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词条 Tropical Storm Erika
释义

  1. Meteorological history

  2. Preparations

     Caribbean  Florida 

  3. Impact

     Caribbean  United States 

  4. Effects in Dominica

     Local response  International assistance  Reconstruction   Retirement  

  5. See also

  6. Notes

  7. References

  8. External links

{{good article}}{{other hurricanes|List of tropical storms named Erika}}{{Use mdy dates|date=August 2015}}{{Infobox hurricane
| Name=Tropical Storm Erika
| Type=Tropical storm
| Year=2015
| Basin=Atl
| Image location=Erika 2015-08-27 1725Z.jpg
| Image name=Tropical Storm Erika over the Leeward Islands on August 27
| Formed=August 24, 2015
| Dissipated=September 3, 2015
| Remnant low=August 28
| 1-min winds=45
| Pressure=1001
| Damages=511.4
| Fatalities=31 direct, 4 indirect
| Areas=Antilles (particularly Dominica), The Bahamas, Florida
| Hurricane season=2015 Atlantic hurricane season
}}

Tropical Storm Erika was, at the time, the deadliest and most destructive natural disaster in Dominica since Hurricane David in 1979. The fifth named storm of the season, Erika developed from a westward-moving tropical wave while well east of the Lesser Antilles. Hostile conditions, including dry air and wind shear, inhibited significant development, and Erika failed to acquire sustained winds beyond 50 mph (85 km/h). Contrary to predictions of a northwesterly recurvature, the cyclone persisted on a westerly course and passed through the Leeward Islands and emerged over the Caribbean Sea on August 27. Erika succumbed to adverse conditions the following day, dissipating as a tropical cyclone near the Dominican Republic. The remnant system persisted for several more days, ultimately moving across the Gulf of Mexico, before dissipating over Georgia on September 3.

Several islands experienced heavy rainfall during the passage of Erika, especially Dominica. The storm's asymmetric structure, coupled with the mountainous terrain of the island and ample moisture aloft, led to rainfall accumulations up to {{convert|850|mm|in|abbr=on|disp=flip}}. With grounds already saturated from antecedent rainfall, tremendous runoff quickly overwhelmed river basins and triggered catastrophic floods. Accompanying mudslides worsened the situation, temporarily damming the rivers before collapsing. Hundreds of homes were left uninhabitable and thousands of people were displaced; the entire town of Petite Savanne was evacuated and subsequently abandoned as a result of the storm. All told, 30 people died across the island in the nation's worst disaster since Hurricane David. The storm's devastating effects in Dominica prompted an influx of international assistance. Aid from multiple nations and intergovernmental organizations poured in to assist victims of the storm. Thousands of homes needed to be built or repaired, including 500–1,000 for the relocation of all of Petite Savanne's residents. Recovery in Dominica was halted in September 2017 by Hurricane Maria, a Category 5 hurricane that wrought far greater devastation on the island.

In Guadeloupe, heavy rainfall in the vicinity of Basse-Terre caused flooding and mudslides, forcing roads to temporarily close. Approximately 250,000 people in Puerto Rico were left without electricity. The island experienced US$17.37 million{{refn|group=nb|All damage totals are in 2015 values of their respective currency.}} in agricultural damage. In the Dominican Republic, a weather station in Barahona measured {{convert|24.26|in|mm|abbr=on}} of rain, including {{convert|8.8|in|mm|abbr=on}} in a single hour. About 823 homes suffered damage and 7,345 people were displaced. Five people died in Haiti, four from a weather-related traffic accident and one from a landslide. Total damage from Erika is estimated to be over US$500 million, with US$482.8 million in Dominica alone.

Meteorological history

{{storm path|Erika 2015 track.png}}

On August 20, 2015, the National Hurricane Center (NHC) began monitoring a tropical wave over western Africa, near the Atlantic shore.[1] The disorganized system emerged over the Atlantic Ocean several hundred miles southeast of the Cape Verde Islands the following day.[2][3] Moving quickly west, the system bypassed the Cape Verde Islands to the south on August 22,[4] but remained largely disorganized. A sharp trough developed within expanding deep convection on August 23, though a well-defined circulation did not consolidate.[2] Organization of the low improved throughout the day as environmental conditions favored tropical cyclogenesis.[5] The trough acquired gale-force winds the following day and finally developed a closed circulation by 18:00 UTC. The formation of a closed low marked the transition into a tropical cyclone; accordingly, the system was classified as Tropical Storm Erika, the fifth named storm of the annual hurricane season. Upon its designation, Erika was situated roughly 1,035 mi (1,665 km) east of the Lesser Antilles.[2] The storm maintained a brisk westward trajectory, steered by a subtropical ridge to the north.[2][6]

At the time of Erika's classification, forecast models diverged significantly on the potential future of Erika. Statistical guidance and the HWRF depicted a hurricane while the ECMWF and GFS showed a weaker system due to increasing wind shear. The models that intensified the storm indicated a more northerly track while those that kept it weaker had the system continuing along a westward course. Accordingly, the NHC noted low confidence in their five-day forecast for Erika.[6] This uncertainty ultimately reflected in above-average forecast errors when compared to all tropical cyclones, but roughly average for weak, poorly organized systems.[7] Throughout August 25 and into early August 26, the convective organization of Erika fluctuated due to wind shear and entrainment of dry air, periodically leaving the center of circulation devoid of convection.[8] Early on August 27, Erika managed to intensify slightly, attaining its peak intensity with maximum sustained winds of 50 mph (85 km/h) and a barometric pressure of 1001 mbar (hPa; 29.56 inHg).[2] Around 09:00 UTC, the disorganized center of Erika passed near the northern tip of Guadeloupe, before emerging over the eastern Caribbean Sea.[2]

