“Triune Kingdom of Croatia”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

The Triune Kingdom, Croatia under Bans rule or Kingdom of Croatia, officially the Triune Kingdom of Croatia, Slavonia and Dalmatia ({{lang-hr|Trojedna Kraljevina Hrvatska, Slavonija i Dalmacija}}; {{lang-hu|Háromegy Királyság Horvátország, Szlavónia és Dalmácia}}; {{lang-de|link=no|Dreieinige Königreich Kroatien, Slawonien und Dalmatien}}) was a constituent Kingdom of the Austrian Empire with high levels self-governing and sovereignty.^[4] It lasted from 1848 with the proclamation of the Sabor and enthronement of Ban Josip Count Jelačić Bužimski under whom all Crown Lands were later united (Croatia, Slavonia and Dalmatia and as well the region of Međimurje) and governed by the Ban of Croatia.^[5] During that period the Triune Kingdom of Croatia has broken the crown union with Hungary which was established during the 18th century,^[6] and went to war with Hungary. During this period the first modern Government was established (The Ban's Council {{lang-hr|Bansko vijeće}} and the Ban's Government {{lang-hr|Banska vlada}}). After the defeat of revolutionary Hungary in 1849 the age of Bach's absolutism came to being, which unlike other parts of the Austrian Monarchy wasn't implemented to the fullest in the Triune Kingdom of Croatia. The 1860's were marked by the reign of Ban Josip Barun Šokčević who had the task to negotiate the future agreements within the Monarchy. After the Austro-Hungarian Compromise of 1867 in protest of not negotiating with the Triune Kingdom of Croatia the Official Government and Sabor declined to send a delegation for the coronation of Franz Joseph I in Budapest and nulified the coronation in the Royal Diet session. In 1867 under political pressure Ban Šokčević resigned and was succeeded by Ban Levin Barun Rauch was more in favor of negotiating Croatia's position within Hungary, rather then with Austria, which would result in the Croatian–Hungarian Settlement of 1868 and crown union of the Triune Kingdom of Croatia, Slavonia and Dalmatia and the Kingdom Hungary which as partner states formed the Lands of the Crown of Saint Stephen.

History

Background

In 1527 with the election of Ferdinand I Habsburg as the new Croatian King and dynasty the Habsburgs ruled over the Croatian Kingdom. In 1790 due to wars and political instability the Croatian Diet and Ban decided that the Kingdom of Croatia enters a crown union with the Kingdom of Hungary, forming common and independent parts of the government, which would last until the crown lands were liberated from the Ottomans and Venice.^[7] This status continued into the early 19th century.

The 1848 Revolution

During the period of 1848 called the Spring of nations a new wave of liberalism, nationalism and romanticism influenced the Continental part of Europe. In that time the ideas of Pan-Slavism were growing in the Austrian Empire. In Hungary a growth of liberalism and nationalism resulted in a new government of Lajos Kossuth who forced openly a policy of Magyarization in the early 1840s^[8]^[9], denying all political and national rights.^[10]^[11]^[12] He favored a chauvinist idea of a Greater Hungary which would expand onto Croatian territory.^[13] One of his best known statements on that issue was: I don't recognize the Croatian nationality. Where is Croatia? I can't find it (existing) on map. Between us only the sword can decide^[14]. This all would result in Croatia for the Demands of the people for electing Josip Jelačić as the Ban of Croatia, unification of all Croatian Crown Lands and severing of all ties and unions with Hungary^[15], thus Croatians developed a new sense of Austro-Slavist and Croatian patriotism and unity within the Monarchy. Despite in the Hungarian Government, Kossuth played an important part in the shaping of the law of minority rights in 1849. It was the first law which recognized minority rights in Europe.^[16]^[17]

Ban Josip Jelačić Bužimski (1848–1859)

