| 词条 | Thomes Creek |
| 释义 |
| name = Thomes Creek | name_native = | name_native_lang = | name_other = | name_etymology = | image = Thomes Creek.jpg | image_size = | image_caption = Thomes Creek near The Gorge | map = | map_size = 250 | map_caption = | pushpin_map = USA California | pushpin_map_size = 250 | pushpin_map_caption= Location of mouth of Thomes Creek in California | subdivision_type1 = Country | subdivision_name1 = United States | subdivision_type2 = State | subdivision_name2 = California | subdivision_type3 = | subdivision_name3 = | subdivision_type4 = | subdivision_name4 = | subdivision_type5 = | subdivision_name5 = | length = {{convert|62|mi|km|abbr=on}}[1] | width_min = | width_avg = | width_max = | depth_min = | depth_avg = | depth_max = | discharge1_location= Paskenta[1] | discharge1_min = {{convert|0|cuft/s|m3/s|abbr=on}} | discharge1_avg = {{convert|295.4|cuft/s|m3/s|abbr=on}}[2] | discharge1_max = {{convert|37800|cuft/s|m3/s|abbr=on}} | source1 = Kingsley Lake | source1_location = Mendocino National Forest, Tehama County | source1_coordinates= {{coord|40|02|00|N|122|56|30|W|display=inline}}[3] | source1_elevation = {{convert|6460|ft|abbr=on}} | mouth = Sacramento River | mouth_location = near Tehama, Tehama County | mouth_coordinates = {{coord|39|59|26|N|122|05|46|W|display=inline,title}}[3] | mouth_elevation = {{convert|184|ft|abbr=on}} | progression = | river_system = | basin_size = {{convert|300|sqmi|abbr=on}}[6] | tributaries_left = | tributaries_right = | custom_label = | custom_data = | extra = }}Thomes Creek is a major watercourse on the west side of the Sacramento Valley in Northern California. The creek originates in the Coast Ranges and flows east for about {{convert|62|mi|km}} to join the Sacramento River, at a point about {{convert|7|mi|km}} northeast of Corning in Tehama County.[3] Thomes Creek is a highly seasonal stream and drains a mostly rural watershed of some {{convert|300|mi2|km2}}.[6] There are no permanent dams on the creek, although there are some small diversions for agriculture and domestic water supply, and the overall water quality is considered good.[4] The upper {{convert|22|mi|km}} of Thomes Creek are rated Class IV–V+ ("very difficult") for whitewater kayaking and rafting.[5][6] Name originThomes Creek was named after Robert Hasty Thomes, a pioneer who arrived to the area in the 1840s.[7][8] Thomes' name has been frequently mispronounced and misspelled, resulting in many officially-recorded variant names such as "Thomas Creek", "Thoms Creek" and "Toms Creek".[3][8] GeographyThomes Creek begins at Kingsley Lake, a small pond at elevation {{convert|6460|ft|m}}[9] in the Mendocino National Forest. The lake is in a saddle between Solomon Peak, {{convert|7566|ft|m}}[10] and Sugarloaf Mountain, {{convert|7362|ft|m}}[11] near the Tehama-Trinity County line. The creek flows south through a deep valley for about {{convert|10|mi|km}} and turns east at the confluence with Willow Creek. It passes through the narrow Thomes Gorge, also known simply as "The Gorge", and emerges from the mountains near Paskenta. From there it flows east-northeast through the semi-arid foothills of the Coast Ranges past Henleyville, Richfield and Tehama to join the Sacramento River at river mile 226 (km 364).[12] The upper watershed is rugged, mountainous and highly prone to flooding and landslides. The highest point in the watershed is the summit of Mount Linn (South Yolla Bolly Mountain) at {{convert|8081|ft|m}} in the Yolla Bolly-Middle Eel Wilderness.[6] The lower part of the creek flows over a wide cobbled alluvial bed composed of coarse gravel and large boulders. Due to the seasonal nature of precipitation in this area, the lower part of Thomes Creek is often dry during the summer.[13] The watershed receives most of its precipitation in the form of rain, though snow falls frequently at elevations above {{convert|5000|ft|m}}. The average precipitation in the lowlands is {{convert|20|in|mm}}, while in the mountains it can be as high as {{convert|70|to|80|in|mm}}.[13] Water quality in Thomes Creek is considered good although it has been impacted by high rates of erosion, caused in part by the unstable sedimentary rock that makes up much of the Coast Ranges, but also from human activities such as ranching, logging, agriculture and mining.[14] DischargeA U.S. Geological Survey stream gage at Paskenta measured the discharge of Thomes Creek between October 1920 and September 1996. The average annual flow was {{convert|295.4|cuft/s|m3/s}}, with a monthly average ranging from {{convert|706|cuft/s|m3/s}} in February to {{convert|5.1|cuft/s|m3/s}} in October.[1] The highest recorded flow was {{convert|37800|cuft/s|m3/s}} on December 22, 1964 during the Christmas flood of 1964.[15] EcologyThe creek provides habitat for as many as 22 fish species according to a 1982 study, including Sacramento pikeminnow, Sacramento sucker, hardhead, California roach and speckled dace. The creek is host to significant runs of steelhead trout, as well as resident populations of rainbow trout (landlocked steelhead) above the waterfalls in the Gorge which form partial barriers to fish passage.[16] The creek is also home to spring-run chinook salmon.[17] See also