Convection remained poorly-organized and mostly confined to eastern portions of the cyclone, as it traversed the eastern Caribbean Sea.[9] Multiple circulation centers were noted during the overnight of August 27–28, all rotating around a broad general center. One such center moved over St. Croix and produced gale-force gusts. Environmental conditions ahead of the storm became increasingly hostile, and forecasters at the NHC continued to note unusually high uncertainty in their forecasts.[10] Further structural degradation ensued on August 28 as Erika approached the Dominican Republic. Based on data from Hurricane Hunters, Erika degenerated into a broad area of low pressure—no longer meeting the definition of a tropical cyclone—shortly after 12:00 UTC, near the southeastern coast of the Dominican Republic.[2] Operationally, the NHC maintained advisories on Erika until 13:30 UTC on August 29.[11] It was also noted during those advisories that the center was completely devoid of convection, and whatever convection remained was reduced to the eastern half of the system.[19]

Around 21:00 UTC on August 28, the remnants of Erika made landfall along the southeastern coast of the Dominican Republic.[12] The disheveled system emerged over the Windward Passage early on August 29.[13] Thereafter, the system skirted the northern coast of Cuba and entered the Gulf of Mexico on August 31. Turning northward, the disturbance eventually crossed northern Florida on September 2, before dissipating over Georgia on the following day.[2]

Preparations

Caribbean

Various local governments issued tropical storm watches and warnings for their respective nations throughout the duration of Erika. Watches and warnings covered the Lesser Antilles from Guadeloupe northward, almost the entirety of the Greater Antilles, and the Bahamas.[2] The Red Cross opened four shelters to the public across the United States Virgin Islands.[14] The local Health Department also opened special needs shelters on St. Croix and St. Thomas. All non-essential government personnel were given administrative leave on August 27. Owing to rough seas, local ports temporarily closed. Although airports remained open, several airlines cancelled flights.[15] A territory-wide curfew was imposed until the afternoon of August 28.[16]

Schools, ports, and beaches were closed across the Dominican Republic.[27] The Army of the Dominican Republic deployed 275 soldiers and alongside the nation's Air Force, assisted with the evacuation of residents. The Navy was placed on standby for potential search and rescue operations.[17] Officials in Haiti suspended air service, banned highway travel between departments, and ordered small watercraft to remain at port.[29] Evacuation shelters were opened across all departments and 254 prisoners were relocated from Gonaïves to three other facilities.[18]

Florida

On August 28, Florida Governor Rick Scott declared a state of emergency.[19] Despite the storm dissipating shortly thereafter, Scott kept the emergency declaration in place and stated, "This storm has been completely unpredictable the whole time...we will still get a lot of rain and a lot of flooding."[32] Thirty members of the Florida National Guard were positioned while another 8,000 were placed on standby.[32] A collective 17 flights were cancelled at Miami International Airport and Fort Lauderdale–Hollywood International Airport on August 28.[20] Schools in Hendry County preemptively closed for August 31,[32] with officials citing flooding concerns.[21] Sandbags were distributed to residents in Doral, Hallandale Beach, Hollywood, and Sweetwater.[22] The

last hurricane to impact the state was Hurricane Wilma in 2005. Since that time, the state's population grew by 2 million with many presumed to have never experienced a hurricane before.[23] Some newer residents remained apathetic over the storm, dismissing it as "another excuse to skip work or school or to party."[24]

Impact

Impact by country or region
County/RegionDeathsDamage (USD)Ref.
DirectIndirect
Dominica 30 0 $482.8 million [40][41]
Dominican Republic 0 0 $8.9 million [42]
Haiti 1 4 {{N/A}} [43][27]
Puerto Rico 0 0 $17.37 million [45]
United States 0 0 $2.3 million [46]
Total 31 4 $511.4 million

Caribbean

In Guadeloupe, rain totals reached {{convert|100|mm|in|abbr=on}} in Basse-Terre while gusts peaked at {{convert|100|km/h|mph|abbr=on}} on La Désirade. Some landslides and flooding were reported, with roads in Basse-Terre temporarily closed. Électricité de France reported that 1,600 customers lost power during the storm.[25] Rough seas in Martinique grounded boats.[26] Landslides and felled trees blocked several roadways across the island.[27] Elsewhere in the Lesser Antilles, effects from Erika were negligible.[50]

The outer bands of Erika brought much needed rain drought-stricken Puerto Rico;[16] a station in Adjuntas recorded {{convert|4.45|in|mm|abbr=on}} of rain.[2] Tropical storm-force wind gusts, peaking at {{convert|59|mph|km/h|abbr=on}} in Maricao,[2] caused substantial disruption to the power grid, leaving approximately 250,000 people without electricity.[28] Thirty-six homes sustained roof damage across interior locations of the territory and agriculture sustained US$17.37 million in damage.[29]

A weather station in Barahona, Dominican Republic, measured {{convert|24.26|in|mm|abbr=on}} of rain during Erika's passage, including {{convert|8.8|in|mm|abbr=on}} in a single hour. Surrounding areas reported significantly less rain, however.[30] Throughout the country, 823 homes suffered damage and 7,345 people were displaced. Erika blocked over 400 roads and left many power outages.[31] Winds gusts of 50 mph (85 km/h) in Azua caused at least 400 million DOP (US$8.88 million) in damage to the banana crop.[32] Heavy rainfall also impacted Haiti, which was still recovering from a catastrophic earthquake in 2010; an estimated 60,000 people remained in emergency housing.[27] Four persons died and eleven others were hospitalized in Léogâne, when a truck crashed into a bus on rain-slicked roads and exploded.[33] A fifth death occurred during a landslide in Port-au-Prince. Two people in the area were injured after a house collapsed.[27]

