请输入您要查询的百科知识：

　

词条 Timeline of healthcare in Japan
释义

  1. Big picture

  2. Full timeline

  3. See also

  4. References

This is a timeline of healthcare in Japan. Major events such as crises, policies and organizations are included, especially those focusing on modern healthcare.

Big picture

Year/period Key developments
6th-7th CenturiesKampō medicine, which is the study of Chinese medicine, is introduced in Japan through Korea. Based on this study, the Japanese create their own unique system of diagnosis and therapy.[1]
1200-1603Medicine in Japan becomes more practical. Most of the physicians are Buddhist monks who continue to use the formulas, theories and practices that had been introduced from Tang China. Japanese physicians begin to achieve a more independent view on Chinese medicine.[2]
1603-1868 Edo period. Rangaku, literally "Dutch learning" is developed in Japan through its contacts with the Dutch colonists as they are the only European foreigners tolerated in Japan. Books and medical sciences are obtained from the Dutch, and then analyzed and translated into Japanese. Great debates occur between the proponents of traditional Chinese medicine and those of the new Western learning.[3]
1853-1922Meiji Restoration. Japan opens to Western influence. Several Western hospitals start to be founded. Traditional medicine enters a period of rapid decline.[2]
1922-onwardWith a pertaining law, modern health care system develops initially emulating the German system. Health insurance is established as mandatory.[5]
1950-1990Japanese economic miracle era. Life expectancy rises rapidly as mortality rates due to communicable diseases plummet, followed by a large reduction in stroke mortality rates.[4]
1990–presentJapan achieves the highest life expectancy of any country in the world. Also, child mortality falls among the lowest levels at a global scale. Actual issues of its healthcare system are the growing senior population that has impact on government spending, and high rates of suicide among the Japanese.[5][6]

