| 词条 | Trabutina mannipara |
| 释义 |
| image = | regnum = Animalia | phylum = Arthropoda | classis = Insecta | ordo = Hemiptera | subordo = Sternorrhyncha | familia = Pseudococcidae | genus = Trabutina | species = T. mannipara | binomial = Trabutina mannipara | binomial_authority = (Hemprich & Ehrenberg, 1829) | synonyms = *Coccus manniparus Hemprich & Ehrenberg, 1829
}}Trabutina mannipara, or mana scale, is a species of mealybug found in the Middle East and southern Europe.[1][2] It is the most well-known of the five species in the genus Trabutina, of which it is the type species,[3] due to its association with the biblical story of manna.[4] T. mannipara feeds parasitically on tamarisk trees, and excretes a sweet substance which is sometimes collected for human consumption.[5] Obsolete terms for it include Coccus manniparus and Trabutina palestina.{{Efn|Trabutina Palestina, described in 1927, was later discovered to be the same species.[6]}} This species can be found in the Sinai[7] and Iraq.[8] It was described in 1829 by Hemprich and Ehrenberg (as Coccus manniparus),[9] after investigation in the Sinai mountains.[10] Ehrenberg believed that the bite wounds in the tamarisk plant created as the insects fed on the plant caused a sweet sticky substance known locally as "manna", and which Ehrenberg associated with the biblical manna, to flow out of the plant.[5] In 1929, F. S. Bodenheimer found that the manna was in fact produced by the insects themselves,[5] and argued that the description of the sticky substance and its geographical region argued in favor of Ehrenberg's identification with the biblical manna.[11] The identification with biblical manna continues to appear in more recent literature.[12] T. mannipara, like other mealybugs, is parasitic on plants, and in its excretions is a great deal of undigested material.[13] In the case of mannipara, these excretions are high in sugar.[13]In the United States, where tamarisks are invasive species, T. mannipara has been tested for possible use in controlling tamarisks.[14] Notes{{notelist|30em}}References1. ^[https://www.cabi.org/isc/datasheet/54399 CABI Invasive Species Compendium]. {{Coccoidea-stub}}2. ^Yair Ben-Dov (1988). "[https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1365-3113.1988.tb00251.x Manna scale, Trabutina mannipara (Hemprich & Ehrenberg) (Homoptera: Coccoidea: Pseudococcidae)]". Systematic Entomology. Volume 13, Issue 4. 3. ^D.J. Williams and P. J. Gullan (2010). "Family-group names proposed in the family Pseudococcidae (Hemiptera: Sternorrhyncha: Coccoidea)".Zootaxa. 4. ^Evelyna M. Danzig and Douglass R. Miller (1996). "A Systematic Revision of the Mealybug Genus Trabutina (Homoptera: Coccoidea: Pseudococcidae)." Israel Journal of Entomology, XXX. p. 7. 5. ^1 2 {{cite book|author=R.A. Donkin|title=Manna: An Historical Geography|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hn3wCAAAQBAJ&pg=PA78|date=1 December 2013|publisher=Springer|isbn=978-94-017-6117-8|pages=78–79}} 6. ^{{cite book|author1=Joseph Seckbach|author2=Zvy Dubinsky|title=All Flesh Is Grass: Plant-Animal Interrelationships|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Rl0ER01ZI8cC&pg=PA111|date=11 October 2010|publisher=Springer Science & Business Media|isbn=978-90-481-9316-5|page=111}} 7. ^{{cite book|author=Jolivet|title=Insects and Plants: Parallel Evolution & Adaptations, Second Edition|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QQiTIJoH5vwC&pg=PA119|date=1 January 1992|publisher=CRC Press|isbn=978-1-877743-10-8|page=119}} 8. ^{{cite book|author=Masumeh Moghaddam|title=An Annotated Checklist of the Scale Insects of Iran (Hemiptera, Sternorrhyncha, Coccoidea) with New Records and Distribution Data|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iN6LAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA74|date=23 September 2013|publisher=PenSoft Publishers LTD|isbn=978-954-642-702-1|page=74}} 9. ^Yair Ben-Dov (1988). "[https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1365-3113.1988.tb00251.x Manna scale, Trabutina mannipara (Hemprich & Ehrenberg) (Homoptera: Coccoidea: Pseudococcidae)]". Systematic Entomology. Volume 13, Issue 4. p. 388, 389. 10. ^M. Bertholet (1862). "[https://books.google.com/books?id=5SU4AQAAMAAJ&pg=PA274&dq=Ehrenberg+manna+Sinai&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwi_4JagmfPdAhUGqlkKHTPlB90Q6AEIOTAD#v=onepage&q=Ehrenberg%20manna%20Sinai&f=false On the Manna of Sinai, and the Manna of Syria]". The Pharmaceutical Journal and Transactions. Second Series, Volume 3. p. 274. 11. ^{{cite book|author=S. Mark Henry|title=Symbiosis: Associations of Invertebrates, Birds, Ruminants, and Other Biota|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0zPLBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA120|date=17 September 2013|publisher=Elsevier|isbn=978-1-4832-7592-5|page=120}} 12. ^{{cite book|author1=M. Mani|author2=C. Shivaraju|title=Mealybugs and their Management in Agricultural and Horticultural crops|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qWuhCwAAQBAJ|date=24 February 2016|publisher=Springer India|isbn=978-81-322-2677-2|page=138}} 13. ^1 {{cite book|author=Vincent B. Wigglesworth|title=The Principles of Insect Physiology|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Q9bsCAAAQBAJ|date=6 December 2012|publisher=Springer Science & Business Media|isbn=978-94-009-5973-6|page=497}} 14. ^{{cite book|author1=Moshe Coll|author2=Eric Wajnberg|title=Environmental Pest Management: Challenges for Agronomists, Ecologists, Economists and Policymakers|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6z0uDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA116|date=25 July 2017|publisher=Wiley|isbn=978-1-119-25556-7|page=116}} 1 : Pseudococcidae |
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