| 释义 |
- 2nd century
- 4th century
- 5th century
- 8th century
- 9th century
- 10th century
- 11th century
- 12th century
- 13th century
- 14th century
- 15th century
- 16th century
- 17th century
- 18th century
- 19th century
- 20th century
- See also
- Citations
- References
{{mergefrom|Timeline of the gunpowder age in Japan|Timeline of the gunpowder age in Korea|Timeline of the gunpowder age in Southeast Asia|Timeline of the gunpowder age in South Asia|date=January 2018}}{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2018}}{{further information|History of gunpowder}}This is a timeline of the history of gunpowder and related topics such as weapons, warfare, and industrial applications. The timeline covers the history of gunpowder from the first hints of its origin as a Taoist alchemical product in China until its replacement by smokeless powder in the late 19th century. 2nd century| Year | Date | Event | | 142 | Earliest possible reference to gunpowder appears in the Cantong qi, otherwise known as the Book of the Kinship of Three, a Taoist text on the subject of alchemy by Wei Boyang, who lived in the Eastern Han dynasty.[1][2] |
4th century| Year | Date | Event | | 300 | The ingredients of gunpowder are recorded in the Baopuzi, also known as The Master Who Embraces Simplicity, by Taoist philosopher Ge Hong, who lived in the Jin dynasty (265–420).[2][3] |
5th century| Year | Date | Event | | 492 | Needham|1986|p=97}} |
8th century| Year | Date | Event | | 756 | Pinglongren (Recognition of the Recumbent Dragon) that by heating saltpeter, the yin of the air can be obtained, which combines with sulphur, carbon, and metals other than gold.{{sfn>Partington|1960|p=286}} |
9th century| Year | Date | Event | | 808 | Taishang Shengzu Jindan Mijue, describing six parts sulfur to six parts saltpeter to one part birthwort herb.{{sfn>Lorge|2008|p=32}} | | 858 | Zhenyuan miaodao yaolüe (Classified Essentials of the Mysterious Way of the True Origin of Things) contains a warning on the dangers of gunpowder: "Some have heated together sulfur, realgar (arsenic disulphide), and saltpeter with honey; smoke [and flames] result, so that their hands and faces have been burnt, and even the whole house burned down."{{sfn>Lorge|2008|p=32}} |
10th century| Year | Date | Event | | 904 | [4]{{sfn>Andrade|2016|p=31}} | | 919 | Needham|1986|p=85}} | | 950 | Andrade|2016|p=35}} | | 969 | Liang|2006}} | | 975 | Needham|1986|p=148}} | | 994 | Needham|1986|p=148}} |
11th century| Year | Date | Event | | 1000 | Andrade|2016|p=32}} | | 1002 | Andrade|2016|p=32}} | | 1044 | Wujing Zongyao, also known as the Complete Essentials for the Military Classics.{{sfn>Needham|1986|p=118-124}}{{sfn|Ebrey|1999|p=138}} | | Wujing Zongyao.{{sfn>Andrade|2016|p=41}} | | Wujing Zongyao.{{sfn>Needham|1986|p=154}} | | 1067 | Kelly|2004|p=4}} | | 1076 | Andrade|2016|p=32}} | | 1083 | Andrade|2016|p=32}} |
