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词条 Timeline of the 2019 Venezuelan protests
释义

  1. January

  2. February

  3. March

  4. April

  5. References

{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2019}}{{Short description|Overview of events
}}{{Use American English|date=January 2019}}{{Crisis in Bolivarian Venezuela}}

The 2019 Venezuelan protests began in the first days of January as a result of the 2019 Venezuelan presidential crisis. Protests against the legitimacy of the Nicolás Maduro's presidency began at the time of his second inauguration following a controversial presidential election in 2018. Rallies of support were also held for President of the National Assembly, Juan Guaidó, with some Venezuelans and foreign government's recognizing him as the interim President of Venezuela.

January

  • 10 January – Nicolás Maduro is inaugurated for his second presidential term by the Supreme Tribunal of Justice.[1]
  • 11 January – The first open cabildo, a rally in the streets of Caracas, is held by National Assembly president Juan Guaidó, with many gathered there protesting against the failures of the Bolivarian government of Nicolás Maduro.[2] The National Assembly declares that Guaidó is the interim President of Venezuela under the constitution[3] and Guaidó calls more mass demonstrations on 23 January 2019, the 61st anniversary of the 1958 Venezuelan coup d'état.[4] Maduro responded by calling the opposition a group of "little boys" while prison minister Iris Varela stated that she had begun to prepare prison cells for the opposition.[5]
  • 13 January – Guaidó is detained by the Bolivarian Intelligence Service (SEBIN),[6] but is released 45 minutes later.[7] Two journalists were also detained on-air while covering SEBIN's actions towards Guaidó: Beatriz Adrián of Caracol Televisión and Osmary Hernández of CNN.[8] The twelve SEBIN officials involved were imprisoned days later.[9]
  • 15 January – Minister of Defense Vladimir Padrino López declares loyalty to Maduro, stating that he would give his life for him.[10] In Valencia, Carabobo thousands of residents participate in open cabildos filling Plaza Prebo and its surrounding streets.[11]
  • 17 January – A group of Venezuelan ex-army and police officers in Peru announced their support for Guaidó, saying that they do not recognise Maduro as their president or leader.[12][13]
  • 18 January – Thousands of Venezuelans gathered in Carabobo to support Guaidó at open cabildo rallies in Valencia and other cities throughout the state.[14]
  • 19 January – Across 12 states, thousands of Venezuelans demonstrate in support of Guaidó calling for a "transitional government", with some Maduro loyalists attempting to assault attendees with sticks and machetes in areas such as Petare, Maracay and Zulia.[15][16]
  • 21 January – In San José de Cotiza, north of Caracas, over two dozen National Guardsmen participate in a mutiny against Maduro with the assistance of residents in the area during the early morning hours and are later captured by Venezuelan authorities.[17] During the night, over thirty communities in Caracas and surrounding areas participated in strong protests against the Maduro government.[18] The strongest protests occurred in San José de Cotiza, where the rebel National Guardsmen were arrested, with demonstrations spreading throughout nearby communities, with cacerolazos heard throughout Caracas.[18] One woman who was confused for a protester was killed in San José de Cotiza by members of a colectivo, who stole her phone.[19]
  • 22 January – Protests throughout Caracas from the previous evening continue into the morning, resulting in the National Guard and National Police being deployed, with reports of tear gas being fired into streets and residential facilities.[20]
  • 23 January — A 16-year-old boy, Alixon Pizani, is killed[21] a statue of Chávez is set on fire,[22] and three people are killed in Bolívar[23] in separate overnight protests, leading into the day of national protest.
  • 24 January — Minister of Defense Vladimir Padrino López states to the Venezuelan public that a coup is in progress and thanked governments supporting Maduro for "promoting a dialogue, a constitutional solution".[24] Cacerolazos continue throughout Caracas and authorities loyal to Maduro search homes to arrest protesters.[25]
  • 25 January — As protests continue, Guaidó calls for a continuous protest, also encouraging the people to keep up the fight if he gets arrested.[26]
  • 26 January – Venezuelan military diplomat in Washington DC, Colonel Jose Luis Silva defected from Maduro government and urge his fellow FANB to recognize Guaidó presidency.[27]
  • 29 January – US Secretary of State transfers control of Venezuelan Government assets to interim president Juán Guaidó.[28] Soon afterwards, Venezuelan Supreme Court barred Guaido from leaving the country and froze his bank accounts.[29]
  • 30 January – Thousands attend pro-Maduro government rally in Falcon state in the northern part of the country.[30]
  • 31 January – Self-declared Venezuelan interim president Juan Guaidó is supposed to be in secret talks with the country’s military as he attempts to force Nicolas Maduro from power.[31]

