| 词条 | Third Force (Iran) |
| 释义 |
| name = Third Force | leader = Khalil Maleki[1] | split = Tudeh Party {{small|(1948)}} Toilers Party {{small|(1952)}} | merged = Toilers Party {{small|(1951)}} League of Socialists {{small|(1960)}} | dissolved = 1960 | foundation = 1948 | ideology = Democratic socialism Iranian nationalism Titoism[1] Third-Worldism[2] Anti-communism[4] Anti-imperialism[5] | newspaper = ʿElm o Zendegi[3] | position = Third Position | national = National Front | country = Iran }}Third Force ({{lang-fa|نیروی سوم|Niru-ye sevvom}}) was a loosely organized[7] non-aligned political movement[3] in Iran which advocated an independent, socialist–nationalist philosophy of development. Though not a modern party, it maintained organization within activists and press.[7] It did not become an important party, however made an enormous impact on Iranian democracy struggle after 1953 Iranian coup d'état.[4] The group was established in 1948 as a breakaway split from communist Tudeh Party of Iran, when they rejected the party's Stalinism and pro-soviet oil concession stance in favor of democratic socialism and supporting nationalization of the Iran oil industry movement.[4] They backed National Front and in 1951, joined socialist Toilers Party of the Iranian Nation, led by Mozzafar Baghai. Third Force split from the party in October 1952, after they positioned against Government of Mosaddegh.[5] According to leader Khalil Maleki, the group functioned through two basic principles, being a "Third Force in general", meaning to pursue an independent path from Western and Eastern blocs; and a "Third Force in particular", i.e. application of the third way in local circumstances.[6] In 1960, it was merged into the League of Iranian Socialists of the National Movement of Iran.[7] References1. ^{{cite book |author=Houchang E. Chehabi|title=Iranian Politics and Religious Modernism: The Liberation Movement of Iran Under the Shah and Khomeini|publisher=I.B.Tauris|pages=115|date=1990|isbn=1850431981}} {{Iran defunct parties}}{{Iran-party-stub}}2. ^{{cite book|authors=Samih K. Farsoun, Mehrdad Mashayekhi|title=Iran: Political Culture in the Islamic Republic|publisher=Routledge|page=60|date=2005|isbn=9781134969470}} 3. ^1 2 {{cite encyclopedia|title =NADERPOUR, NADER|encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Iranica|date=October 9, 2012|url =http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/naderpour-nader|last1= Yavari|first1=Houra|editor-last=Yarshater|editor-first=Ehsan|editor-link=Ehsan Yarshater|access-date=October 19, 2016}} 4. ^1 2 {{cite book|title=The Iranian Political Language: From the Late Nineteenth Century to the Present|first=Yadullah|last=Shahibzadeh|publisher=Springer|year=2015|isbn=1137536837}} 5. ^1 {{cite book |last=Azimi |first=Fakhreddin |title=Quest for Democracy in Iran: A Century of Struggle Against Authoritarian Rule |publisher=Harvard University Press |year=2008 |page=131|isbn=0674027787}} 6. ^1 2 {{cite book|title=Social Movements in Twentieth-century Iran: Culture, Ideology, and Mobilizing Frameworks|first=Stephen|last=Poulson|publisher=Lexington Books|year=2006|isbn=0739117572|pages=156–157}} 7. ^{{cite book|author=Houchang E. Chehabi|title=Iranian Politics and Religious Modernism: The Liberation Movement of Iran Under the Shah and Khomeini|publisher=I.B.Tauris|pages=228|date=1990|isbn=1850431981}} 11 : 1948 establishments in Iran|1960 disestablishments in Iran|Anti-communist parties|Anti-imperialist organizations|Defunct nationalist parties|Defunct socialist parties in Iran|Iranian nationalism|National Front (Iran) affiliated parties|Political parties disestablished in 1960|Political parties established in 1948|Political parties in Pahlavi Iran (1941-1979) |
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