12th century| Year | Date | Event | | 1110 | Kelly|2004|p=2}} | | 1126 | February | Jingkang Incident: Thunderclap bomb as well as fire arrows and fire bombs are used by Song troops during the siege of Kaifeng by the Jin dynasty (1115–1234).{{sfn>Andrade|2016|p=34}} | | 1127 | December | Andrade|2016|p=34-35}} | | 1128 | Lu|1988}} | | 1129 | Andrade|2016|p=38}} | | 1132 | Siege of De'an: Fire lances are used by Song troops.{{sfn>Needham|1986|p=222}}{{sf|Chase|2003|p=31}}{{sfn|Lorge|2008|p=33-34}} | | Andrade|2016|p=38}} | | Andrade|2016|p=40}} | | 1159 | Andrade|2016|p=39}} | | 1161 | 26–27 November | Battle of Caishi: Thunderclap bombs are employed by Song treadmill boats in sinking a Jin fleet on the Yangtze.{{sfn>Andrade|2016|p=39}} | | 1163 | Andrade|2016|p=38}} |
13th century| Year | Date | Event | | 1207 | Andrade|2016|p=41}} | | 1221 | Andrade|2016|p=42}} | | 1227 | Andrade|2016|p=330}} | | 1230 | Needham|1986|p=230}} | | 1231 | Andrade|2016|p=46}} | | 1232 | Andrade|2016|p=46}} | | 1237 | Andrade|2016|p=47}} | | 1240 | Kelly|2004|p=22}} | | 1245 | Needham|1986|p=511}} | | 1257 | Andrade|2016|p=51}}{{sfn|Partington|1960|p=246}} | | 1258 | Khan|2004|p=18}} | | 1259 | History of Song describes a "fire-emitting lance" employing a pellet wad projectile which occludes the barrel. Some consider this to be the first bullet.{{sfn>Andrade|2016|p=51}}{{sfn|Partington|1960|p=246}} | | Needham|1986|p=173-174}} | | 1264 | Needham|1986|p=509}} | | 1267 | Opus Majus.{{sfn>Chase|2003|p=58}}{{sfn|Kelly|2004|p=25}} | | 1272 | Battle of Xiangyang: Fire lances are used by a Song riverine relief force to repel boarders.{{sfn>Needham|1986|p=227}} | | 1276 | Needham|1986|p=228}} | | Needham|1986|p=227}} | | 1277 | Andrade|2016|p=50-51}}{{sfn|Partington|1960|p=250, 244, 149}} | | 1280 | Needham|1986|p=267}} | | Needham|1986|p=209-210}} | | Needham|1986|p=259}} Hasan al-Rammah writes, in Arabic, recipes for gunpowder, instructions for the purification of saltpeter, and descriptions of gunpowder incendiaries.{{sfn|Kelly|2004|p=22}} | | Kelly|2004|p=23}} | | 1281 | Bombs are employed by Mongols in the Mongol invasions of Japan.[5] | | 1287 | Needham|1986|p=293-4}} | | 1288 | Chase|2003|p=32}}{{sfn|Needham|1986|p=293}} | | 1293 | Cannons (pao) are used during the Mongol invasion of Java.[6][7] | | 1298 | Andrade|2016|p=52-53}} |
14th century| Year | Date | Event | | 1300 | Roy|2015|p=115}} | | 1307 | Chase|2003|p=59}} | | 1325 | Needham|1986|p=319}} | | 1326 | Kelly|2004|p=29}}{{sfn|Andrade|2016|p=76}} | | 1330 | Andrade|2016|p=75}} | | Andrade|2016|p=79-80}} | | 1333 | McLachlan|2010|p=8}} | | 1338 | Kelly|2004|p=29}} | | 1339 | kanun and Latin canna, meaning "tube," is used for the first time in Europe.{{sfn>Kinard|2007|p=ix}} | | Kinard|2007|p=ix}} | | 1340 | Needham|1986|p=514}} | | 1344 | Kinard|2007|p=32}} | | 1346 | 26 August | Battle of Crécy: Organ guns are used.{{sfn>Kelly|2004|p=19-37}} | | Andrade|2016|p=83}} | | 1350 | Chase|2003|p=144}} | | Needham|1986|p=466}} | | Needham|1986|p=463}} | | Needham|1986|p=323}} | | Khan|2008|p=63}} | | Majapahit conquest of Nusantara reached its greatest extent. Guns called cetbang are used in the campaign.[6][8] | | 1358 | Andrade|2016|p=66}} | | 1360 | Andrade|2016|p=75}} | | Purton|2010|p=201}} | | 1363 | 30 August – 4 October | Battle of Lake Poyang: Cannons are used in ship combat and a new weapon called the "No Alternative" also appears. It consists of a reed mat bundled together with gunpowder and iron pellets hung on a pole from the foremast of a ship. When an enemy ship is within range, the fuse is lit, and the bundle falls onto the enemy ship spitting iron pellets and burning their men and sails.