Full timeline

Year/period Type of Event Event Location
912–995DevelopmentIshinpō, the oldest surviving Japanese medical text is written by Tamba Yasuyori.[8]
1556DevelopmentThe first western hospital in Japan is established in Ōita by the Jesuit missionary Luis de Almeida[9]Ōita
1804DevelopmentThe first operation performed under general anesthesia by a Japanese physician, Hanaoka Seishu, using a datura.[10]
1820sDevelopmentJapanese ranpô medical practitioners translate Dutch medical texts, also integrating their readings with clinical diagnoses.[11]
1871Discovery/infectionThe first case of Japanese encephalitis viral disease (JE) is documented in Japan.[12]
1872Organization (public medical school)Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine is established.[13][14]Kyoto
1874Organization (hospital)Juzen Hospital is founded into what will later become Yokohama City University Hospital.[15][16]Yokohama
1889Organization (hospital)Koyama Fukusei Hospital is founded.[17]Gotemba, Shizuoka
1891Organization (hospital)St. Luke's International Hospital is founded as a medical mission facility by the Episcopal Church in the United States. The hospital is now one of central Tokyo's largest and most comprehensive medical care facilities.[18]Tokyo
1891Organization (private medical school)Kitasato Shibasaburō (disciple of Robert Koch), founds the first Institute of Infectious Diseases, thus introducing the study of bacteriology in Japan.[19]Tokyo
1901Organization (private medical school)Iwate Medical University is established.[20][21]Morioka, Iwate
1905DevelopmentNational health insurance emerges in Japan as the result of a gradual process when the Kamegafuchi Textile Company starts providing limited benefits for its employees. In the following decades, more and more corporations begin offering benefits through mutual aid societies.[22]
1909Organization (hospital)Oku-Komyo-En Sanatorium is founded for treating leprosy.[23]Setouchi, Okayama
1909Organization (hospital)Kikuchi Keifuen Sanatorium is established as a sanatorium for leprosy patients or ex-leprosy patients.[24]Koshi, Kumamoto
1913Organization (hospital)Kizawa Memorial Hospital is founded.[25][26]Gifu
1918Organization (hospital)Tokyo Medical University (TMU) is founded with the then status of Tokyo Isen. TMU is one of the old medical schools of Japan’s Taishō period. The school will not receive university status until 1946.[27]Tokyo
1922PolicyFirst health insurance law enacted. Inspired by the German system established by Chancellor Bismarck in 1883.[22]
1927PolicyThe first Employee Health Insurance plan is created following the implementation of the 1922 law. Aimed at industrial employees and miners, but excluding the self-employed and employees in companies with fewer than five.[22][28]
1927Organization (private medical school)Osaka Higher School of Medicine is established.[29][30]Takatsuki, Osaka
1928Organization (public medical school)Tokyo Medical and Dental University is established.[31]Bunkyō, Tokyo
1928Organization (private medical school)Showa Medical School is established.[32][33]Tokyo
1930Organization (hospital)Nagashima Aiseien Sanatorium is founded for the treatment of leprosy.[34][35]Setouchi, Okayama
1931Organization (hospital)Miyako Nanseien Sanatorium is founded.[36]Miyakojima, Okinawa
1932Organization (hospital)date=December 2018}}Kusatsu, Gunma
1933Organization (hospital)Shima Hospital is founded (destroyed during the atomic bomb explosion).[37]Hiroshima
1938PolicyHealth insurance is extended to farmers, fishermen, foresters and other groups not covered by the 1922 law.[22]
1938Organization (hospital)Okinawa Airakuen Sanatorium is founded for leprosy patients.[38]Nago, Okinawa
1943Organization (hospital)Amami Wakoen Sanatorium is founded for treating for leprosy or ex-leprosy patients.[39]Amami, Kagoshima
1944Organization (public medical school)Fukushima Woman's Medical School is established.[40][41]Fukushima, Fukushima
1945Organization (hospital)Suruga Sanatorium is founded for treating leprosy.[42][43]Gotenba, Shizuoka
1945Organization (public medical school)Nara Medical School is founded.[44]Kashihara, Nara
1947Organization (private medical school)Osaka Women’s Medical College is established. In 1954, it is renamed Kansai Medical University.[45][46]Moriguchi, Osaka
1948Organization (public medical school)Wakayama Medical University is established.[47][48]Wakayama, Wakayama
1949Program launchSeveral volunteer organizations are formed to combat parasitic worms. Biannual school-based mass screening and treatment are implemented.[54]