The remnants of Erika later brought much needed rains to Cuba, which was suffering from its worst drought since 1901.[34]

United States

Later, Erika's remnants dropped locally heavy rainfall across Florida, particularly in the Miami Metropolitan Area. A station northwest of Sweetwater observed {{convert|9|in|mm|abbr=on}} of rain.[63] Minor flash flooding left streets in Wynwood impassable.[35] Farther north in Flagler County, scattered thunderstorms produced isolated instances of heavy rain; {{convert|2.2|in|mm|abbr=on}} fell within one hour in Palm Coast.[36] In the greater Jacksonville area, lightning struck the Sally B. Mathis Elementary School, resulting in damage to the air conditioning unit and evacuation of students.[37] In neighboring Georgia, moisture from Erika's remnants fueled scattered severe thunderstorms. Large hail caused US$2.3 million in damage near Woodstock.[38] Strong winds gusting up to 60 mph (95 km/h) accompanied these storms, downing trees and power lines in Cherokee, Polk, and Troup counties.[39][40][41] Additional rainfall extended north through the Carolinas.[42]

Effects in Dominica

Although Erika passed well to the north of Dominica as a weak tropical storm, torrential rain associated with the storm impacted the country.[2] Unusually high precipitable water values of {{convert|67|mm|in|abbr=on|disp=flip}} were present over the island as Erika moved through. Orographic influence exacerbated rainfall rates, and this was further compounded with the formation of a temporary mesoscale low over the island as the primary circulation of Erika continued west[43]. More than {{convert|200|mm|in|abbr=on|disp=flip|sigfig=1}} of rain fell across the entire island in less than 48 hours, with an island-wide average of {{convert|610|mm|in|abbr=on|disp=flip}}.{{refn|The majority of rainfall amounts across the island were calculated through analyses of radar data with bias corrections.[74]|group="nb"}} During the period of heaviest rain, average rainfall across the entire island exceeded {{convert|90|mm|in|abbr=on|disp=flip}} per hour. Rates along the Macoucherie River reached {{convert|270|mm|in|abbr=on|disp=flip}} per hour. The heaviest rain was concentrated around the nation's tallest mountain, Morne Diablotins, where an estimated {{convert|800|to|850|mm|in|abbr=on|disp=flip}} fell. Rainfall across Morne Diablotin National Park generally exceeded {{convert|600|mm|in|abbr=on|disp=flip}}. A secondary peak accumulation of {{convert|650|to|700|mm|in|abbr=on|disp=flip}} occurred in the southeastern part of the island around Morne Trois Pitons.[74] Observed accumulations include {{convert|17|in|mm|abbr=on}} at Gleau Gommier,[44] {{convert|12.62|in|mm|abbr=on}} at Canefield Airport, and {{convert|8.74|in|mm|abbr=on}} at Douglas–Charles Airport.[2] With grounds already saturated from nearly two weeks of rain prior to Erika, much of the precipitation did not penetrate the surface; in multiple watersheds, runoff exceeded 60 percent of accumulations.[74]

Catastrophic flash flooding and mudslides ensued across the island,[2] resulting in Dominica's worst natural disaster since Hurricane David in 1979.[45][46] Across the island's rugged terrain, the mudslides temporarily dammed overflowing rivers creating a buildup of water. These earthen dams subsequently collapsed, leading to amplified flooding downstream. Flow rates in these localized events vastly exceeded values expected by International Commission on Large Dams modeling. A post-storm study of 16 rivers on the island revealed peak discharge values in excess of 1,000 m3/s along 5 rivers, with a maximum of 2,876 m3/s along the Malabuka River.[47]

Nearly 17,000 of the nation's 71,293 people were severely impacted by the storm.[83] A total of 30 people were killed,[2] 20 others were injured, and 574 people were left homeless.[48][41] More than 890 homes were destroyed or rendered uninhabitable.[49] Infrastructure suffered tremendous damage: 6 percent of bridges and 17 percent of roads were wiped out. Furthermore, half of the nation's bridges and a quarter of its roads were damaged.[50] Total losses amounted to EC$1.3 billion (US$482.8 million), roughly 90 percent of Dominica's gross domestic product.[51] Dominica Prime Minister Roosevelt Skerrit stated in a national announcement on August 28 that, "The visual damage I saw today, I fear, may have set our development process back by 20 years".[52]

Flooding crippled transportation and communication, with eight bridges severely damaged or destroyed, leaving many areas of the island isolated.[51][92] Boetica and Delices remained cut-off by ground for more than three weeks.[53] More than 12 major rivers topped their banks.[94] Approximately 45 percent of residents lost electricity,[54] and almost the entirety of the water supply network was damaged.[51] Additionally, 50 percent of telephone service was lost.[54] Both Canefield and Douglas–Charles airports were flooded, with water rising above a small airplane at the latter.[98] Douglas–Charles Airport sustained more than EC$39.5 million (US$14.6 million) in damage and was closed until September 18.[55][56] The main river running through Roseau, the nation's capital, burst its banks during the overnight of August 26–27, flooding surrounding areas.[57] One person was killed during a mudslide and one building collapsed in the city.[58][59]

The small community of Petite Savanne was virtually destroyed, with 217 homes leveled and all residents forced to evacuate.[60][61] Twenty people died or were presumed dead in the village, accounting for two-thirds of the deaths attributed to Erika in Dominica.[2][62] Residents dug through mud and debris, often with their bare hands, to rescue those trapped and in many cases did so with nearby homes on the verge of collapse.[63] The village was isolated for several days and residents buried victims before help arrived.[64]