The Monarch under the demands of the people appointed Josip Baron Jelačić Bužimski, who at that time was a loyal military leader in the Croatian Military Frontier as the new Ban of the Triune Kingdom of Croatia, Slavonia and Dalmatia. He was enthroned in Zagreb in June 1848,^[18] since Bishop Juraj Haulik was in Vienna, the Orthodox Patriarch Josif Rajačić blessed the new Croatian Ban. This was also the first introduction and institutionalization of the Croatian tricolor flag, which for the first time was used in the Royal Bans Standard. During the period from 1848 until 1849 Ban Jelačić led a victorious campaign against revolutionary Hungary, with which he severed all state (Crown Union) ties. In that period he was the Ban of Croatia, Slavonia and Dalmatia, Governor of Dalmatia. In territorial terms he unified Rijeka and Međimurje with Croatia. He abolished serfdom, established the first modern Croatian government, instituted first elective representatives into the Sabor, advocated for Church independence from Hungary by elevating the Diocese of Zagreb into the status of of the archdiocese. After 1849 and the War with Hungary, both territories of Međimurje and Rijeka were united and became part of Croatia. In 1850 Međimurje gained a status of a political district (subcounty) of the Varaždin County in the Kingdom of Croatia, with Ladislav pl. Kiš becoming the first Podžupan of the district.^[19] In 1850 Rijeka was united with Croatia by the Royal diploma of Franz Joseph I and elevated into the status of the Rijeka county, as part of the Kingdom of Croatia,^[20] with even the flag of the new county being inaugurated in 1862.^[21]

Ban Ivan Baptist Coronini-Cronberg (1859–1860)

Briefly reigned after the death of Ban Josip Count Jelačić, he was called a Foreigner in the Ban's palace and was not liked for his cruel methods. After many complaints he was removed from the position by King Franjo Josip in 1860.

Ban Josip Šokčević (1860–1867)

Thought to be the spiritual successor of Ban Jelačić a highly capable and patriotic Ban, remembered as the last Military Ban (Ban with a high military office),^[22] during which reign was marked by the Austro-Prussian War, political turmoil, Dalmatian separatism and the Austro-Hungarian Compromise of 1867.

Institutions

King of Croatia, Slavonia and Dalmatia

The King of Croatia, Slavonia and Dalmatia, or King of Dalmatia, Croatia and Slavonia, or simple King of Croatia ({{lang-hr|Kralj Hrvatske, Salvonije i Dalmacije}}) was the Croatian Sovereign, he was a member of the Habsburg dynasty. Each Monarch had to be confirmed by the Royal Sabor. The Monarch had the right to veto any decisions of the Royal Sabor, appoint the Ban of Croatia, open and close parliament sessions and appoint the Archbishop of Zagreb.

Ban of Croatia, Slavonia and Dalmatia

The Ban of Croatia, Slavonia and Dalmatia was the highest office in the Croatian Kingdom, during the period of 1848-1867 the Ban held the position of a Prime Minister, Viceroy and Supreme Captain of the Kingdom (Supreme commander).^[23] He was appointed by the Monarch on the request of the Sabor and enthroned in a Regal manor.^[24]

Royal Bans Government

Royal Bans Government or Royal Bans Council was the first modern government of Croatia, it was enacted by Ban Josip Baron Helačić Bužimski in 1848. The Government was composed out of members appointed by the Ban and Sabor. It had full authority on the territory of Croatia, Slavonia, as well as Međimurje and Rijeka which were annexed and united in 1848. While limited authority in the Croatian-Slavonian Military Frontier and Dalmatia.

The Government enacted modern reforms and established new institutions, it added Croatian language in all levels of education.

Royal Sabor

Officially the Sabor of the Triune Kingdom of Croatia, Slavonia and Dalmatia or simply Royal Sabor was the highest legislative office in the Triune Kingdom of Croatia. From 1848, together with appointed ({{lang-la|virilist}}) it had elected representatives, additionally Dalmatia would send its delegates to the Sabor. The Royal Sabor was opened by the Monarch who would appoint (usually the Ban) a person to hold the opening ceremony. The Sabor could enact laws and reforms while the Monarch and the Ban had a Veto right to block them.

Royal Council of Seven

The Royal Council of Seven ({{lang-hr|Kraljevski Stol sedmorice}}) was the highest judiciary office of the Triune Kingdom of Croatia, Slavonia and Dalmatia, it was created in 1862 by the decree of the Monarch and instituted by the Royal Bans Council. It was presided under the Croatian Ban, while other six members were all judiciaries. This institution would continue after the 1868 compromise until 1918. In the period of the Kingdom of Yugoslavia it would continue until 1929 when it was abolished. It was briefly established during the Independent State of Croatia with the same composition, only without the prefix Royal.

