| 词条 | Tonga-Kermadec Ridge |
| 释义 |
The Tonga-Kermadec Ridge is an oceanic ridge in the south-west Pacific Ocean underlying the Tonga-Kermadec island arc. It is the most linear, fastest converging, and most seismically active subduction boundary on Earth, and consequently has the highest density of submarine volcanoes.[1] The Tonga-Kermadec Ridge stretches more than {{Convert|3000|km|abbr=on}} north-northeast from New Zealand's North Island. The Pacific Plate subducts westward beneath the Australian Plate along the ridge. It is divided into two segments, the northern Tonga Ridge and southern Kermadec Ridge, by the Louisville Seamount Chain. On its western side, the ridge is flanked by two back-arc basins, the Lau Basin and Havre Trough, that began opening at 6 {{Abbr|Ma|million year}} and 2 Ma respectively. Together with these younger basins the ridge forms the eastward-migrating, 100 Ma-old Lau-Tonga-Havre-Kermadec arc/back-arc system or complex.[2] The extension in the Lau-Havre basin results in a higher rate of subduction than convergence along the Australian-Pacific plate boundary. The rates of extension, subduction, and convergence all increase northwards in this complex, subduction at a rate of {{Convert|24|-|6|cm/yr|abbr=on|in/year}} and extension at a rate of {{Convert|91|-|159|mm/yr|abbr=on|in/year}}. As a result, the Tonga-Kermadec Ridge moves independently of both tectonic plates and forms the Tonga-Kermadec Plate, in its turn fragmented into the Niuafo'ou, Tonga, and Kermadec microplates.[3] The Samoa and Louisville mantle plumes both contribute to the lavas of two of the northern Tonga islands, Tafahi and Niuatoputapu; ocean island basalt (OIB) from the Samoa plume were introduced from 3-4 Ma when subduction in the Vitiaz Trench (north-west of Tonga) ceased. The lavas of the Louisville Seamount Chain were generated 80-90 Ma but began to subduct under the Tonga-Kermadec Ridge at {{Circa}} 8 Ma.[4] The Hikurangi and Manihiki plateaux, north and south of the Tonga-Kermadec Ridge respectively, form part of the Ontong Java-Hikurangi-Manihiki large igneous province (LIP), the largest volcanic event on Earth during the past 200 million years.[5] The Osbourn Trough, located just north of the Tonga-Kermadec and Louisville intersection, is the palaeo-spreading centre between the Hikurangi and Manihiki plateaux away from which the age of the Pacific Plate increases from {{Circa}} 85 Ma to 144 Ma.[1] The subduction of the Hikurangi Plateau beneath New Zealand and the southern part of the Kermadec Arc has resulted in large volumes of lava and a high density of volcanoes in the arc. The initial Hikurangi-Kermadec collision, however, occurred {{Convert|250|km|abbr=on}} to the north where a missing piece of the Ontong Java-Hikurangi-Manihiki LIP has already been subducted.[6] See also
References
1. ^1 {{Harvnb|Timm|Bassett|Graham|Leybourne|2013|loc=Geological and geochemical background, pp. 2–3}} 2. ^{{Harvnb|Ewart|Collerson|Regelous|Wendt|1998|loc=Introduction, p. 332}} 3. ^{{Harvnb|Smith|Price|2006|loc=Tectonic setting, pp. 321–322}} 4. ^{{Harvnb|Wendt|Regelous|Collerson|Ewart|1997|loc=Conclusions, p. 614}} 5. ^{{Harvnb|Tarduno|Mayer|Winterer|Sliter|1991|p=401}} 6. ^{{Harvnb|Timm|Davy|Haase|Hoernle|2014|loc=Abstract}}