Local response

Immediately following Erika's devastating impact in Dominica on August 27, the Organisation of Eastern Caribbean States convened to determine an assessment plan.[65] The Government of Dominica declared nine areas special disaster areas: Petite Savanne, Pichelin, Good Hope, Bath Estate, Dubique, Campbell, Coulibistrie, San Sauveur, and Petite Soufriere.[66] The National Emergency Operations Centre was activated and worked in conjunction with various local agencies to conduct relief missions. Approximately 100 personnel were deployed for various relief measures, including search and rescue.[67] The Dominica Spa Health and Wellness Association worked in conjunction with the Trinidad-based Centre for Human Development to provide psychological support to victims;[68] eight trauma specialists were sent to Dominica.[69]

The psychiatric unit of Princess Margaret Hospital conducted field assessments and provided emotional support to residents. In a report on September 18, they noted that residents in Coulibistrie remained in a state of shock for weeks after Erika, with many struggling to begin the recovery process.[70] The Ministry of Health highlighted concerns over post-storm diseases, particularly from mosquitoes, due to a major increase in the usage of water storage containers.[71] An outbreak of Gastroenteritis ensued in the weeks following Erika, with 153 cases confirmed by September 22. Cases were primarily in Portsmouth, Saint Joseph, and Roseau.[72]

A unique means of supplying food and water the communities of Boetica and Delices, only accessible by air due to a gorge {{convert|80|m|ft|abbr=on|disp=flip}} wide and {{convert|200|ft|m|abbr=on}} deep, was established in the form of a zip-line in late-September. This served as the primary means of aid until a {{convert|30|m|ft|abbr=on|disp=flip}} Bailey bridge was constructed.[73] By April 2016, the cost of infrastructure rehabilitation projects reached EC$7 million (US$3 million).[74] Supplementing reconstruction efforts by China and the United Kingdom, the nation's government allocated a further EC$30 million (US$11 million) to enhancing road safety.[75] The Food and Agriculture Organization allocated EC$300,000 (US$110,000) for farmers in October.[76] Through June 2016, the government provided victims with EC$5–6 million (US$1.8–2.2 million), primarily to cover shelters and food.[77]

International assistance

Within 48 hours of the storm, Governments of Canada, France, the United Kingdom, the United States, the European Union, and various intergovernmental organizations under the United Nations—such as the Pan American Health Organization (PAHO), UNICEF, and United Nations Development Programme—pledged aid; Antigua and Barbuda, Barbados, Montserrat, Saint Lucia, and Trinidad and Tobago provided support teams—firefighters, police, search and rescue, and military personnel—and established supply routes with Dominica.[78] The Caribbean Disaster Emergency Management Agency (CDEMA) pledged assistance to Dominica, offering two helicopters with supplies and medics from Trinidad.[16] Support teams from the CDEMA arrived in Dominica on August 28.[78] The Regional Security System deployed 83 personnel whom conducted search and rescue operations and assisted in the evacuation of hundreds of residents.[79] China and the Caribbean Development Bank offered US$300,000 and US$200,000 in aid, respectively, to the nation.[80][81] China later provided an additional US$200,000 in October.[82] The Government of Venezuela airlifted 2,000 tons of food and supplies to Dominica and pledged to provide a helicopter carrier ship on August 29.[83] Supplies from Venezuela were bolstered to 10 tons by September 1, and the ship PDV Marina was deployed that day with an additional 13 tons worth fuel, machinery, and other supplies.[84]

Further assistance was provided by the Governments of Cuba, Grenada, and St. Kitts and Nevis by August 31,[85][86] the latter of which donated EC$1 million (US$368,000).[87] The British-flagged {{ship|RFA|Lyme Bay|L3007|6}} arrived in Dominica on September 2, carrying medical supplies, marines,[60] and a Lynx Mk.8 helicopter.[88] The helicopter flew 25 flights over a period of five days to isolated communities, providing them with 2 tonnes of supplies daily. More than 20 tonnes of water and 5.3 tonnes of food were provided by RFA Lyme Bay.[89] The Governments of the British Virgin Islands and Taiwan each pledged US$100,000 in funds.[90][91] Digicel and LIME coordinated restoration efforts to the nation's fiber-optic networks.[92] The former requested donations from 32 countries while the latter assisted in establishing supply routes to isolated communities.[93] Digical also partnered with the Dominican Red Cross, paying for transportation so relief teams could access isolated towns.[94]

The Government of the Cayman Islands donated US$500,000 and requested residents of the territory to donate supplies.[95] Japan's government provided US$100,000-worth of generators, water purifiers, and water tanks through the Japan International Cooperation Agency.[96] A further TT$5 million (US$784,000) was provided by Trinidad and Tobago.[97] The Government of Guyana provided a shipment of 68 tonnes of rice collected through public and private donations, three times more than targeted.[98] Through its Excess Rainfall Programme, the Caribbean Catastrophe Risk Insurance Facility provided €6.5 million (US$2.4 million) to the Government of Dominica—the maximum payout allowable.[99] Thousands of school supplies, including books and writing utensils, were collected by the Caribbean Community.[100] The Adventist Development and Relief Agency (ADRA), All Hands Volunteers, Convoy of Hope, ChildFund, and the Organization of American States also provided assistance.[101]