Crown Lands

Croatia

After Ban Josip Count Jelačić Bužimski became governor of Rijeka it was reunited with the rest of Croatia. In 1850 Rijeka was united with Croatia by the Royal diploma of King Franjo Josip I and elevated into the status of the Rijeka county, as part of the Kingdom of Croatia,^[25] with even the flag of the new county being inaugurated in 1862.^[26]

After the annexation of Međimurje in 1848-1849 it was united with Croatia. In 1850 Međimurje gained a status of a political district (subcounty) of the Varaždin County in the Kingdom of Croatia, with Ladislav pl. Kiš becoming the first Podžupan of the district.^[27]

Slavonia

Dalmatia

Military Frontier

Military

Society

Culture

Demographics

Religion

The state religion was Catholicism, which was the predominant faith. Other recognized religions were Orthodoxy, Protestantism and Judaism. In a wish to be more independent from the former influence of Hungary, Diocese of Zagreb is elevated in 1852 to the level of Archdiocese, under the patent of King Franjo Josip I and later the Pope.^[32] Which was opted by Ban Josip Count Jelačić Bužimski

Economy

Infrastructure

Symbols

In 1848 for the first time the Croatian tricolor flag was introduced, the version of the tricolor flag with the coat of arms of Croatia, Slavonia and Dalmatia. It was prohibitied between 1852 and 1860.^[33] The Royal Bans standard, considered the prime flag of the Triune Kingdom of Croatia, Slavonia and Dlamatia, under Ban Josip Count Jelačić Bužimski, instead of a traditional mono-color background used a tri-color variant. The decision to use the Red-White-Blue color came under the Pan-Slavic influence and since it reflected the colors of the Crown Lands which were integral part of the Croatian Coat of Arms (Red and White from Croatia, Red-White-Blue from Slavonia and Blue from Dalmatia).^[34] The first official proposition for the national flag was in the newspapers of Ljudevit Gaj, while the official implementation was during the enthronement of Josip Jelačić as the new Croatian Ban, on 5 June 1848.