February

  • 1 February – Amid rumors that Venezuela is selling gold to UAE, Guaido is said he would defy a government ban on humanitarian aid by sending large convoys of medicine into Venezuela with the assistance of neighboring nations. Overtures would had been made to Russia and China arguing that the two countries’ interests would be best served by switching the side they back in Venezuela.[32]
{{external media
|width=350px
|image1=[https://www.lapatilla.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/2019-02-04T195815Z_378288353_RC17AB6A4FA0_RTRMADP_3_VENEZUELA-POLITICS.jpg Satellite images of a Guaidó rally on 2 February 2019, 11:05 AM VET]
|image2=[https://www.lapatilla.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/2019-02-04T194648Z_1697224232_RC136323E1E0_RTRMADP_3_VENEZUELA-POLITICS.jpg Satellite images of a Maduro rally on 2 February 2019, 11:05 AM VET]
}}
  • 2 February - Opposition protesters filled the {{Ill|Avenida Principal de Las Mercedes|es||lt=Las Mercedes Avenue|WD=}} in Caracas.[33] A rally was also held in support of the Venezuelan government. The rally was held on the 20-year anniversary of Hugo Chávez’s first inauguration.[34] A general from the Venezuelan Air Force, General Francisco Esteban Yanez Rodriguez defected from the government and announced his support to Guaidó presidency.[35] Plans by Venezuelan officials to ship 20 tons of gold have reportedly been halted due to international pressure. The blocking of the shipment comes a week after the Bank of England denied Maduro’s request to withdraw USD1.2 billion of gold stored there.[36]
  • 4 February – Seven countries of European Union decided to recognize Guaidó after Maduro rejected the 8 days ultimatum.[37]
  • 5 February – The Lima Group urged the Venezuelan military to support opposition leader Juan Guaidó as interim president.[38] while Pope Francis said that he is willing to mediate between Venezuela’s rival presidents Nicolas Maduro and Juan Guaido, but only if both sides request his help.[39]
  • 7 February – Venezuela's armed forces have barricaded a bridge on the country's western border with Colombia, in an attempt to prevent a delivery of humanitarian aid.[40]
  • 10 February – Venezuelan opposition leader Juan Guaidó has vowed to open humanitarian aid routes with volunteer support into the country in defiance of the government the following week.[41]
  • 11 February – Groups of motorcyclists belonging to colectivos drive past the Embassy of the United States, Caracas in an apparent demonstration.[42]
  • 12 February – Opposition launched another protest demanding entry of humanitarian aid.[43]
  • 13 February – Interim President Juan Guaidó appoints new board of PDVSA subsidiary in United States, Citgo.[44]
  • 20 February – Deputy U.N. military attache, Colonel Pedro Chirinos became the latest military personnel to defect from the government.[45]
  • 21 February – Interim President Juan Guaidó leads a caravan to the Colombian border city of Cúcuta along with other deputies.[46] Hugo Carvajal, former head of DGCIM announced his defection from the government.[47]
  • 23 February – Thousands of protesters in Caracas demonstrate near the Generalissimo Francisco de Miranda Air Base.[48] Four GNB troops including the sergeant defected to Colombia by crossing the Simón Bolívar International Bridge, they were welcomed by Colombian authorities.[49] Colectivos killed four and injure twenty-four during border conflicts in Santa Elena de Uairén.[50] On the Brazilian border, a Venezuelan Army guard post was attacked with molotov cocktails and stones.[51] At least 285 people were injured and 4 reported dead as a result of the clashes.[52] Maduro severs relations with Colombia and expels its diplomats from Venezuela.[53]
  • 25 February – Colombian authorities confirmed 270 Venezuelan troops defected to Colombia in another wave of defection .[54]
  • 28 February – About 400 Venezuelan troops had defected to neighbor Countries.[55]

March

  • 4 March – Interim President Juan Guaidó arrived in Simón Bolívar International Airport, Maiquetía welcomed by diplomats from allied nations
  • 7 March – First of the 2019 Venezuelan blackouts.[56]
  • 9 March – Large protest in Caracas against the government for the lack of water and electricity.[57]
  • 14 March – Most regions recover from blackout.[56]
  • 18 March – Army general Carlos Rotondaro, who had been under sanctions by the United States since 2018, defected to Colombia and recognized Guaidó as Venezuela's president.[58]
  • 21 March – Roberto Marrero, Guaidó's chief of staff, is detained.[59]
  • 25 March – Second wave of blackouts starts.[60]
  • 30-31 March – Large protests in several regions against government for lack of water and electricity.[61][62]