{{sfn>Andrade|2016|p=60}} | | 1364 | Needham|1986|p=366}} | | 1366 | Andrade|2016|p=66}} | | Khan|2004|p=9-10}} | | 1368 | Needham|1986|p=313}} | | 1370 | Andrade|2016|p=110}} | | Andrade|2016|p=105}} | | 1372 | Needham|1986|p=296}} | | 1373 | handgonne, gunnies, vasam scolpi, pot, capita, and testes, appears in European texts for the first time.{{sfn>Phillips|2016}} | | 1374 | Goryeo starts producing gunpowder.[9] | | Chase|2003|p=59}} | | 1375 | Kinard|2007|p=53}} | | Wagner|2006|p=34}} | | Needham|1986|p=289}} | | Kinard|2007|p=35}} | | 1377 | [10]{{sfn>Chase|2003|p=173}} | | 1380 | Needham|1986|p=514}} | | 24 June | Battle of Chioggia: In Europe rockets are used in battle.{{sfn>Needham|1986|p=516}} | | Kinard|2007|p=32}} | | 1382 | Rose|2002|p=15}} | | 3 May | Battle of Beverhoutsveld: The first military conflict in Europe where cannons play a decisive role.{{sfn>Kinard|2007|p=58}} | | 1388 | Ming–Mong Mao War: Volley fire is implemented with cannons by the Ming artillery corps in the anti-insurrection war waged against the Mong Mao.{{sfn>Andrade|2016|p=157}} | | McLachlan|2010|p=20}} | | 1390 | Tran|2006|p=75}} | | 1396 | Needham|1986|p=260}} | | 1398 | 17 December | Purton|2010|p=185}} | | 1399 | (Germany)'s oldest extant firearm is dated to this year.[11] | |
15th century| Year | Date | Event | | 1400 | Willbanks|2004|p=6}} | | Needham|1986|p=514}} | | Purton|2010|p=400}} | | 1405 | Needham|1986|p=267}} | | 1407 | Needham|1986|p=311}} | | 1409 | Battle carts armed with cannons firing iron fletched darts are produced in Joseon.[12] | | 1410 | Turnbull|2003|p=20-21}} | | Kinard|2007|p=53}} | | Kinard|2007|p=53}} | | 1411 | Needham|1986|p=425}} | | 1412 | Needham|1986|p=264}} | | 1419 | Needham|1986|p=516}} | | 1420 | Andrade|2016|p=39}} | | 1425 | Chase|2003|p=61}} | | 1429 | Chase|2003|p=68}} | | 1431 | Kinard|2007|p=52}} | | Andrade|2016|p=106}} | | 1437 | Needham|1986|p=411}} | | Kinard|2007|p=37}} | | 1447 | Andrade|2016|p=164}} | | 1450 | Andrade|2016|p=211}} | | Kelly|2004|p=66}} | | 15 April | Battle of Formigny: Marks the rapid decline of the English longbow as they prove to be inferior to cannons in both range and rate of fire.{{sfn>Kinard|2007|p=61}} | | 1451 | A type of multiple arrow rocket launcher known as the "Munjong Hwacha" is produced in Joseon.[13] | | 1453 | Needham|1986|p=51}}{{sfn|Kelly|2004|p=66}} | | 1456 | Chase|2003|p=131}} | | 1460 | 3 August | Kinard|2007|p=35}} | | Kinard|2007|p=53}} | | 1464 | A 16,800 kg cast bronze supergun known as the Great Turkish Bombard is created in the Ottoman Empire.[14] | | 1470 | Phillips|2016}} | | 1472 | Khan|2004|p=32}} | | 1475 | Petzal|2014|p=5}} | | 1479 | Arnold|2001|p=37}} | | 1480 | Andrade|2016|p=103-104}} | | Kinard|2007|p=54}} | | Kinard|2007|p=54}} | | 1486 | Konstam|2002|p=10}} | | 1488 | Regent and Sovereign, are among the first to carry enough cannons to deliver a 'ship killing' blow at a distance.{{sfn>Rose|2002|p=96}} | | 1498 | Curtis|2014|p=5}} | | 1499 | 25 August | Battle of Zonchio: Breech-loading iron cannons are used in naval warfare.{{sfn>Grant|2011|p=88}} | | moschetto is used for the first time in Europe.{{sfn>Phillips|2016}} |
