| 词条 | Tono Maria |
| 释义 |
|name = Tono Maria |image = |image_size = |caption = Botocudo woman with lip and ear plugs. |birth_name = |birth_date = Around 1782 (Described as being about 40 in 1822) |birth_place = South American region (now the Brazilian state of Minas Gerais) |death_date = Unknown |death_place = Unknown |body_discovered = |death_cause = |resting_place = Unknown |residence = |nationality = |citizenship = |other_names = “Venus of South America” |known_for = |employer = |occupation = |years_active = |home_town = |salary = |height = |weight = |spouse = |partner = |children = |parents = |relations = }} Tono Maria also known as the “Venus of South America” was another woman, similar to Sarah Baartman’s case, that was exhibited in the “London shows” or freak shows in the 1800s. Tono Maria, a Botocudo (derived from the Portuguese word, botoque for plug) woman from the South American region (now the Brazilian state of Minas Gerais) was known for her scars, social codes that signified her sexual transgressions, her full figure and large lip and ear plugs. Tono Maria’s features fascinated the London spectators and further fueled their studies in scientific racism and western superiority. LifeTono Maria was displayed in a London freak show, and described in an 1822 article called the “Sketches of Society: The Shows of London” as the Venus of South America whose “charms are reputed to have been irresistible in her native land in which she made conquest of no fewer than three chieftains in succession." She is described at the time as being "about forty years of age". [1] SymbolismAuthor Janell Hobson briefly recounts Tono Maria in her memoir, Venus in the Dark, and describes how the London spectators viewed her nearly 100 scars, each supposedly representing a sexual transgression committed in her own tribe, as a social stigma, a mark of excess sexuality representing how nonwhites were "openly licentious, debauched, and depraved” in comparison with European white women who were considered “pure” and “refined”.[2] Author Rosemarie Garland Thompson mentions Tono Maria in her book, Extraordinary Bodies, as a spectacle that “confirmed the Englishman’s sense of physical mastery” and was seen as a cautionary tale of female sexual appetite. [3] References1. ^Sketches of Society: The Shows of London.” The London Literary Gazettte and Journal of the Belle Lettres, 1822. pg 123. Accessed April 14, 2017. https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=osu.32435059865105;view=1up;seq=131 {{DEFAULTSORT:Maria, Tono}}2. ^Janell Hobson. Venus in the Dark: Blackness and Beauty in Popular Culture. Routledge. Taylor & Francis Group. pg 46. 2005. Accessed April 15, 2017. 3. ^Rosemarie Garland Thompson. Extraordinary Bodies. Columbia University Press.April 1996. 9 : 1782 births|Year of death unknown|People from Minas Gerais|Sideshow performers|Brazilian women|18th-century women|Sexuality and society|19th-century women|Indigenous people of Eastern Brazil |
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