1950Organization (public medical school)Sapporo Medical University is founded.[49][50]Sapporo
1952Organization (hospital)NTT Medical Center Tokyo is founded.[51]Shinagawa, Tokyo
1955Program launchThe Japan Association of Parasite Control (JAPC) is formed, aimed especially at targeting Ascaris lumbricoides infection.[52]
1957Organization (research institute)National Institute of Radiological Sciences founded.[53][54]Inage-ku (Chiba)
1958Policythe 1938 law is revised to include the remaining 30 percent of the population not previously covered.[22]
1961Policy/achievementJapan achieves universal health insurance coverage and almost everyone becomes insured.[22][55]
1964Organization (private medical school)date=January 2017}}Toyoake, Aichi
1967PolicyThe Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare approves four Kampō medicines for reimbursement under the National Health Insurance (NHI) program.[56]
1970Organization (private medical school)Kawasaki Medical School is established.[57][58]Kurashiki, Japan
1970Organization (hospital)Kanagawa Children's Medical Center founded.[59]Yokohama
1971Organization (private medical school)St. Marianna University School of Medicine is founded.[60]Miyamae-ku, Kawasaki
1971Organization (private medical school)Aichi Medical University is founded.[61]Nagakute, Aichi
1971Organization (hospital)Fujisawa City Hospital founded.[62]Fujisawa
1972Organization (private medical school)Saitama Medical University is established.[63][64]Moroyama, Saitama
1972Organization (private medical school)Jichi Medical University is established.[65][66]Shimotsuke, Tochigi
1972Organization (private medical school)Hyogo College of Medicine is established.[67][68]Nishinomiya, Hyōgo
1972Organization (private medical school)Kanazawa Medical University is established.[69][70]Uchinada, Ishikawa
1973Organization (public medical school)Asahikawa Medical University is established.Asahikawa, Hokkaido
1973Organization (public medical school)National Defense Medical College is founded.[71][72]Tokorozawa, Saitama
1974Organization (public medical school)Shiga University of Medical Science is founded.[73][74]Ōtsu, Shiga
1974Organization (public medical school)Hamamatsu University School of Medicine is founded.[75]Hamamatsu
1973PolicyCatastrophic Coverage Act is enacted. Once a patient's monthly copayment reaches a cap, no further copayment is required.[76]
1976Policy82 kampo medicines are approved by the Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare. This number increases to 148 Kampo formulation extracts, 241 crude drugs, and 5 crude drug preparations.[56]
1978Organization (private medical school)University of Occupational and Environmental Health Japan is founded.[77][78]Kitakyushu City
1983PolicyHealth and Medical Service Law for the Aged enacted. All elderly persons are covered by government-sponsored insurance.[22][79]
1986Organization (research center-hospital)Kanagawa Cancer Center is founded.[80]Kanagawa
2000StudyNationwide study reports that 72% of registered physicians prescribe Kampō medicines.[81]
2005Organization (hospital)National Hospital Organization Nagara Medical Center founded.[82]Gifu
2009ReportJohn Creighton Campbell, professor at the University of Michigan and Tokyo University, tells the New York Times that Japanese people are "the healthiest" group on the planet.[83]
2009AchievementPeople in Japan reaches the longest life expectancy at birth of any country in the world at 83 years (male 79.6 years, female 86.4 years).[84]
2011Policy The Government of Japan begins issuing six-month medical visas to allow visitors that much time to receive medical treatment in Japan. The government also plans to set up a special office that will promote medical tourism.[10]
2011Study A study of 13 industrialized countries (Australia, United Kingdom, Canada, Denmark, France, Germany, Japan, the Netherlands, New Zealand, Norway, Sweden, Switzerland and United States) released shows Japan spending the least on health care.[10]
2011Organization (hospital)Nagoya City West Medical Center is founded.[85]Kita-ku, Nagoya
2011Crisis Medical records at many hospitals along the Tohoku coast are lost in the tsunami.[10]
2014ReportStatistics show for the first time that suicide is the most common cause of death among those aged 10 to 19.[86][87]
2014AchievementJapan reaches the lowest rate of heart disease in the OECD, and the lowest level of dementia in the developed world.[88]