16th century| Year | Date | Event | | 1500 | Khan|2004|p=131}} | | Kinard|2007|p=ix}} | | 1503 | 28 April | Battle of Cerignola: Marks the first military conflict where arquebusiers played a decisive role.{{sfn>Andrade|2016|p=167}} | | 1505 | Phillips|2016}} | | 1508 | Andrade|2016|p=140}} | | Phillips|2016}} | | 1510 | Needham|1986|p=430}} | | Andrade|2016|p=141}} | | 1515 | Kelly|2004|p=76}} | | 1516 | Tran|2006|p=107}} | | 1521 | Arnold|2001|p=75-78}} | | 1523 | Andrade|2016|p=141}} | | 1526 | 29 August | Battle of Mohács: Volley fire is implemented with matchlocks by Ottoman Janissaries.{{sfn>Andrade|2016|p=149}} | | 1527 | Kinard|2007|p=75}} | | 1530 | Arnold|2001|p=45}} | | Phillips|2016}} | | 1533 | Andrade|2016|p=201}}{{sfn|Needham|1986|p=334}}[15] | | 1537 | Needham|1986|p=457}} | | Nova Scientia.{{sfn>Kinard|2007|p=69}} | | 1540 | Chase|2003|p=71}} | | Andrade|2016|p=169}} | | Arnold|2001|p=98}} | | 1541 | Needham|1986|p=543}} | | 1543 | Andrade|2016|p=169}} | | 1544 | 27 January | Lidin|2002|p=4}} | | Kinard|2007|p=33}} | | Kinard|2007|p=74}} | | 1545 | Gujarat experiments with composite metal cannons.[15] | | Kinard|2007|p=69}} | | 1548 | Andrade|2016|p=171}} | | 1550 | Needham|1986|p=428}} | | Needham|1986|p=429}} | | Kinard|2007|p=72}} | | 1560 | Jixiao Xinshu describing the musket volley fire technique and his experience training the Ming army in its use.{{sfn>Andrade|2016|p=173}} | | 1561 | Needham|1986|p=33}}{{sfn|Needham|1986|p=380}} | | 1563 | Chase|2003|p=174}} | | 1568 | Phillips|2016}} | | 1573 | Needham|1986|p=202}} | | 1574 | Needham|1986|p=205}} | | 1575 | 28 June | Battle of Nagashino: In Japan Oda Nobunaga's tanegashima troops employ volley fire.{{sfn>Andrade|2016|p=169}} | | Needham|1986|p=428}} | | 1580 | Pauly|2004}} | | 1594 | 8 December | Andrade|2016|p=145}} | | 1598 | Chase|2003|p=148}} | | Needham|1986|p=444}} |
17th century| Year | Date | Event | | 1600 | Chase|2003|p=96}} | | Kinard|2007|p=99}} | | 1606 | Needham|1986|p=456}} | | 1607 | Andrade|2016|p=183}} | | 1611 | Kelly|2004|p=132}} | | Phillips|2016}} | | 1613 | In Japan Date Masamune orders the construction of the Date Maru, a ship built in the style of a Spanish galleon, capable of carrying large cannons.[16] | | 1619 | 14–18 April | Battle of Sarhu: Later Jin cavalry defeats Ming and Joseon musketeers.{{sfn>Andrade|2016|p=187}} | | 1620 | Andrade|2016|p=201}} | | 1627 | Needham|1986|p=535}} | | 1629 | Holland experiments with composite metal cannons.[15] | | 1632 | Andrade|2016|p=212}} | | 1633 | Andrade|2016|p=204}} | | 1635 | Needham|1986|p=412}} | | 1636 | Needham|1986|p=466}} | | 1637 | Shimabara Rebellion: In Japan the last major military engagement involving muskets, before firearm suppression policies are enacted, is conducted against an uprising of peasant-farmers and landless samurai.{{sfn>Needham|1986|p=469}} | | 1642 | 20 January | zhang breach in Ming fortifications using cannons.{{sfn>Swope|2013}} | | 1643 | 26 July | Storming of Bristol: In Europe fire lances are used for the last time.{{sfn>Needham|1986|p=262}} | | 1650 | Harding|1999|p=38}} | | 1662 | 3 July | [17]{{sfn>Needham|1986|p=410}} | | 1671 | Needham|1986|p=444}} | | 1680 | Needham|1986|p=428}} | | 1694 | Khan|2004|p=137}} |