The initial response from UNICEF included the distribution of over 600 hygiene kits and 4,000 water purification tablets.[102] Logistical support, namely satellite phones, solar chargers, and laptops, were provided by the International Telecommunication Union.[103] Four tonnes of medical supplies provided by the PAHO arrived on September 9,[104] and the Government of Brazil supplied additional medical items in October.[105] After an initial release of funds on September 3, the International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies (IFRC) launched an emergency appeal on September 10 for approximately US$1 million to assist 12,000 people.[106] The society's relief operation lasted until April 10, 2016, and provided 12,382 people with life-saving assistance. The IFRC's primary goal was to restore access to clean water; more than half a million litres of water was provided during the seven-month operation. In regards to health, psychosocial support was made available to 873 people, roughly half of the original goal. Hygiene awareness and distribution of kits proved successful, with all 1,000 kits supplied to those in need. The Dominican Red Cross mass-promoted the Red Cross First Aid mobile app to 8,000 phones, though only 399 people downloaded it. Cash grants of US$334—by way of VISA debit cards—were provided to 279 families to cover lost property. A total of 1,000 mattresses were provided to survivors and a request for additional beds was made; however, limited funds prevented fulfillment.[107]

In March 2017, the CDEMA approved a €9.6 million (US$10.5 million) plan to address gaps in Dominica's disaster response legislation uncovered during the response to Erika.[108]

Reconstruction

{{see also|Hurricane Maria}}

The destruction of Petite Savanne forced the evacuation of 823 people; the village was later deemed uninhabitable and a new town needed to be built elsewhere.[157] Many were temporarily relocated to the Dominica Grammar School in Roseau; however, members of the public looked upon the evacuees with scorn and insulted them for disrupting their daily lives. Parliamentary Representative Kenneth Darroux pleaded with residents to be understanding and patient with those whom were displaced.[109] Plans for a new settlement were established in February 2016, with plans to build 500–1,000 homes. Similarly, all residents of Dubique were forced to evacuate; they were relocated to temporary homes in Grand Bay provided by Venezuela.[110] Ten two- and three-bedroom homes were provided by the ADRA. Costs for resettlement and reconstruction exceeded EC$91 million (US$14.3 million).[111] Power was restored to all areas of the nation, except for Petite Savanne and Dubique, by September 28.[112] Restoration to the nation's water system was completed in January 2016; however, permanent systems were still to be constructed.[113]

French organizations provided €70,000 (US$77,000) for the reconstruction of two schools.[114] Repair of Douglas–Charles airport was deemed a priority, though the first phase of rehabilitation for runways and aprons took more than a year to complete. In addition to repairs, greater flood defense systems were implemented, including dredging, flood walls, and river training.[115] Construction of 25 planned homes by the ADRA began in February 2016, with projected completion in 2017; 50 volunteers were involved in the project.[116] In November 2016, Dominica signed an agreement with the European Union for an €8.9 million (US$9.6 million) rehabilitation project.[117] In a join Dominica–United Kingdom project, a new road from Loubiere to Bagatelle in southeastern Dominica was announced in March 2017. The EC$100 million (US$37 million) plan would ensure the road could handle heavy rain events, with 12–14 culverts and 3 bridges. Furthermore, road edge failure issues were to be addressed.[118]

Retirement

{{Main|List of retired Atlantic hurricanes}}

Owing to the disastrous effects on Dominica, on April 25, 2016 the name Erika was retired, and will never again be used for an Atlantic tropical cyclone. It will be replaced with Elsa for the 2021 Atlantic hurricane season.[119] Erika is only the second Atlantic tropical cyclone that did not become a hurricane to have its name retired, the other being Allison in 2001.[120]

See also

{{portal|Tropical cyclones}}
  • List of wettest tropical cyclones by country
  • Tropical Storm Dorothy (1970)
  • Tropical Storm Cindy (1993)
  • Tropical Storm Debby (1994)
  • Tropical Storm Erika (2009)
  • Hurricane Maria