References1. ^1 {{cite web|url=http://nwis.waterdata.usgs.gov/nwis/monthly/?referred_module=sw&site_no=11382000&por_11382000_10296=2209323,00060,10296,1920-10,1996-09&format=html_table&date_format=YYYY-MM-DD&rdb_compression=file&submitted_form=parameter_selection_list|title=USGS Gage #11382000 on Thomes Creek at Paskenta, CA: Monthly Statistics|publisher=U.S. Geological Survey|work=National Water Information System|date=1920–1996|accessdate=2016-10-11}} 2. ^{{cite web|url=http://nwis.waterdata.usgs.gov/nwis/monthly/?referred_module=sw&site_no=11382000&por_11382000_10296=2209323,00060,10296,1920-10,1996-09&format=html_table&date_format=YYYY-MM-DD&rdb_compression=file&submitted_form=parameter_selection_list|title=USGS Gage #11382000 on Thomes Creek at Paskenta, CA: Monthly Statistics|publisher=U.S. Geological Survey|work=National Water Information System|date=1920–1996|accessdate=2016-10-11}} 3. ^1 2 3 4 {{cite gnis|id=255137|name=Thomes Creek|entrydate=1981-01-19|accessdate=2016-10-11}} 4. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.sacriver.org/aboutwatershed/roadmap/watersheds/westside/tehama-west-watershed|title=Tehama West Watershed|publisher=Sacramento River Watershed Program|date=|accessdate=2016-10-11}} 5. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.riverfacts.com/rivers/10627.html|title=California whitewater, Thomes Creek|publisher=riverfacts.com|date=|accessdate=2016-10-11}} 6. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.americanwhitewater.org/content/River/detail/id/312/|title=Thomes Creek, California, US (Above Paskenta)|publisher=American Whitewater|date=2002-02-10|accessdate=2016-10-11}} 7. ^{{cite book|last=Bancroft|first=Hubert Howe|title=History of California. 1884-90|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0xh1AAAAMAAJ&pg=PA746|year=1886|publisher=History Company|page=746}} 8. ^1 {{cite web | url=http://www.tehamaschools.org/files/TC%20Place%20Names.pdf | title=Place Names | publisher=Tehama County Department of Education | accessdate=25 March 2018 | pages=55 | deadurl=bot: unknown | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170508070312/http://www.tehamaschools.org/files/TC%20Place%20Names.pdf | archivedate=8 May 2017 | df= }} 9. ^{{cite gnis|id=226612|name=Kingsley Lake|entrydate=1981-01-19|accessdate=2016-10-11}} 10. ^{{cite gnis|id=234875|name=Solomon Peak|entrydate=1981-01-19|accessdate=2016-10-11}} 11. ^{{cite gnis|id=235669|name=Sugarloaf Mountain|entrydate=1981-01-19|accessdate=2016-10-11}} 12. ^{{cite map|publisher=ACME Mapper|title=USGS Topo Maps for United States|year=|cartography=United States Geological Survey|accessdate=2016-10-11|url=http://mapper.acme.com/}} 13. ^1 2 3 4 {{cite web|url=http://csuchico-dspace.calstate.edu/bitstream/handle/10211.3/123013/4%2017%202014%20Amanda%20Gauthier.pdf?sequence=1|title=Chronic Landsliding in the Thomes Creek Watershed, Tehama County, California|author=Gauthier, Amanda J.|publisher=California State University Chico|year=2014|accessdate=2016-10-11}} 14. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.waterboards.ca.gov/centralvalley/water_issues/watershed_management/04sacr.pdf|title=State of the Watershed Report for Sacramento River Watershed|publisher=California State Water Resources Control Board|date=2003-07-01|accessdate=2016-10-11}} 15. ^{{cite web|url=http://nwis.waterdata.usgs.gov/nwis/peak?site_no=11382000&agency_cd=USGS&format=html|title=USGS Gage #11382000 on Thomes Creek at Paskenta, CA: Peak Streamflow|publisher=U.S. Geological Survey|work=National Water Information System|date=1920–1996|accessdate=2016-10-11}} 16. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.tehamacountyrcd.org/library/publications/twwa/TWWA_16_Sec_10_Fisheries.pdf|title=Fisheries and Aquatic Resources|work=Tehama West Watershed Assessment|publisher=Tehama County Resources Conservation District|date=April 2006|accessdate=2016-10-11}} 17. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.westcoast.fisheries.noaa.gov/publications/recovery_planning/salmon_steelhead/domains/california_central_valley/final_recovery_plan_07-11-2014.pdf|title=Recovery Plan for the Evolutionary Significant Units of Sacramento River Winter-Run Chinook Salmon and Central Valley Spring-Run Chinook Salmon and the Distinct Population Segment of California Central Valley Steelhead|publisher=National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration|date=July 2014|accessdate=2016-10-11}} 2 : Rivers of Tehama County, California|Tributaries of the Sacramento River |
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