April

  • 6 April – Large nationwide protest called by Guaidó and part of Operation Freedom to oust Maduro from power. Tens of thousands of persons participated. Maracaibo protest were repressed by tear gas and rubber bullets.[63]

References

1. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/01/10/world/americas/venezuela-maduro-inauguration.html|title=Venezuela Is in Crisis. So How Did Maduro Secure a Second Term?|website=The New York Times|accessdate=10 January 2019}}
2. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.asambleanacional.gob.ve/noticias/_juan-guaido-me-apego-a-los-articulos-333-350-y-233|title=Juan Guaidó: Me apego a los artículos 333, 350 y 233 para lograr el cese de la usurpación y convocar elecciones libres con la unión del pueblo, FAN y comunidad internacional|last=|first=|date=|website=|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=11 January 2019}}
3. ^{{cite web|url=http://efectococuyo.com/principales/prensa-de-la-an-rectifica-comunicado-que-proclama-a-juan-guaido-presidente-de-la-republica/|title=Prensa de la AN rectifica comunicado que proclama a Juan Guaidó Presidente de la República|website=Efecto Cocuyo|accessdate=12 January 2019}}
4. ^{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2019/jan/11/venezuela-maduro-juan-guaido-assume-presidency|title=Venezuela: opposition leader declares himself ready to assume presidency|last=Phillips|first=Tom|date=11 January 2019|work=The Guardian|access-date=12 January 2019|language=en-GB|issn=0261-3077|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190113100401/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2019/jan/11/venezuela-maduro-juan-guaido-assume-presidency|archive-date=13 January 2019|dead-url=no}}
5. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2019/01/venezuela-congress-leader-challenges-maduro-presidency-190111181122362.html|title=Venezuela congress leader challenges Maduro's right to presidency|website=Al Jazeera|accessdate=12 January 2019}}
6. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.semana.com/noticias/articulo/alejandro-baena-candidato-liberal-alcaldia-cali/59772-3|title=Alejandro Baena, candidato liberal a la alcaldía de Cali|last=Semana|website=Alejandro Baena, candidato liberal a la alcaldía de Cali}}
7. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/the_americas/venezuelas-opposition-is-gambling-it-all-on-a-young-and-untested-activist-named-juan-guaido/2019/01/14/90156b76-16a4-11e9-ab79-30cd4f7926f2_story.html|title=Venezuela's opposition is gambling it all on a young and untested activist named Juan Guaidó|last=|first=|date=|website=The Washington Post|language=en|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=15 January 2019}}
8. ^{{cite web|url=https://elcomercio.pe/mundo/actualidad/venezuela-dos-periodistas-son-detenidas-plena-transmision-vivo-sebin-noticia-597051|title=Venezuela: Periodistas son detenidas en plena transmisión en vivo por el Sebin [Video]|last=|first=|date=13 January 2019|website=El Comercio|language=es|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=15 January 2019}}
9. ^{{Cite web|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/the_americas/venezuela-12-charged-in-detention-of-opposition-leader/2019/01/16/437a4cc6-19df-11e9-b8e6-567190c2fd08_story.html|title=Venezuela: 12 charged in detention of opposition leader|last=|first=|date=|website=The Washington Post|publication-date=16 January 2018|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=17 January 2018}}
10. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.lapatilla.com/2019/01/15/padrino-lopez-dice-estar-dispuesto-a-morir-por-maduro-y-la-constitucion/|title=Padrino López dice estar dispuesto a morir por Maduro y la Constitución|last=|first=|date=15 January 2019|website=La Patilla|language=es-ES|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=16 January 2019}}
11. ^{{Cite web|url=http://www.lapatilla.com/2019/01/16/multitudinario-fue-el-cabildo-abierto-en-valencia-este-16ene-fotos-y-videos/|title=Multitudinario fue el Cabildo Abierto en Valencia este #16Ene (Fotos y Videos)|last=|first=|date=2019-01-16|website=La Patilla|language=es-ES|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=2019-01-22}}
12. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.miamiherald.com/news/nation-world/world/americas/venezuela/article224722630.html|title=Venezuelan army forces in Peru say they don't recognize Maduro as their President|website=Miami Herald|accessdate=18 January 2019}}
13. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.americatv.com.pe/noticias/internacionales/militares-venezolanos-peru-instan-deponer-maduro-y-reconocer-guaido-n355376|title=Militares venezolanos en Perú desconocen a Maduro como presidente y apoyan a Guaidó|date=17 January 2019|work=America TV|accessdate=2019-01-18}}
14. ^{{Cite web|url=https://www.el-carabobeno.com/a-casa-llena-se-celebraron-este-viernes-los-seis-cabildos-abiertos-en-carabobo/|title=A casa llena se celebraron este viernes los seis cabildos abiertos en Carabobo|last=|first=|date=2019-01-19|website=El Carabobeño|language=es-ES|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=2019-01-21}}
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16. ^{{Cite web|url=https://elcooperante.com/colectivos-chavistas-disolvieron-con-palos-y-machetes-un-cabildo-abierto-en-zulia/|title=Colectivos chavistas disolvieron "con palos y machetes" un cabildo abierto en Zulia|date=2019-01-18|website=El Cooperante|language=es-ES|access-date=2019-01-22}}
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18. ^1 {{Cite web|url=http://www.lapatilla.com/2019/01/22/seguid-el-ejemplo-que-caracas-dio-confirman-protestas-nocturnas-contra-maduro-en-30-comunidades-capitalinas/|title=Seguid el ejemplo que Caracas dio: Confirman protestas nocturnas contra Maduro en 30 comunidades capitalinas|last=|first=|date=2019-01-22|website=La Patilla|language=es-ES|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=2019-01-22}}
19. ^{{Cite web|url=http://www.el-nacional.com/noticias/sucesos/mujer-fue-asesinada-puerta-casa-por-colectivo-cotiza_267452|title=Mujer fue asesinada en la puerta de su casa por un colectivo en Cotiza|last=|first=|date=2019-01-21|website=El Nacional|language=es|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=2019-01-22}}
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21. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.lavoz.com.ar/mundo/venezuela-oposicion-informa-sobre-un-joven-muerto-en-protestas-contra-maduro&usg=AOvVaw1H97NIygFYC4yRxu85bpJe|title=Venezuela: la oposición informa sobre un joven muerto en las protestas contra Maduro|website=La Voz de Interior Argentina|language=Spanish|accessdate=23 January 2019}}
22. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/the_americas/opposition-launches-protests-to-oust-maduro-as-us-venezuela-tensions-rise/2019/01/22/0416687a-1e4f-11e9-a759-2b8541bbbe20_story.html?utm_term=.27e272661928|title=Opposition launches protests to oust Maduro as U.S.-Venezuela tensions rise|website=The Washington Post|accessdate=23 January 2019}}
23. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/pti-stories/four-dead-in-clashes-ahead-of-venezuela-protests-police-ngo-119012301241_1.html|title=Four dead in clashes ahead of Venezuela protests: Police, NGO|website=Business Standard|accessdate=23 January 2019}}
24. ^{{Cite web|url=http://www.lapatilla.com/2019/01/24/padrino-lopez-se-dirige-a-los-venezolanos/|title=Padrino López alerta al pueblo de Venezuela "que se está llevando a cabo un golpe de Estado"|last=|first=|date=2019-01-24|website=La Patilla|language=es-ES|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=2019-01-24}}
25. ^{{Cite web|url=http://www.lapatilla.com/2019/01/25/cacerolazos-y-detonaciones-en-petare-el-junquito-y-otras-zonas-de-caracas-la-noche-del-24ene/|title=Cacerolazos y detonaciones en Petare, El Junquito y otras zonas de Caracas la noche del #24Ene|last=|first=|date=2019-01-25|website=La Patilla|language=es-ES|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=2019-01-25}}
26. ^{{cite web|url=https://uk.news.yahoo.com/latest-india-closely-following-crisis-venezuela-080815853.html|title=The Latest: Venezuela challenger urges continued protests|website=AP via Yahoo News|accessdate=25 January 2019}}
27. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-47019347|title=Venezuela crisis: Diplomat to US defects from Maduro|website=BBC News|accessdate=27 January 2019}}
28. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.state.gov/r/pa/prs/ps/2019/01/288634.htm|title=Protecting Venezuela's Assets for Benefit of Venezuelan People|website=State.gov|accessdate=31 January 2019}}
29. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.philly.com/news/nation-world/guaido-police-dont-cross-red-line-with-my-family-20190131.html|title=Guaido to police: Don’t cross red line with my family|website=philly.com|accessdate=31 January 2019}}
30. ^https://www.almasdarnews.com/article/thousands-attend-pro-maduro-rally-in-northern-venezuela/
31. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.newsweek.com/venezuela-nicolas-maduro-juan-guaido-military-secret-talks-interim-president-1312983|title=VENEZUELA MILITARY HAVING SECRET MEETINGS WITH OPPOSITION AS PRESSURE ON MADURO BUILDS|website=newsweek.com|accessdate=31 January 2019}}
32. ^{{cite web|url=https://nypost.com/2019/02/01/venezuelas-maduro-to-sell-gold-reserves-to-prop-up-regime/|title=Venezuela’s Maduro to sell gold reserves to prop up regime|website=nypost.com|accessdate=1 February 2019}}
33. ^{{Cite news|url=https://www.europapress.es/internacional/noticia-guaido-exhibe-musculo-calle-multitudinaria-manifestacion-caracas-20190202225259.html|title=Guaidó exhibe músculo en la calle con una multitudinaria manifestación en Caracas|last=|first=|date=2 February 2019|work=Europapress|access-date=3 February 2019|language=Spanish}}
34. ^https://www.liberationnews.org/massive-rallies-for-maduro-held-in-venezuela-ignored-by-war-mongering-corporate-media/
35. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2019/02/02/venezuelan-general-deserts-nicolas-maduro-highest-ranking-military/|title=Venezuelan general deserts Nicolas Maduro in highest ranking military defection to hit regime|website=The Telegraph|accessdate=2 February 2019}}
36. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.foxnews.com/world/venezuela-halts-20-ton-shipment-of-gold-to-mystery-destination|title=Plan to pull nearly $1B in gold out of Venezuela reportedly halted|website=foxnews.com|accessdate=2 February 2019}}
37. ^{{cite web|url=https://m.dw.com/en/venezuelas-maduro-rejects-ultimatum-from-eu-countries-to-call-elections/a-47340673|title=Venezuela's Maduro rejects ultimatum from EU countries to call elections|website=Deutsche Welle|accessdate=4 February 2019}}
38. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-47126434|title=Venezuela crisis: Juan Guaidó backed by Lima Group|website=bbc.com|accessdate=5 February 2019}}
39. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2019/02/05/pope-offers-mediate-venezuelan-crisis-sides-ask-help/|title=Pope offers to mediate in Venezuelan crisis if both sides ask for his help|website=telegraph.co.uk|accessdate=5 February 2019}}
40. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.cnbc.com/2019/02/07/venezuela-crisis-maduro-blocks-bridge-ahead-of-aid-delivery.html|title=Venezuela crisis: US condemns Maduro for blocking critical point of entry for humanitarian aid|website=cnbc.com|accessdate=7 February 2019}}
41. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-47184755|title=Venezuela crisis: Guaido vows to open aid routes with volunteers|website=bbc.com|accessdate=10 February 2019}}
42. ^{{Cite web|url=http://www.lapatilla.com/2019/02/11/colectivos-chavistas-intentaron-amedrentar-en-los-alrededores-de-la-embajada-de-eeuu-videos/|title=Colectivos chavistas intentaron amedrentar en los alrededores de la embajada de EEUU (Videos)|last=|first=|date=2019-02-11|website=La Patilla|language=es-ES|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=2019-02-12}}
43. ^https://www.theguardian.com/world/2019/feb/12/venezuela-guaido-maduro-protest
44. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.houstonchronicle.com/business/energy/article/Venezuelan-opposition-appoints-new-board-to-13614980.php#photo-16926022|title=Venezuelan opposition appoints new board to Houston refiner Citgo, PDVSA|website=Houston Chronicles|accessdate=14 February 2019}}
45. ^https://www.reuters.com/article/us-venezuela-politics-usa/venezuelas-deputy-u-n-military-attache-backs-guaido-idUSKCN1QA005
46. ^http://fortune.com/2019/02/21/guaido-aid-convoy-colombian-border/
47. ^{{cite web|url=http://efectococuyo.com/politica/hugo-carvajal-reconoce-a-guaido-como-presidente-y-llama-a-la-fanb-a-desconocer-a-maduro/|title=Hugo Carvajal reconoce a Guaidó como presidente y llama a la Fanb a desconocer a Maduro|website=Efecto Cocuyo|accessdate=22 February 2019}}