Notes

1. ^{{cite report|author=Eric S. Blake|publisher=National Hurricane Center|date=August 20, 2015|accessdate=August 28, 2015|title=Tropical Weather Outlook|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/text/TWOAT/2015/TWOAT.201508201154.txt|location=Miami, Florida}}
2. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 {{cite report|author=Richard J. Pasch and Andrew B. Penny|publisher=National Hurricane Center|date=February 8, 2016|accessdate=March 8, 2016|title=Tropical Storm Erika|series=Tropical Cyclone Report|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/data/tcr/AL052015_Erika.pdf|format=PDF|location=Miami, Florida}}
3. ^{{cite report|author=Stacy R. Stewart|publisher=National Hurricane Center|date=August 20, 2015|accessdate=August 28, 2015|title=Tropical Weather Outlook|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/text/TWOAT/2015/TWOAT.201508201741.txt|location=Miami, Florida}}
4. ^{{cite report|author=John P. Cangialosi|publisher=National Hurricane Center|date=August 22, 2015|accessdate=August 28, 2015|title=Tropical Weather Outlook|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/text/TWOAT/2015/TWOAT.201508220528.txt|location=Miami, Florida}}
5. ^{{cite report|author=Todd B. Kimberlain|publisher=National Hurricane Center|date=August 23, 2015|accessdate=August 28, 2015|title=Tropical Weather Outlook|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/text/TWOAT/2015/TWOAT.201508231751.txt|location=Miami, Florida}}
6. ^1 {{cite report|author=Daniel P. Brown|publisher=National Hurricane Center|date=August 25, 2015|accessdate=August 30, 2015|title=Tropical Storm Erika Discussion Number 1|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/2015/al05/al052015.discus.001.shtml|location=Miami, Florida}}
7. ^{{cite web|author=James L. Franklin|publisher=National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration|date=September 10, 2015|accessdate=March 8, 2016|title=After Further Review: Tropical Storm Erika|url=https://noaanhc.wordpress.com/2015/09/10/after-further-review-tropical-storm-erika/}}
8. ^{{cite report|author=Richard J. Pasch|publisher=National Hurricane Center|date=August 25, 2015|accessdate=August 30, 2015|title=Tropical Storm Erika Discussion Number 3|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/2015/al05/al052015.discus.003.shtml|location=Miami, Florida}}*{{cite report|author=Richard J. Pasch|publisher=National Hurricane Center|date=August 25, 2015|accessdate=August 30, 2015|title=Tropical Storm Erika Discussion Number 4|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/2015/al05/al052015.discus.004.shtml|location=Miami, Florida}}*{{cite report|author=Lixion A. Avila|publisher=National Hurricane Center|date=August 25, 2015|accessdate=August 30, 2015|title=Tropical Storm Erika Discussion Number 5|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/2015/al05/al052015.discus.005.shtml|location=Miami, Florida}}*{{cite report|author=Michael J. Brennan|publisher=National Hurricane Center|date=August 26, 2015|accessdate=August 30, 2015|title=Tropical Storm Erika Discussion Number 6|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/2015/al05/al052015.discus.006.shtml|location=Miami, Florida}}
9. ^{{cite report|author=Michael J. Brennan|publisher=National Hurricane Center|date=August 27, 2015|accessdate=August 30, 2015|title=Tropical Storm Erika Discussion Number 10|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/2015/al05/al052015.discus.010.shtml|location=Miami, Florida}}
10. ^{{cite report|author=Lixion A. Avila|publisher=National Hurricane Center|date=August 28, 2015|accessdate=August 30, 2015|title=Tropical Storm Erika Discussion Number 13|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/2015/al05/al052015.discus.013.shtml|location=Miami, Florida}}
11. ^{{cite report|author=Jack L. Beven|publisher=National Hurricane Center|date=August 29, 2015|accessdate=August 30, 2015|title=Remnants of Erika Special Discussion Number 19|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/2015/al05/al052015.discus.019.shtml|location=Miami, Florida}}
12. ^{{cite report|author=Jack L. Beven|publisher=National Hurricane Center|date=August 28, 2015|accessdate=August 30, 2015|title=Tropical Storm Erika Public Advisory Number 16|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/2015/al05/al052015.public.016.shtml|location=Miami, Florida}}
13. ^1 {{cite report|author=Michael Brennan|publisher=National Hurricane Center|date=August 29, 2015|accessdate=April 22, 2017|title=Tropical Storm Erika Discussion Number 18|url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/2015/al05/al052015.discus.018.shtml|location=Miami, Florida}}
14. ^{{cite web|publisher=Red Cross|date=August 28, 2015|accessdate=April 22, 2015|title=Red Cross Prepares for TS Erika|url=http://www.redcross.org/news/article/Storms-Threaten-Wildfires-Rage-Red-Cross-Helps}}
15. ^{{cite web|author=Joy Blackburn |publisher=Virgin Island Daily News |date=August 27, 2015 |accessdate=August 28, 2015 |title=Residents urged to seek shelter, ports close as Erika nears |url=http://virginislandsdailynews.com/news/residents-urged-to-seek-shelter-ports-close-as-erika-nears-1.1933051 |archiveurl=https://archive.is/20151220052654/http://virginislandsdailynews.com/news/residents-urged-to-seek-shelter-ports-close-as-erika-nears-1.1933051 |archivedate=December 20, 2015 |deadurl=yes |df= }}
16. ^1 2 {{cite web|agency=Associated Press|publisher=WPLG|date=August 28, 2015|accessdate=August 28, 2015|title=Erika soaks Puerto Rico after 4 killed in Dominica|url=http://www.local10.com/news/tropical-storm-erika-soaks-puerto-rico-after-4-killed-in-dominica|location=San Juan, Puerto Rico}}