| last1 = Ewart | first1 = A. | last2 = Collerson | first2 = K. D. | last3 = Regelous | first3 = M. | last4 = Wendt | first4 = J. I. | last5 = Niu | first5 = Y. | title = Geochemical evolution within the Tonga-Kermadec-Lau arc-back-arc systems: the role of varying mantle wedge composition in space and time | year = 1998 | journal = Journal of Petrology | volume = 39 | issue = 3 | pages = 331–368 | url = https://community.dur.ac.uk/yaoling.niu/MyReprints-pdf/1998EwartJPet.pdf | access-date = 19 March 2017 | doi = 10.1093/petroj/39.3.331 | ref = harv}}
| last1 = Smith | first1 = I. E. | last2 = Price | first2 = R. C. | title = The Tonga–Kermadec arc and Havre–Lau back-arc system: their role in the development of tectonic and magmatic models for the western Pacific | year = 2006 | journal = Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research | volume = 156 | issue = 3 | pages = 315–331 | url = https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Richard_Price12/publication/248257025_The_Tonga-Kermadec_arc_and_Havre-Lau_back-arc_system_Their_role_in_the_development_of_tectonic_and_magmatic_models_for_the_western_Pacific/links/563e8d3408ae34e98c4d97ff.pdf | access-date = 19 March 2017 | doi = 10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2006.03.006 | ref = harv}}
| last1 = Tarduno | first1 = J. A. | last2 = Mayer | first2 = H. | last3 = Winterer | first3 = E. L. | last4 = Sliter | first4 = W. V. | last5 = Kroenke | first5 = L. | last6 = Mahoney | first6 = J. J. | last7 = Leckie | first7 = M. | last8 = Musgrave | first8 = R. | last9 = Storey | first9 = M. | title = Rapid formation of Ontong Java Plateau by Aptian mantle plume volcanism | year = 1991 | journal = Science | volume = 254 | issue = 5030 | pages = 399–403 | url = http://www.mantleplumes.org/WebDocuments/Tarduno91_Science.pdf | access-date = 17 December 2016 | doi = 10.1126/science.254.5030.399 | bibcode = 1991Sci...254..399T | ref = harv}}
| last1 = Timm | first1 = C. | last2 = Davy | first2 = B. | last3 = Haase | first3 = K. | last4 = Hoernle | first4 = K. A. | last5 = Graham | first5 = I. J. | last6 = de Ronde | first6 = C. E. | last7 = Woodhead | first7 = J. | last8 = Bassett | first8 = D. | last9 = Hauff | first9 = F. | last10 = Mortimer | first10 = N. | last11 = Seebeck | first11 = H. C. | last12 = Wysoczanski | first12 = R. J. | last13 = Caratori-Tontini | first13 = F. | last14 = Gamble | first14 = J. A. | title = Subduction of the oceanic Hikurangi Plateau and its impact on the Kermadec arc | year = 2014 | journal = Nature Communications | volume = 5 | url = http://igppweb.ucsd.edu/~dbassett/Publications_files/Timm_Kermadec_geochemistry_NatureComm_2014.pdf | access-date = 19 March 2017 | doi = 10.1038/ncomms5923 | ref = harv}}
| last1 = Wendt | first1 = J. I. | last2 = Regelous | first2 = M. | last3 = Collerson | first3 = K. T. | last4 = Ewart | first4 = A. | title = Evidence for a contribution from two mantle plumes to island-arc lavas from northern Tonga | year = 1997 | journal = Geology | volume = 25 | issue = 7 | pages = 611–614 | url = https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Marcel_Regelous/publication/249520363_Evidence_for_a_contribution_from_two_mantle_plumes_to_Island_Arc_lavas_from_Northern_Tonga/links/00b4953b14831a014a000000.pdf | access-date = 25 February 2017 | doi = 10.1130/0091-7613(1997)025<0611:EFACFT>2.3.CO;2 | ref = harv}}{{Refend}}{{Coord|25|S|175|W|display=title}}{{Oceanic features of Zealandia|state=collapsed}} 3 : Underwater ridges of the Pacific Ocean|New Zealand seafloor (oceanography)|Subduction zones |
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