church of Ghana Funeral Bulletin|isbn=|location=Accra|pages=}}
20. ^{{Cite book|title=Physicians, Colonial Racism, and Diaspora in West Africa |last=Jr |first=Adell Patton |date=1996-04-13 |publisher=University Press of Florida |isbn=9780813014326 |edition=1st |location= |pages=29 |language=English |df= }}
21. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.h-net.org/reviews/showrev.php?id=1217 |title=Review of Patton, Adell Jr.., Physicians, Colonial Racism and Diaspora in West Africa |last=Joeden-Forgey |first=Elisa von |date=1997-08-01 |website=www.h-net.org |language=en |access-date=2017-04-06 |deadurl=no |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170330083947/http://www.h-net.org/reviews/showrev.php?id=1217 |archivedate=30 March 2017 |df= }}
22. ^1 2 {{Cite news|url=|title=Voice from afar|last=Asante|first=K. B.|date=2 February 2009|work=Daily Graphic|access-date=}}
23. ^{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/?id=UT-DBAAAQBAJ&pg=PT442&dq=Architect,+T.+S.+Clerk#v=onepage&q=Architect,%20T.%20S.%20Clerk&f=false|title=Architecture and the Welfare State|last=Swenarton|first=Mark|last2=Avermaete|first2=Tom|last3=Heuvel|first3=Dirk van den|date=2014-09-15|publisher=Routledge|isbn=9781317661894|language=en}}
24. ^1 2 {{Cite web|url=https://www.crimsonweb.org/spip.php?mot12|title=New Towns on the Cold War Frontier - CRIMSON architectural historians|website=www.crimsonweb.org|access-date=2019-04-06|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181231013345/http://www.crimsonweb.org/spip.php?mot12|archive-date=31 December 2018|dead-url=no|df=dmy-all}}
25. ^1 2 {{Cite journal|last=Provoost|first=Michelle|date=2006|title="Tema, Ghana"|url=https://www.academia.edu/36768173/NewTownPub_-e15-Tema_p316-383.pdf|journal=New Towns on the Cold War Frontier by Crimson Architectural Historians|language=en|volume=|pages=316-383|via=}}
26. ^{{Cite journal|last=Robinson|first=D. C.|date=1959|title=Development of the New Town of Tema, Ghana|url=|journal=Architectural Design|volume=4|pages=138-140|via=}}
27. ^{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-Kc-AQAAIAAJ|title=Memoranda on Acts of the Republic of Ghana|last=Justice|first=Ghana Ministry of|date=1964|publisher=Ministry of Justice|isbn=|location=|pages=155|language=en|access-date=20 July 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170720025732/https://books.google.com/books?id=-Kc-AQAAIAAJ|archive-date=20 July 2017|dead-url=no|df=dmy-all}}
28. ^{{Cite web|url=https://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/features/In-praise-of-pioneer-architects-461011|title=In praise of pioneer architects|website=www.ghanaweb.com|language=en|access-date=2018-10-15|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160808151844/http://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/features/In-praise-of-pioneer-architects-461011|archive-date=8 August 2016|dead-url=no|df=dmy-all}}
29. ^1 {{Cite web|url=http://thecolumnmag-then.blogspot.com/2010/03/history-of-gia-ghana-institute-of.html|title=The Architectural Column: History of the GIA (Ghana Institute of Architects)|last=Salih|first=Hassan|date=2010-03-31|website=The Architectural Column|access-date=2018-10-15|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171008073552/http://thecolumnmag-then.blogspot.com/2010/03/history-of-gia-ghana-institute-of.html|archive-date=8 October 2017|dead-url=no|df=dmy-all}}
30. ^1 {{Cite web|url=https://familysearch.org/search/collection/results?count=75&query=+surname:CLERK~&collection_id=1496208|title=FamilySearch.org|website=familysearch.org|language=en|access-date=2017-06-06|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170822012904/https://www.familysearch.org/search/collection/results?count=75&query=%20surname%3ACLERK~&collection_id=1496208|archivedate=22 August 2017|df=dmy-all}}
31. ^{{Cite web|url=https://janus.lib.cam.ac.uk/db/node.xsp?id=EAD/GBR/0115/Y3011R/26|title=Janus: Progress in the Colonies, 1940s-1950s|website=janus.lib.cam.ac.uk|access-date=2017-06-06|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170806062620/https://janus.lib.cam.ac.uk/db/node.xsp?id=EAD%2FGBR%2F0115%2FY3011R%2F26|archive-date=6 August 2017|dead-url=no|df=dmy-all}}
32. ^{{Cite web|url=http://www.osueben-ezer.com/groups#|title=Church Groups {{!}} OEPC|last=http://pragmaticmates.com|first=Pragmatic Mates s.r.o. -|website=www.osueben-ezer.com|access-date=2017-09-05|deadurl=no|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170905133609/http://www.osueben-ezer.com/groups|archivedate=5 September 2017|df=dmy-all}}
{{authority control}}{{DEFAULTSORT:Clerk, Theodore S.}}

14 : 1909 births|1965 deaths|Architects|Alumni of Achimota School|Alumni of the Edinburgh College of Art|Deaths from stomach cancer|Ga-Adangbe people|Ghanaian architects|Ghanaian people of Danish descent|Ghanaian people of German descent|Ghanaian people of Jamaican descent|Ghanaian Presbyterians|Ghanaian Protestants|People from Accra
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