17. ^{{cite report|work=Government of the Dominican Republic|publisher=ReliefWeb|date=August 29, 2015|accessdate=August 30, 2015|title=Informe de Situación Por Sector No.3 Tormenta Tropical Erika, 11:00 am|url=http://reliefweb.int/sites/reliefweb.int/files/resources/Informe_3_Tormenta_Tropical_Erika.pdf|format=PDF|language=Spanish}}
18. ^{{cite web|language=French|work=AlterPresse|publisher=ReliefWeb|date=August 29, 2015|accessdate=March 8, 2016|title=Haïti-Erika : Quatre morts et une douzaine de blessés, selon les premières informations|url=http://reliefweb.int/report/haiti/ha-ti-erika-quatre-morts-et-une-douzaine-de-bless-s-selon-les-premi-res-informations}}
19. ^{{cite news|agency=Associated Press|publisher=The Washington Post|date=August 28, 2015|accessdate=August 28, 2015|title=Florida Declares State of Emergency as Tropical Storm Erika Nears|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/deadly-storm-erika-moves-on-from-dominica-to-lash-puerto-rico-1440765522|location=Tallahassee, Florida}}
20. ^{{cite web|author=Emon Reiser|publisher=South Florida Business Journal|date=August 28, 2015|accessdate=August 30, 2015|title=Tropical Storm Erika: Miami, Fort Lauderdale airports cancel flights|url=http://www.bizjournals.com/southflorida/news/2015/08/28/tropical-storm-erika-miami-fort-lauderdale.html}}
21. ^{{cite web|work=news-press.com|publisher=Gannett Company|date=August 28, 2015|accessdate=August 30, 2015|title=Hendry County cancels school Monday, others wait for Sunday update|url=http://www.news-press.com/story/news/education/2015/08/28/erika-tropical-storm-monday-school-lee-charlotte-collier-glades-hendry/71324576/|location=Fort Myers, Florida}}
22. ^{{cite web|author=Amanda Batchelor|publisher=WPLG|date=August 28, 2015|accessdate=August 30, 2015|title=Sandbags given out in South Florida before Tropical Storm Erika|url=http://www.local10.com/weather/sandbags-given-out-to-residents-in-doral-friday/34973058|location=Doral, Florida}}
23. ^1 2 3 {{cite web|author=Sean Breslin|publisher=The Weather Channel|date=August 29, 2015|accessdate=August 30, 2015|title=Governor: State of Emergency Still In Effect For Florida as Erika Remnants Approach|url=http://www.weather.com/safety/hurricane/news/erika-florida-preparations-impacts}}
24. ^{{cite web|author=Alan Gomez|work=USA Today|publisher=Gannett Company|date=August 28, 2015|accessdate=August 30, 2015|title=Miami residents still on alert despite weakening Tropical Storm Erika|url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/nation/2015/08/28/miami-residents-tropical-storm-erika-threat/71302674/|location=Miami, Florida}}
25. ^{{cite web|agency=Agence France-Presse|publisher=L'Express|date=August 28, 2015|accessdate=August 28, 2015|title=Guadeloupe: le passage de la tempête Erika provoque de fortes précipitations|url=http://www.lexpress.fr/actualites/1/societe/guadeloupe-le-passage-de-la-tempete-erika-provoque-de-fortes-precipitations_1710263.html|location=Pointe-à-Pitre, Guadeloupe|language=French}}
26. ^{{cite web|publisher=France-Antilles|date=August 27, 2015|accessdate=August 30, 2015|title=Forte houle à Schoelcher, bateaux échoués|url=http://www.martinique.franceantilles.fr/actualite/faitsdivers/forte-houle-a-schoelcher-bateaux-echoues-320958.php|language=French}}
27. ^{{cite web|author=Laurie-Anne Virassamy|publisher=France Télévisions|date=August 27, 2015|accessdate=August 30, 2015|title=Erika perturbe la Martinique|url=http://martinique.la1ere.fr/2015/08/27/erika-perturbe-la-martinique-282389.html|language=French}}
28. ^{{cite report|agency=National Weather Service Office in San Juan, Puerto Rico|publisher=National Climatic Data Center|year=2015|accessdate=March 8, 2016|title=Puerto Rico Event Report: Tropical Storm|url=http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/stormevents/eventdetails.jsp?id=600782}}
29. ^1 {{cite report|agency=National Weather Service Office in San Juan, Puerto Rico|publisher=National Climatic Data Center|year=2015|accessdate=March 8, 2016|title=Puerto Rico Event Report: Tropical Storm|url=http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/stormevents/eventdetails.jsp?id=599789}}
30. ^{{cite web|author=Jeff Masters|publisher=Weather Underground|date=August 29, 2015|accessdate=August 30, 2015|title=Erika Dissipates|url=http://www.wunderground.com/blog/JeffMasters/comment.html?entrynum=3095}}
31. ^{{cite news|url=http://www.dominicantoday.com/dr/local/2015/8/29/56269/Erika-leaves-over-7300-displaced-in-Dominican-Republic#comments|title=Erika leaves over 7,300 displaced in Dominican Republic|date=August 29, 2015|newspaper=Dominican Today|accessdate=August 30, 2015|location=Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic}}
32. ^1 {{cite web|author=Rentería Montero|publisher=CDN|date=August 29, 2015|accessdate=August 30, 2015|title=Vientos tormenta Erika arrasan con plantaciones plátanos en Valle de Azua|url=http://cdn.com.do/2015/08/29/vientos-tormenta-erika-arrasan-con-plantaciones-platanos-en-valle-de-azua/|language=Spanish}}
33. ^1 {{cite web|title=Tropical Storm Erika dissipates after killing 20 in Caribbean|url=http://www.chicagotribune.com/news/nationworld/ct-tropical-storm-erika-20150829-story.html|newspaper=Chicago Tribune|agency=The Associated Press|date=August 29, 2015|accessdate=April 22, 2017|location=Havana, Cuba}}
34. ^1 2 3 4 {{cite web|author=Francisco Jara|agency=Agence France-Presse|publisher=Nahar Net|date=August 30, 2015|accessdate=August 30, 2015|title=Tropical storm Erika drenches parched Cuba|url=http://www.naharnet.com/stories/en/188657|location=Havana, Cuba}}
35. ^{{cite report|agency=National Weather Service Office in Miami, Florida|publisher=National Centers for Environmental Information|year=2015|accessdate=April 18, 2017|title=Florida Event Report: Flood|url=https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/stormevents/eventdetails.jsp?id=596775}}