See also

  • Health care system in Japan
  • Health in Japan
  • Timeline of healthcare in China
  • Timeline of healthcare in India
  • Timeline of global health

References

1. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.itmonline.org/arts/kampo.htm |title=Kampo Medicine: The Practice of Chinese Herbal Medicine in Japan |first=Subhuti |last=Dharmananda |publisher=Institute for Traditional Medicine |accessdate=December 12, 2010}}
2. ^1 {{cite journal |author1=Y. Motoo |author2=T. Seki |author3=K. Tsutani| title=Traditional Japanese medicine, Kampo: its history and current status |publisher=Chinese Journal of Integrative Medicine |date=February 2011 |volume=17 |issue=2 |pages=85–87 |doi=10.1007/s11655-011-0653-y |pmid=21390572}}
3. ^W Michel, Medicine and Allied Sciences in the Cultural Exchange between Japan and Europe in the Seventeenth Century. In: Hans Dieter Ölschleger (Hrsg.): Theories and Methods in Japanese Studies. Current State & Future Developments. Papers in Honor of Josef Kreiner. Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht Unipress, Göttingen 2007, {{ISBN|978-3-89971-355-8}}, S. 285–302 pdf.
4. ^{{cite journal|last=Ikeda|first=Nayu|title=What has made the population of Japan healthy?|journal=The Lancet|date=17 September 2011|volume=378|pages=1094–105|pmid=21885105|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(11)61055-6|issue=9796}}
5. ^{{cite news|last1=Faiola|first1=Anthony|title=The Face of Poverty Ages In Rapidly Graying Japan|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2006/07/27/AR2006072701856.html|accessdate=21 February 2016|work=The Washington Post|date=28 July 2006}}
6. ^{{Cite news|url=https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9F00E1DB173FF936A25754C0A96F958260&sec=health&spon=&scp=29&sq=suicide%20japan&st=cse|title=In Japan, Mired in Recession, Suicides Soar|last=Strom|first=Stephanie|date=15 July 1999|newspaper=The New York Times|accessdate=2008-09-20}}
7. ^{{cite web|title=Life Expectancy|url=https://ourworldindata.org/life-expectancy/|accessdate=2 January 2017}}
8. ^{{cite web |title=Prescriptions from the Heart of Medicine (Ishinpō) |url=http://www.emuseum.jp/detail/100173?x=&y=&s=&d_lang=en&s_lang=ja&word=%E5%8C%BB%E5%BF%83%E6%96%B9&class=&title=&c_e=®ion=&era=&cptype=&owner=&pos=1&num=1&mode=simple¢ury= |publisher=National Institutes for Cultural Heritage |accessdate=August 25, 2014}}
9. ^{{cite book|last = Boxer| first = C. R. | authorlink=C. R. Boxer|title=The Christian Century in Japan: 1549–1650|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2R4DA2lip9gC|year=1951|publisher=University of California Press|id=GGKEY:BPN6N93KBJ7|page=203}}
10. ^1 2 3 {{cite web|url=http://factsanddetails.com/japan/cat23/sub151/item839.html|title=HEALTH CARE IN JAPAN: HISTORY, DOCTORS AND HEALTH INSURANCE}}
11. ^Ann Jannetta, The Vaccinators: Smallpox, Medical Knowledge and the "Opening" of Japan (2007)
12. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs386/en/|title=Japanese encephalitis}}
13. ^{{cite web|title=History of the University|url=http://www.kpu-m.ac.jp/doc/english/overview/history/4.html|website=kpu-m.ac.jp|accessdate=30 December 2016}}
14. ^{{cite web|title=Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine (KPUM)|url=https://www.natureindex.com/institution-outputs/japan/kyoto-prefectural-university-of-medicine-kpum/513906bb34d6b65e6a0001b5|website=natureindex.com|accessdate=30 December 2016}}
15. ^{{cite web|title=Growing with the International City of Yokohama|url=http://www.yokohama-cu.ac.jp/eng/ycu/outline/history_ycu.html|website=yokohama-cu.ac.jp|accessdate=31 December 2016}}
16. ^{{cite web|title=Yokohama City University|url=http://sv2.jice.org/afghanistan_peace/application/pdf/a_Yokohama_Ichiritsu.pdf|website=jice.org|accessdate=31 December 2016}}
17. ^{{cite web|title=Camp Zama community members visit hospital in Japan's Gotemba City|url=https://www.army.mil/article/70822/Camp_Zama_community_members_visit_hospital_in_Japan_s_Gotemba_City|website=army.mil|accessdate=30 December 2016}}
18. ^{{cite book|last1=Hobart|first1=Margaret|title=Institutions Connected with the Japan Mission of the American Church|date=1912|publisher=The Domestic and Foreign Missionary Society|location=New York|url=http://anglicanhistory.org/asia/jp/hobart1912/|accessdate=30 December 2016}}