18th century| Year | Date | Event | | 1702 | Needham|1986|p=413}} | | 1715 | Chase|2003|p=201}} | | 1718 | Needham|1986|p=410}} | | 1720 | Kinard|2007|p=107}} | | 1725 | Needham|1986|p=429}} | | 1742 | Robins|1742}} | | 1750 | Roy|2015|p=9}} | | Phillips|2016}} | | 1755 | Kinard|2007|p=115}} | | 1759 | Kinard|2007|p=116}} | | 1770 | Phillips|2016}} | | 1780 | Phillips|2016}} | | 1783 | Andrade|2016|p=252}} | | 1790 | Kinard|2007|p=109}} | | 1799 | 22 April | Needham|1986|p=518}} |
19th century| Year | Date | Event | | 1803 | Kinard|2007|p=126}} | | 1804 | Needham|1986|p=518}} | | 1805 | Kinard|2007|p=119}} | | 1807 | Kinard|2007|p=121}} | | 1812 | Willbanks|2004|p=14}} | | Phillips|2016}} | | 1815 | Willbanks|2004|p=11}} | | 1820 | Kinard|2007|p=134}} | | 1825 | Needham|1986|p=465}} | | 1829 | Kinard|2007|p=123}} | | 1830 | Willbanks|2004|p=11}} | | 1831 | Needham|1986|p=537}} | | 1835 | Willbanks|2004|p=15}} | | 1836 | Willbanks|2004|p=15}} | | 1837 | Needham|1986|p=544}} | | 1841 | Needham|1986|p=465}} | | 1845 | Needham|1986|p=412}} | | 1849 | Willbanks|2004|p=12}} | | 1854 | Willbanks|2004|p=12}} | | Willbanks|2004|p=14}} | | 1855 | Needham|1986|p=334}} | | Needham|1986|p=544}} | | 1860 | Willbanks|2004|p=17}} | | 1861 | Chase|2003|p=202}} | | 1862 | Needham|1986|p=467}} | | Needham|1986|p=466}} | | 1863 | Needham|1986|p=537}} | | 1864 | Needham|1986|p=466}} | | 1873 | Willbanks|2004|p=17}} | | Needham|1986|p=412}} | | 1877 | 20 July – 10 December | Siege of Plevna: The first time metallic cartridge repeating rifles have a large impact in battle.{{sfn>Willbanks|2004|p=17}} | | 1880 | Andrade|2016|p=294}} | | 1884 | Chase|2003|p=202}} | | 1886 | Chase|2003|p=202}} | | 1890 | Kelly|2004|p=232}} |
20th century| Year | Date | Event | | 1902 | Andrade|2016|p=294}} |
See also- Timeline of the gunpowder age in Japan
- Timeline of the gunpowder age in Korea
- Timeline of the gunpowder age in South Asia
- Timeline of the gunpowder age in Southeast Asia
Citations1. ^{{cite web|title=History of Gunpowder|url=https://epicfireworks.com/history-of-gunpowder|accessdate=14 October 2016}}
2. ^1 {{cite web|last1=Acosta|first1=Oscar|title=American Firearms Gun History|url=http://www.americanfirearms.org/gun-history/|website=americanfirearms.org|publisher=americanfirearms.org|accessdate=30 October 2015|ref=AFI}}
3. ^{{cite web|title=The Explosive Quest for Immortality|url=http://scribol.com/anthropology-and-history/history/the-explosive-quest-for-immortality/|accessdate=14 October 2016}}
4. ^天佑初，王茂章征安仁义于润州，洎城陷，中十余创，以功迁左先锋都尉。从攻豫章，（郑）璠以所部发机「飞火」，烧龙沙门，率壮士突火先登入城，焦灼被体，以功授检校司徒。(Rough Translation: During the beginning of Tianyou Era (904–907), Zheng Fan followed Wang Maozhang in a campaign against Runzhou, which was guarded by rebel An Renyi. He was severely injured in the process and as the result he was promoted to Junior General of Left Vanguard. At the campaign of Yuchang, he ordered his troops to shoot off a machine to let fire fly and burn the Longsha Gate, after which he led his troops over the fire and entered the city. His body was scorched, for which he was appointed Prime Minister Inspectorate.) Records of Nine Kingdoms ch. 2
5. ^Stephen Turnbull (19 February 2013). [url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Qo4amAg_ygIC&pg=PT41 The Mongol Invasions of Japan 1274 and 1281]. Osprey Publishing. pp 41–42. {{ISBN|978-1-4728-0045-9}}. Retrieved 6 September 2016.
