| 词条 | Thunder River (Tapeats Creek tributary) |
| 释义 |
| name = Thunder River | name_native = | name_native_lang = | name_other = | etymology = | image = Thunder River.jpg | image_size = 300 | image_caption = Thunder River in the Grand Canyon National Park | image_alt = | map = | map_size = | map_caption = | map_alt = | pushpin_map = Arizona | pushpin_map_caption= Location of the mouth of Thunder River in Arizona | pushpin_map_size = 300 | subdivision_type1 = Country | subdivision_name1 = United States | subdivision_type2 = State | subdivision_name2 = Arizona | subdivision_type3 = County | subdivision_name3 = Coconino | subdivision_type4 = | subdivision_name4 = | subdivision_type5 = | subdivision_name5 = | source1 = Thunder Springs{{r|GNIS}} | source1_location = Grand Canyon (North Rim) | source1_coordinates= {{coord|36.3958|-112.4578|display=inline|region:US-AZ_type:river}} | source1_elevation = | mouth = Tapeats Creek{{r|GNIS}} | mouth_location = Grand Canyon | mouth_coordinates = {{coord|36.3919|-112.4513|display=inline,title|region:US-AZ_type:river}} | mouth_elevation = {{convert|2549|ft}} | progression = | river_system = | basin_size = | basin_landmarks = | basin_population = | tributaries_left = | tributaries_right = | waterbodies = | waterfalls = | bridges = | ports = | length = | width_min = | width_avg = | width_max = | depth_min = | depth_avg = | depth_max = | discharge1_location= | discharge1_min = | discharge1_avg = | discharge1_max = | custom_label = | custom_data = | extra = }} Thunder River is a river entirely within the Grand Canyon National Park. It flows southeast from its source near the North Rim of the canyon to Tapeats Creek. The {{convert|0.5|mi|km|adj=mid|-long}} river is one of the shortest in the United States,{{efn|Some sources claim it is the shortest river in the world.{{r|gcnp}}}} and drops approximately {{convert|1200|ft}} over a series of waterfalls, making it the steepest river in the country.{{r|AHW|BP1}}{{efn|The entire system of Thunder River and Tapeats Creek has sometimes been called Thunder River.{{r|APN}}}} It is also a rare instance where a river is a tributary of a creek.{{r|AHW}} HistoryWhile Tapeats Creek was named by the second Powell Expedition in the winter of 1871–1872, the expedition did not discover Thunder River; European-American discovery of the river did not occur until 1904.{{r|LE}} The river can be reached by Thunder River Trail from the North Rim, which is only accessible from mid-May to late October. The upper portions of the trail were originally built in 1876 when rumors of placer gold led speculators to need a way into the area.{{r|tgc}} Further trail work was performed beginning in 1925 under the US Forest Service and continued under the National Park Service with the final sections to Tapeats Creek completed in 1939.{{r|asu}} SourceThe creek is fed from Thunder Spring, the second-largest spring on the North Rim. Water emerges from the Muav Limestone in a deep cave system at approximately {{convert|54|F}}. Since the spring flows year round, the river is a perennial river.{{r|AHW|GCB}} In 1970, the spring was estimated to discharge {{convert|21000000|USgal|abbr=on|spell=in}} of water per day into the river.{{r|mst}} EnvironmentCommon trees near the spring include Fremont's cottonwoods and white sumac. Along the river are willows, seepwillows, other shrubs, crimson monkeyflower, maidenhair fern and other riparian fauna. Common aquatic invertebrate found in the creek include stoneflies and caddisflies.{{r|AHW}} See also{{portal|Arizona}}
Notes{{notes}}References1. ^{{cite web|title=Thunder Springs and Thunder River, Grand Canyon National Park, Arizona|url=http://www.azheritagewaters.nau.edu/loc_thunder.html|website=azheritagewaters|publisher=Northern Arizona University|accessdate=29 April 2017}} [1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9]2. ^{{cite journal|last1=MacDonald|first1=Douglas|title=Hike to the Grand Canyon's North Rim Waterfalls|journal=Backpacker|date=Feb 2007|volume=35|issue=246|page=31|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Hj4EIfLmdwoC|accessdate=29 April 2017}} 3. ^{{cite web|last1=Watkins|first1=Conor|last2=Rogers|first2=J. David|title=Landsliding And Channel Blockages In Tapeats Creek|url=http://web.mst.edu/~rogersda/cp_megalandslides/tapeats_creek.htm|website=mst.edu|publisher=Missouri University of Science and Technology|accessdate=30 April 2017}} 4. ^{{cite book|last1=Brown|first1=Bryan T.|last2=Carothers|first2=Steven W.|last3=Johnson|first3=R. Roy|title=Grand Canyon Birds, Historical Notes, Natural History, and Ecology|date=1987|publisher=The University of Arizona Press|location=Tucson|isbn=0816509301|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MX4aJD4tdZAC|accessdate=30 April 2017}} 5. ^{{cite book|last1=Granger|first1=Byrd H.|title=Grand Canyon Place Names|date=1976|publisher=The University of Arizona Press|location=Tucson|isbn=9780816505388|page=23|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=P7R0CgAAQBAJ|accessdate=30 April 2017}} 6. ^{{cite book|title=Grand Canyon National Park|date=2008|publisher=Fodor's Travel|isbn=9781400007479|page=79|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QbA9m56PCkwC|accessdate=1 May 2017}} 7. ^{{cite book|last1=Anderson|first1=Michael F.|title=Living at the Edge: Explorers, Exploiters, and Settlers of the Grand Canyon Region|date=1998|publisher=Grand Canyon Association|isbn=9780938216551|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0eERAQAAIAAJ&|accessdate=1 May 2017}} 8. ^{{cite book|last1=Roos|first1=Constance|title=The Grand Canyon: with Bryce and Zion Canyons in America's South West|date=2012|publisher=Cicerone Press Limited|isbn=9781849656580|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HqJYYH4vdw0C}} 9. ^{{cite web|title=Thunder River Trail|url=http://grandcanyonhistory.clas.asu.edu/sites_rimtoriverandinnercanyon_thunderrivertrail.html|website=asu.edu|accessdate=30 April 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170404003101/http://grandcanyonhistory.clas.asu.edu/sites_rimtoriverandinnercanyon_thunderrivertrail.html|archive-date=2017-04-04|dead-url=yes|df=}} }}{{Rivers and streams of Arizona}}{{Colorado River system}} 4 : Rivers of Arizona|Tributaries of the Colorado River in Arizona|Rivers of Coconino County, Arizona|Grand Canyon, North Rim |
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