19. ^{{cite web|title=Shibasaburo Kitasato y Alexandre Yersin|url=http://timerime.com/es/evento/2509900/Shibasaburo+Kitasato+y+Alexandre+Yersin/|website=timerime.com|accessdate=1 January 2017}}
20. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.iwate-med.ac.jp/en/about-iwate-medical-university/history/|title=Iwate Medical University|author=|date=|accessdate=1 January 2016}}
21. ^{{cite web|title=Iwate Medical University|url=https://www.researchgate.net/institution/Iwate_Medical_University|website=researchgate.net|accessdate=30 December 2016}}
22. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 7 {{cite web|url=https://www.nyu.edu/projects/rodwin/lessons.html|title=History of healthcare in Japan}}
23. ^{{cite web|title=National Sanatorium Oku-Komyoen|url=http://www.nhds.go.jp/~komyo/sanatorium/history/index_english.html|website=nhds.go.jp|accessdate=30 December 2016}}
24. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.nhds.go.jp/~keifuen/english/history.html|title=Kikuchi Keifuen Sanatorium|author=|website=nhds.go.jps|date=|accessdate=31 December 2016}}
25. ^{{cite web|url=http://kizawa-memorial-hospital.jp/oshirase/news/2012/1210/121029-2.html|title=kizawa memorial|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402142941/http://kizawa-memorial-hospital.jp/oshirase/news/2012/1210/121029-2.html|archivedate=2015-04-02|df=}}
26. ^{{cite web|title=Kizawa Memorial Hospital|url=https://www.strol.com/places/details/3en45624034?mapid=112|website=strol.com|accessdate=30 December 2016}}
27. ^{{cite web|url=http://hospinfo.tokyo-med.ac.jp/english/index.html|title=Tokyo Medical University|author=|date=|accessdate=8 August 2016}}
28. ^Kōdansha 1993, p. 338.
29. ^{{cite web|title=Osaka Medical College|url=https://www.osaka-med.ac.jp/Global/information_about_omc/college.htm|website=osaka-med.ac.jp|accessdate=30 December 2016}}
30. ^{{cite journal|last1=Kuroki|first1=Hiroshi|title=Efficacy of the Osaka Medical College (OMC) brace in the treatment of adolescent idiopathic scoliosis following Scoliosis Research Society brace studies criteria|doi=10.1186/s13013-015-0036-9|url=https://scoliosisjournal.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13013-015-0036-9|accessdate=30 December 2016}}
31. ^{{cite web|title=Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU)|url=https://www.timeshighereducation.com/world-university-rankings/tokyo-medical-and-dental-university|website=timeshighereducation.com|accessdate=30 December 2016}}
32. ^{{cite web|title=THE HISTORY OF SHOWA UNIVERSITY|url=http://www.showa-u.ac.jp/en/about_us/history.html|website=showa-u.ac.jp|accessdate=30 December 2016}}
33. ^{{cite web|title=Showa University|url=https://www.timeshighereducation.com/world-university-rankings/showa-university|website=timeshighereducation.com|accessdate=30 December 2016}}
34. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.hansen-okayama.jp/topics/pdf/kousou_aiseien.pdf|title=Nagashima Aiseien Sanatorium|author=|date=|accessdate=8 August 2016}}
35. ^{{cite book|last1=McVeigh|first1=Brian J.|title=The History of Japanese Psychology: Global Perspectives, 1875-1950|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=O1OjDQAAQBAJ&pg=PT242&lpg=PT242&dq=Nagashima+Aiseien+Sanatorium&source=bl&ots=1Y0LjiyPnJ&sig=RV5gMVcSq1Bpyrnztent9xobxd0&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiExL77x5zRAhWIjJAKHW4_CSU4ChDoAQgtMAY#v=onepage&q=Nagashima%20Aiseien%20Sanatorium&f=false|accessdate=30 December 2016}}
36. ^{{cite web|title=Miyako Nanseien Sanatorium|url=http://latitude.to/articles-by-country/jp/japan/296507/miyako-nanseien-sanatorium|website=latitude.to|accessdate=30 December 2016}}
37. ^{{cite web|title=Hypocenter / Shima Hospital|url=http://www.hiroshima-navi.or.jp/en/sightseeing/hibaku_ireihi/tatemono/42884.php|website=hiroshima-navi.or.jp|accessdate=30 December 2016}}
38. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.ljubljuknigi.ru/store/ru/book/okinawa-airakuen-sanatorium/isbn/978-613-2-41345-1|title=Okinawa Airakuen Sanatorium|author=|date=|accessdate=2 January 2017}}
39. ^{{cite web|title=Amami Wakoen Sanatorium|url=http://www.tophealthclinics.com/clinic/113512612031368/Amami+Wakoen+Sanatorium|website=tophealthclinics.com|accessdate=30 December 2016}}
40. ^{{cite web|title=Chronology|url=http://www.fmu.ac.jp/univ/en/about/history.html|website=fmu.ac.jp|accessdate=30 December 2016}}
41. ^{{cite web|title=Japan pioneers new electronic stethoscope|url=http://www.intellectualcapitals.com/japanese-tech-and-academia/|website=intellectualcapitals.com|accessdate=30 December 2016}}
42. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.idealeprosydignity.org/newsletter/Vol-14-1/Vol-14-1-LeprosyHeritage.pdf|title=Suruga Sanatorium|author=|date=|accessdate=8 August 2016}}
43. ^{{cite web|title=Fuji, Japan - List of Hospital(s)|url=http://placebeam.com/?l=35.16&g=138.68&type=m&title=Fuji%2C%20Japan&tc=w_hospital|website=placebeam.com|accessdate=30 December 2016}}
44. ^{{cite web|title=History|url=http://www.naramed-u.ac.jp/university/english/university-outline/history.html#history1|website=naramed-u.ac.jp|accessdate=30 December 2016}}
45. ^{{cite web|title=History|url=http://www.kmu.ac.jp/en/corporaion/history.html|website=kmu.ac.jp|accessdate=30 December 2016}}
46. ^{{cite web|title=Kansai Medical University|url=http://www.4icu.org/reviews/2611.htm|website=4icu.org|publisher=4icu.org|accessdate=30 December 2016}}
47. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.wakayama-med.ac.jp/english/|title=Wakayama Medical University|author=|date=|accessdate=8 August 2016}}
48. ^{{cite web|title=Wakayama Medical University Wakayama Medical University|url=http://www.4icu.org/reviews/8138.htm|publisher=University Web Rankings & Reviews|accessdate=30 December 2016}}
49. ^{{cite web|url=http://web.sapmed.ac.jp/e/|title=Sapporo Medical University|author=|date=|accessdate=8 August 2016}}
50. ^{{cite web|title=Sapporo Medical University Sapporo Medical University|url=http://www.4icu.org/reviews/2837.htm|publisher=University Web Rankings & Reviews|accessdate=30 December 2016}}
51. ^{{cite web|title=NTT Medical Center Tokyo and UBIC Conduct Joint Research on AI-Based System to Mitigate Patients' Risk of Falling|url=http://ir.ubicna.com/releasedetail.cfm?ReleaseID=901687|website=ubicna.com|accessdate=2 January 2017}}
52. ^1 {{cite web|title=STH Elimination Strategy Support - Objective 1: Past STH Elimination Programs |url=http://uwstartcenter.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/START_57_STHE_Objective_1_Final_Report_2015-02.pdf |date=February 17, 2015 |publisher=University of Washington Global Health START Program}}
53. ^{{cite web|title=Contributions for NIRS|url=http://www.nirs.qst.go.jp/ENG/support/index.html|website=qst.go.jp|accessdate=2 January 2017}}
54. ^{{cite book|last1=Nakashima|first1=Masahiro|title=Radiation Health Risk Sciences: Proceedings of the First International Symposium of the Nagasaki University Global COE Program "Global Strategic Center for Radiation Health Risk Control"|accessdate=2 January 2017}}
55. ^{{cite journal|last=Ikegami|first=Naoki|title=Japanese universal health coverage: evolution, achievements, and challenges|journal=The Lancet|date=17 September 2011|volume=378|pages=1108|pmid=21885107|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(11)60828-3|issue=9796}}
56. ^1 {{cite journal |author=Kotoe Katayama, et. al. |year=2013 |title=Prescription of Kampo Drugs in the Japanese Health Care Insurance Program |journal=Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine |volume=2013 |page=576973 |publisher=Hindawi Publishing Corporation |url=http://downloads.hindawi.com/journals/ecam/2013/576973.pdf |doi=10.1155/2013/576973 |accessdate=August 25, 2014}}
57. ^{{cite web|title=Kawasaki Medical School|website=kawasaki-m.ac.jp|url=http://www.kawasaki-m.ac.jp/med/en/about/02.html|accessdate=2 January 2017}}
58. ^{{cite web|title=Kawasaki Medical School|url=http://info.japantimes.co.jp/universities/japanese-grad-school.html?id=193|website=japantimes.co.jp|accessdate=2 January 2017}}
59. ^{{cite web|title=Kanagawa Children's Medical Center|url=https://www.grid.ac/institutes/grid.414947.b|website=grid.ac|accessdate=2 January 2017}}
60. ^{{cite web|title=St. Marianna University School of Medicine St. Marianna University School of Medicine|url=http://www.4icu.org/reviews/2881.htm|website=4icu.org|accessdate=2 January 2017}}
61. ^{{cite web|title=Aichi Medical University|url=http://www.4icu.org/reviews/2436.htm|website=4icu.org|accessdate=2 January 2017}}
62. ^{{cite web|title=Fujisawa City Hospital|url=http://www.city.fujisawa.kanagawa.jp/hospital/introduction/indicator/indicator01.html|publisher=Fujisawa City Hospital|accessdate=8 August 2016|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140313072209/http://www.city.fujisawa.kanagawa.jp/hospital/introduction/indicator/indicator01.html|archivedate=13 March 2014|df=}}
