1. Background

2. Deinstitutionalisation

3. See also

4. References

In the United States patients that would have formerly have been in psychiatric hospitals wound up in general hospitals and private nursing homes which then became a growth industry.

There is an over-representation of the mentally ill in corrective settings. There are 400,000 prison inmates{{where?|date=August 2017}} with mental health problems, and 25–40% of the mentally ill{{Please clarify|reason=How defined: What conditions qualify here?|date=August 2017}} will spend some time in prison.^[1]

Background

In 1939, Lionel Penrose published a cross-sectional study from 18 European countries which included Scandinavia. He demonstrated that there was an inverse relationship between the number of mental hospital beds and the number of prisoners; and then a relationship between the number of mental hospital beds with the number of murders. He argued that by increasing the number of mental institution beds, a society could reduce serious crimes and imprisonment rates. This became known as Penrose's law.^[2]

The Canadian sociologist Erving Goffman is credited with popularising the concept of total institutions in his paper "On the Characteristics of Total Institutions", presented in April 1957 at the Walter Reed Institute's Symposium on Preventive and Social Psychiatry.^[3] though it was used earlier by Everett Hughes during the late-1940s seminar, "Work and Occupations".^[4]

The downsizing of the large psychiatric hospitals in the US and the UK started in the mid-1950s then occurred in most Western European countries during the 1970s. Whether called 'de-institutionalisation' 'community-based' care, 'open' mental health services or 'decentralised' mental health services, and the total number of beds in these total psychiatric institutions has fallen dramatically.^[5]

Deinstitutionalisation

De-institutionalisation, the contraction of traditional institutional settings and especially a decline in the number of beds, is a process that takes several decades. De-institutionalisation comprises three processes: firstly a shift away from dependence on psychiatric hospitals; then 'transinstitutionalisation' or an increase in the number of mental health beds in general hospitals and nursing homes and finally the growth of community-based inpatient and outpatient services.^[5]

It has been conjectured that patients, who lost their homes during the de-institutionalisation from the large hospitals failed to make the change to independent community living, and self-transinstitutionalised into the criminal custodial system. Transinstitutionalisation is the process that explains Penrose's law.^[6]

See also

• Deinstitutionalisation

References

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