Gallery

See also

References

1. ^Goldstain Ivo, Kronologija, Novi Liber, Zagreb, (1996), ISBN 953-6045-12-5, ref: 1850
2. ^Statistiche Übersichten über die Bevölkerung und den Viehstand von Österreich nach der Zählung vom 31. October 1857., Kaiserlich-Königlichen Hof und Staatsdruckerei, Vienna, (1859)
3. ^Gross Mirjana, Počeci moderne Hrvatske: neoapsolutizam u civilnoj Hrvatskoj i Slavoniji 1850-1860., Centar za povijesne studije Sveučilišta u Zagrebu, Zagreb, (1985), ISBN 86-343-0059-5
4. ^Jelena Boršak-Marijanović, 1848 u Hrvatskoj (1848 in Croatia), Croatian History Museum, ISBN 953-6046-15-6, Zagreb, 1998, pp. 20–21
5. ^Jelena Boršak-Marijanović, 1848 u Hrvatskoj (1848 in Croatia), Croatian History Museum, ISBN 953-6046-15-6, Zagreb, 1998, pp. 21–29
6. ^Jelena Boršak-Marijanović, 1848 u Hrvatskoj (1848 in Croatia), Croatian History Museum, ISBN 953-6046-15-6, Zagreb, 1998, p. 14
7. ^Jelena Boršak-Marijanović, 1848 u Hrvatskoj (1848 in Croatia), Croatian History Museum, {{ISBN|953-6046-15-6}}, Zagreb, 1998, pp. 14–15
8. ^Ioan Lupaș, [https://books.google.com/books?id=_0ppAAAAMAAJ&q=%22the+Croats,+the+Romanians+and+the+saxons%22&dq=%22the+Croats,+the+Romanians+and+the+saxons%22&hl=ro&sa=X&ei=PenTUtriDoSmhAeR-4HACg&ved=0CDIQ6AEwAA The Hungarian Policy of Magyarization] (p. 14). The Center for Transylvanians Studies
9. ^Laszlo Deme. [https://books.google.com/books?id=r91nAAAAMAAJ&q=%22in+one+country+it+is+impossible+to+speak%22&dq=%22in+one+country+it+is+impossible+to+speak%22&hl=ro&sa=X&ei=8X_WUsC3FI-QhQfh9oC4AQ&ved=0CDIQ6AEwAA The radical left in the Hungarian revolution of 1848]; accessed 31 October 2017.
10. ^Jelena Boršak-Marijanović, 1848 u Hrvatskoj (1848 in Croatia), Croatian History Museum, {{ISBN|953-6046-15-6}}, Zagreb, 1998, p: 16-19
11. ^Markus T., Hrvatski politički pokret 1848.-1849. godine, Dom i Svijet, Zagreb, (2000), P: 38.
12. ^Dobsai Gabriela, Mađarska revolucija 1848. godine, Essehist, Osijek, (2011), p: 39-42.
13. ^Hrvatski Velikani: Ban Josip Jelačić (Croatian Grand men: Ban Josip Jelačić), dr.sc. Ivan Bulić quote: Lajos Kossuth wanted a Greater Hungary which contained Northern Hungarian counties, today's Slovakia, Lajos Kossuth wanted Southern counties, today's Slavonia, which was prevented by Ban Jelačić and he wanted Rijeka, that was the map of his Greater Hungary, Robert Knjaz, HRT, (accessed: 10 March 2019), https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MlWK-Z9_0ys
14. ^Šokčević Dinko, Hrvati u očima Mađara, Mađari u očima Hrvata. Kako se u pogledu preko Drave mijenjala slika drugoga, Zagreb, (2006), p: 140-142.
15. ^Jelena Boršak-Marijanović, 1848 u Hrvatskoj (1848 in Croatia), Croatian History Museum, {{ISBN|953-6046-15-6}}, Zagreb, 1998, p. 14–-16
16. ^Laszlo Peter, Martyn C. Rady, Peter A. Sherwood: Lajos Kossuth sent word...: Papers delivered on the occasion of the bicentenary of Kossuth's birth (page 101)
17. ^Richard Frucht: Eastern Europe, Volume I., (an introduction to the people lands and culture) page: 354. {{ISBN|1-57607-800-0}}
18. ^Jelena Boršak-Marijanović, 1848 u Hrvatskoj (1848 in Croatia), Croatian History Museum, {{ISBN|953-6046-15-6}}, Zagreb, 1998, p. 25
19. ^From the history of Čakovec, 6 February 1850, (accessed 15 March 2019), http://www.cakoveconline.com/povijest/veljaca.html
20. ^Polić Maja, Nekadašnja Rĳeka i Rĳečani s osvrtom na Korespondencĳu Rački – Strossmayer (Rĳeka and the Inhabitants of Rĳeka in the Past (Rački – Strossmayer Correspondence), Scientific article, Problemi sjevernog Jadrana 11, (2011), p: 39-71
21. ^Jelena Boršak-Marijanović, 1848 u Hrvatskoj (1848 in Croatia), Croatian and English, Croatian History Museum, {{ISBN|953-6046-15-6}}, Zagreb, 1998, pp. 86-87
22. ^Ban Josip Šokčević, TV-Kalendar, video link, (accessed: 10 June 2019), https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oPrexVn4Nak
23. ^Ban Josip Šokčević, TV-Kalendar, video link, (accessed: 10 June 2019), https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oPrexVn4Nak
24. ^Jelena Boršak-Marijanović, Zastave kroz stoljeća (Flags through the centuries), Croatian History Museum, {{ISBN|953-6046-07-5}}, Zagreb, 1996, p: 51-52
25. ^Polić Maja, Nekadašnja Rĳeka i Rĳečani s osvrtom na Korespondencĳu Rački – Strossmayer (Rĳeka and the Inhabitants of Rĳeka in the Past (Rački – Strossmayer Correspondence), Scientific article, Problemi sjevernog Jadrana 11, (2011), p: 39-71
26. ^Jelena Boršak-Marijanović, 1848 u Hrvatskoj (1848 in Croatia), Croatian and English, Croatian History Museum, {{ISBN|953-6046-15-6}}, Zagreb, 1998, pp. 86-87
27. ^From the history of Čakovec, 6 February 1850, (accessed 15 March 2019), http://www.cakoveconline.com/povijest/veljaca.html
28. ^Goldstain Ivo, Kronologija, Novi Liber, Zagreb, (1996), {{ISBN|953-6045-12-5}}, ref: 1850
29. ^Goldstain Ivo, Kronologija, Novi Liber, Zagreb, (1996), {{ISBN|953-6045-12-5}}, ref: 1850
30. ^Statistiche Übersichten über die Bevölkerung und den Viehstand von Österreich nach der Zählung vom 31. October 1857., Kaiserlich-Königlichen Hof und Staatsdruckerei, Vienna, (1859)
31. ^Gross Mirjana, Počeci moderne Hrvatske: neoapsolutizam u civilnoj Hrvatskoj i Slavoniji 1850-1860., Centar za povijesne studije Sveučilišta u Zagrebu, Zagreb, (1985), {{ISBN|86-343-0059-5}}
32. ^Goldstain Ivo, Kronologija, Novi Liber, Zagreb, (1996), {{ISBN|953-6045-12-5}}, ref: 1850
33. ^Jelena Boršak-Marijanović, Zastave kroz stoljeća (Flags thru the centuries), Croatian History Museum, Zagreb, 1996, p. 110
34. ^History of the Croatian national flag, TV-Kalendar, video link, (accessed: 10 June 2019), https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EUP2ntWF8P8