63. ^{{cite web|title=history|url=http://www.saitama-med.ac.jp/english/history.html|website=saitama-med.ac.jp|accessdate=2 January 2017}}
64. ^{{cite web|title=More about Saitama Medical University|url=https://www.timeshighereducation.com/world-university-rankings/saitama-medical-university|website=timeshighereducation.com|accessdate=30 December 2016}}
65. ^{{cite web|title=History|url=http://www.jichi.ac.jp/english/about/history.html|website=jichi.ac.jp|accessdate=30 December 2016}}
66. ^{{cite web|title=Jichi Medical University|url=http://www.4icu.org/reviews/2585.htm|publisher=University Web Rankings & Reviews|accessdate=30 December 2016}}
67. ^{{cite web|title=HISTORY|url=http://www.hyo-med.ac.jp/english/outline/history.html|website=hyo-med.ac.jp|accessdate=30 December 2016}}
68. ^{{cite web|title=Hyogo College of Medicine|url=http://www.4icu.org/reviews/2563.htm|publisher=University Web Rankings & Reviews|accessdate=30 December 2016}}
69. ^{{cite web|title=Kanazawa Medical University|url=http://www.kanazawa-med.ac.jp/English/public_html/index.html|website=kanazawa-med.ac.jp|accessdate=30 December 2016}}
70. ^{{cite web|title=Kanazawa Medical University|url=http://www.4icu.org/reviews/2607.htm|publisher=University Web Rankings & Reviews|accessdate=30 December 2016}}
71. ^{{cite web|title=National Defense Medical College|url=https://www.grid.ac/institutes/grid.416614.0|accessdate=30 December 2016}}
72. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.ndmc.ac.jp/about/university_summary/history/|title=National Defense Medical College|author=|date=|accessdate=2 January 2017}}
73. ^{{cite web|title=History|url=http://www.shiga-med.ac.jp/e/profile/history.html|website=shiga-med.ac.jp|accessdate=30 December 2016}}
74. ^{{cite web|title=Shiga University of Medical Science|url=https://www.4icu.org/reviews/2854.htm|publisher=University Web Rankings & Reviews|accessdate=30 December 2016}}
75. ^{{cite web|title=History|url=https://www.hama-med.ac.jp/uni-e_guide_history.html|website=hama-med.ac.jp|accessdate=30 December 2016}}
76. ^{{cite journal|last=Ito|first=Masanori|title=Health insurance systems in Japan: a neurosurgeon's view.|journal=Neurologia medico-chirurgica|date=December 2004|volume=44|pages=624|pmid=15684593|issue=12|doi=10.2176/nmc.44.617}}
77. ^{{cite web|title=Objectives & History|url=http://www.uoeh-u.ac.jp/index_e/general/general_e.html|website=uoeh-u.ac.jp|accessdate=30 December 2016}}
78. ^{{cite web|title=University of Occupational and Environmental Health, Japan|url=http://www.4icu.org/reviews/8135.htm|website=University Web Rankings & Reviews|accessdate=30 December 2016}}
79. ^{{harvnb|講談社インターナショナル|2003|p=183}}
80. ^{{cite web|title=Kanagawa Cancer Center|url=http://www.uicc.org/membership/kanagawa-cancer-center|website=uicc.org|accessdate=30 December 2016}}
81. ^{{cite web |url=http://apps.who.int/medicinedocs/pdf/h2943e/h2943e.pdf |title=Legal Status of Traditional Medicine and Complementary/Alternative Medicine:A Worldwide Review |authorlink=World Health Organization |year=2001 |pages=155–159 |accessdate=August 25, 2014}}
82. ^{{cite web|title=National Hospital Organization Nagara Medical Center|url=http://www.tophealthclinics.com/clinic/647029218705387/National+Hospital+Organization+Nagara+Medical+Center|website=tophealthclinics.com|accessdate=30 December 2016}}
83. ^{{cite news| url=http://prescriptions.blogs.nytimes.com/2009/08/25/health-care-abroad-japan/ | work=The New York Times | first=Sarah | last=Arnquist | title=Health Care Abroad: Japan | date=25 August 2009}}
84. ^{{cite web|last=OECD|title=OECD Health Data|url=http://www.oecd.org|publisher=OECD|accessdate=2 February 2012}}
85. ^{{cite web|title=Nagoya City West Medical Center|url=http://www.ad-hzm.co.jp/english/works/japan/medical/medical_06.html|website=ad-hzm.co.jp|accessdate=30 December 2016}}
86. ^mhlw.go.jp 第７表死因順位 Accessed 9/1/2015
87. ^Mariko Oi [https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-34105044 Tackling the deadliest day for Japanese teenagers] BBC News 9/1/2015
88. ^{{cite book|last1=Britnell|first1=Mark|title=In Search of the Perfect Health System|date=2015|publisher=Palgrave|location=London|isbn=978-1-137-49661-4|page=18}}

2 : Healthcare in Japan|Healthcare-related timelines
随便看

　

开放百科全书收录14589846条英语、德语、日语等多语种百科知识，基本涵盖了大多数领域的百科知识，是一部内容自由、开放的电子版国际百科全书。

　

Copyright © 2023 OENC.NET All Rights Reserved
京ICP备2021023879号 更新时间：2024/11/11 21:33:40