48. ^{{Cite web|url=http://news.trust.org/item/20190224040545-xvbtr/|title=Venezuela's Guaido says "all options open" after Maduro blocks aid|last=Polanco|first=Anggy|last2=Armas|first2=Mayela|date=24 February 2019|website=Thomson Reuters Foundation|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=24 February 2019|last3=Bocanegra|first3=Nelson}}
49. ^https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/the_americas/the-latest-venezuela-fm-says-diplomat-talks-with-us-ongoing/2019/02/22/2ec24eb8-36ff-11e9-8375-e3dcf6b68558_story.html
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51. ^{{Cite web|url=https://g1.globo.com/rr/roraima/noticia/2019/02/23/manifestantes-lancam-coquetel-molotov-contra-base-do-exercito-da-venezuela-na-fronteira.ghtml|title=Base venezuela é atacada na fronteira com o Brasil; atos, discursos e mortes marcam o Dia D de ajuda humanitária|date=2019-02-23|website=g1.globo.com|language=PT-br|access-date=2019-02-23}}
52. ^{{Cite web|url=https://www.cmjornal.pt/mundo/detalhe/populacao-venezuelana-e-militares-em-confrontos-junto-a-fronteira-com-a-colombia|title=Quatro mortos e 285 feridos em confrontos junto à fronteira da Venezuela|last=|first=|date=2019-02-23|website=cmjornal.pt|language=PT-PT|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=2019-02-23}}
53. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.express.co.uk/news/world/1091488/venezuela-crisis-latest-nicolas-maduro-colombia-embassy-us-donald-trump|title=Venezuela crisis: Maduro EXPELS Colombia diplomats as leader breaks ties across border|website=Express.co.uk|accessdate=23 February 2019}}
54. ^https://twitter.com/AFPespanol/status/1100226640477593601?s=19
55. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2019/02/venezuela-military-defector-fighting-freedom-190228213304862.html|title=Venezuela military defector: I'll keep fighting for our freedom|website=aljazeera.com|accessdate=2019-03-02}}
56. ^1 {{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2019/mar/14/venezuela-blackout-power-returns|title=Venezuela: power returns after blackout but normal service may be a long way off|date=14 March 2016|work=The Guardian|accessdate=17 March 2019}}
57. ^{{Cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/the_americas/demonstrators-jam-venezuela-anti-government-protest-despite-blackout/2019/03/09/75c328c0-404e-11e9-85ad-779ef05fd9d8_story.html|title=Anti-Maduro demonstrators jam Venezuelan streets despite blackouts|last=Sheridan|first=Mary Beth|date=9 March 2019|work=The Washington Post|access-date=14 March 2019}}
58. ^{{cite news |last1=Oatis |first1=Jonathan |last2=Adler |first2=Leslie |title=U.S.-sanctioned Venezuelan defects to Colombia, slams Maduro |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-venezuela-politics-general/u-s-sanctioned-venezuelan-defects-to-colombia-slams-maduro-idUSKCN1QZ1YB?il=0 |accessdate=19 March 2019 |publisher=Reuters |date=18 March 2019}}
59. ^{{cite news|title=Venezuela intelligence police detain top opposition aide; Arrest threatens to raise tensions and provoke U.S. punitive measures|author=Vyas, Kejal|date=21 March 2019|work=Wall Street Journal|via=ProQuest}}
60. ^{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2019/mar/25/venezuela-new-blackout-half-country-no-power-maduro|title='No more hope': fresh blackout leaves half of Venezuela without power|author=Phillips, Tom|date=25 March 2019|work=The Guardian|accessdate=25 March 2019}}
61. ^{{Cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-venezuela-politics-idUSKCN1RB0MB|title=Venezuelans rally to protest chronic power outages|last=Deisy Buitrago|date=31 March 2019|work=Reuters|access-date=31 March 2019|last2=Shaylim Valderrama}}
62. ^{{Cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-venezuela-politics-idUSKCN1RD2KI|title=Venezuela's Guaido pledges more protests over power, water shortages|author=Valderrama, Shaylim|date=1 April 2019|work=Reuters|access-date=1 April 2019}}
63. ^{{Cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-venezuela-politics-idUSKCN1RI0L1|title=Venezuelans rally to demand power, water and end to Maduro|last=Vivian Sequera|date=6 April 2019|work=Reuters|access-date=7 April 2019|last2=Deisy Buitrago}}
{{Bolivarian Venezuela Crisis|state=collapsed}}

4 : 2019 in Venezuela|2019 protests|January 2019 events in South America|Venezuelan protests (2014–present)
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