6. ^1 Dr. J.L.A. Brandes, T.B.G., LII (1910)
7. ^Song Lian. History of Yuan.
8. ^{{Cite book|title=Anthony Reid and the Study of the Southeast Asian Past|last=Reid|first=Anthony|publisher=Institute of Southeast Asian Studies|year=2012|isbn=978-981-4311-96-0|location=|pages=}}
9. ^{{cite web| author = Seoul National University-College of Humanities-Department of History| title = History of Science in Korea| work = Vestige of Scientific work in Korea| publisher = Seoul National University| date = 30 April 2005| url = http://seer.snu.ac.kr/trip/anc-4.html| accessdate = 27 July 2006}}
10. ^{{cite web| author = Korean Broadcasting System-News department| title = Science in Korea| work = Countdown Begins for Launch of South Korea's Space Rocket| publisher = Korean Broadcasting System| date = 30 April 2005| url = http://seer.snu.ac.kr/trip/anc-4.html| accessdate = 27 July 2006}}
11. ^{{citation |url=http://www.musketeer.ch/blackpowder/handgonne.html |title=Handgonne Faustbüchse |accessdate=17 October 2016 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161014090335/http://www.musketeer.ch/blackpowder/handgonne.html |archivedate=14 October 2016 }}
12. ^{{citation |url=http://greatmingmilitary.blogspot.com/2015/04/rocket-cart-of-ming-dynasty-p1.html |title=Rocket carts of the Ming Dynasty |accessdate=18 October 2016}}
13. ^{{cite web| title = Articles of 1451, Munjongsillok of Annals of Joseon Dynasty (from book 5 to 9, click 문종 for view)| publisher = National Institute of Korean History| year = 1451| url = http://sillok.history.go.kr/inspection/inspection.jsp?mState=2&mTree=0&clsName=&searchType=a&keyword=화차| accessdate = 15 November 2015}}
14. ^Schmidtchen (1977b), pp. 226–228
15. ^1 2 {{cite web|title=The Rise and Fall of Distinctive Composite-Metal Cannons Cast During the Ming-Qing Period|url=http://thjcs.web.nthu.edu.tw/files/14-1662-63632,r3836-1.php?Lang=zh-tw|accessdate=19 December 2016}}
16. ^"Watanoha, Ishinomaki: The San Juan somehow survived" (サン・ファン号「何とか耐えた」 石巻・渡波) {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110323002433/http://www.kahoku.co.jp/news/2011/03/20110318t13004.htm |date=23 March 2011 }}. Kahoku Online Network. 18 March 2011.
17. ^[https://www.pepysdiary.com/diary/1662/07/03/ The Diary of Samuel Pepys: Thursday 3 July 1662. "After dinner, was brought to Sir W. Compton a gun to discharge seven times, the best of all devices that ever I saw, and very serviceable, and not a bawble; for it is much approved of, and many thereof made."]
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{{Early firearms}}{{DEFAULTSORT:History Of Gunpowder}} 8 : Historical timelines|Warfare of the Middle Ages|Warfare of the Early Modern era|History of chemistry|Alchemy|Ammunition|Gunpowder|Weapon history |