36. ^{{cite report|agency=National Weather Service Office in Jacksonville, Florida|publisher=National Centers for Environmental Information|year=2015|accessdate=April 18, 2017|title=Florida Event Report: Heavy Rain|url=https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/stormevents/eventdetails.jsp?id=599076}}
37. ^{{cite report|agency=National Weather Service Office in Jacksonville, Florida|publisher=National Centers for Environmental Information|year=2015|accessdate=April 18, 2017|title=Florida Event Report: Lightning|url=https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/stormevents/eventdetails.jsp?id=599075}}
38. ^1 {{cite report|agency=National Weather Service Office in Atlanta, Georgia|publisher=National Centers for Environmental Information|year=2015|accessdate=April 18, 2017|title=Georgia Event Report: Hail|url=https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/stormevents/eventdetails.jsp?id=599265}}
39. ^{{cite report|agency=National Weather Service Office in Atlanta, Georgia|publisher=National Centers for Environmental Information|year=2015|accessdate=April 18, 2017|title=Georgia Event Report: Thunderstorm Wind|url=https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/stormevents/eventdetails.jsp?id=599268}}
40. ^{{cite report|agency=National Weather Service Office in Atlanta, Georgia|publisher=National Centers for Environmental Information|year=2015|accessdate=April 18, 2017|title=Georgia Event Report: Thunderstorm Wind|url=https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/stormevents/eventdetails.jsp?id=599266}}
41. ^{{cite report|agency=National Weather Service Office in Atlanta, Georgia|publisher=National Centers for Environmental Information|year=2015|accessdate=April 18, 2017|title=Georgia Event Report: Thunderstorm Wind|url=https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/stormevents/eventdetails.jsp?id=599267}}
42. ^1 {{cite report|publisher=Weather Prediction Center|date=February 10, 2016|title=Remains of Erika|author=David M. Roth|accessdate=September 10, 2016|url=http://www.wpc.ncep.noaa.gov/tropical/rain/erika2015filledrainwhite.gif|format=GIF}}
43. ^{{cite journal |last1=Nugent and Rios-Berrios |title=Factors Leading to Extreme Precipitation on Dominica from Tropical Storm Erika (2015) |journal=Monthly Weather Review |date=2018 |volume=146 |issue=2 |pages=525–541 |doi=10.1175/MWR-D-17-0242.1 |url=https://journals.ametsoc.org/doi/10.1175/MWR-D-17-0242.1}}
44. ^{{cite news|author=Larry Luxner|newspaper=The Washington Diplomat|date=November 24, 2015|accessdate=March 8, 2016|title=Tiny Dominica Seeks U.S. Help To Rebuild After Erika’s Devastation|url=http://www.washdiplomat.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=12770:tiny-dominica-seeks-us-help-to-rebuild-after-erikas-devastation&catid=1538&Itemid=562}}
45. ^{{cite journal|author=Paul J. Hebert|accessdate=August 28, 2015|title=Atlantic Hurricane Season of 1979|journal=Monthly Weather Review|date=July 1, 1980|volume=108|issue=7|pages=973–990|doi=10.1175/1520-0493(1980)108<0973:AHSO>2.0.CO;2|publisher=American Meteorological Society|url=http://www.aoml.noaa.gov/general/lib/lib1/nhclib/mwreviews/1979.pdf|bibcode = 1980MWRv..108..973H }}
46. ^{{cite web|publisher=The Dominican|date=August 28, 2015|accessdate=August 28, 2015|title=At least 27 dead in Petite Savanne following Erika|url=http://www.thedominican.net/2015/08/twenty-seven-dead-in-dominica.html}}
47. ^1 2 3 {{cite report|author=Fred L. Ogden|publisher=Government of Dominica|date=March 19, 2016|accessdate=March 21, 2017|title=Indirect Peak Discharge Measurements on the Island of Dominica Associated with Extreme Rainfall from Tropical Storm Erika, August 27, 2015, with Modeling and Analysis|url=http://www.dvrp.gov.dm/phocadownload/Indirect%20Peak%20Discharge%20from%20TS_Erika_Final_Report_Dominica.pdf|format=PDF}}
48. ^1 {{cite report|work=International Federation of Red Cross And Red Crescent Societies|publisher=ReliefWeb|date=January 21, 2016|accessdate=March 8, 2016|title=Dominica: Tropical Storm Erika - Emergency appeal operations update no. 1 (MDRDM002)|url=http://reliefweb.int/sites/reliefweb.int/files/resources/MDRDM002eu1.pdf|format=PDF}}
49. ^{{cite web|agency=Government of Dominica|publisher=ReliefWeb|date=October 2, 2015|accessdate=March 13, 2016|title=PM Skerrit addresses the nation a month after Erika|url=http://reliefweb.int/report/dominica/pm-skerrit-addresses-nation-month-after-erika}}
50. ^{{cite report|author=Marshall Alexander|agency=Government of Dominica|publisher=World Meteorological Organization|series=RA IV Hurricane Committee Thirty-Eighth Session|date=April 23, 2016|accessdate=March 21, 2017|title=[WMO County Report: Dominica]|url=http://www.wmo.int/pages/prog/www/tcp/documents/DominicaPPTHC38.pdf|format=PDF}}
51. ^1 2 3 4 {{cite report|work=International Federation of Red Cross And Red Crescent Societies|publisher=ReliefWeb|date=January 21, 2016|accessdate=March 8, 2016|title=Dominica: Tropical Storm Erika - Emergency appeal operations update no. 2 (MDRDM002)|url=http://reliefweb.int/sites/reliefweb.int/files/resources/MDRDM002eu2.pdf|format=PDF}}
52. ^1 {{cite web|author=Alexander Martinez|agency=Agence France-Presse|newspaper=The Express Tribune|date=August 29, 2016|accessdate=March 8, 2016|title=Storm kills at least 20 in Dominica, blows through Caribbean|url=https://tribune.com.pk/story/947047/storm-kills-at-least-20-in-dominica-blows-through-caribbean/|location=Roseau, Dominica}}
53. ^{{cite web|agency=Government of Dominica|publisher=ReliefWeb|date=September 23, 2015|accessdate=March 13, 2016|title=Preliminary Estimates Show Agriculture Losses at $109m|url=http://reliefweb.int/report/dominica/preliminary-estimates-show-agriculture-losses-109m}}
54. ^1 2 {{cite report|work=Caribbean Disaster Emergency Management Agency|publisher=ReliefWeb|date=August 30, 2015|accessdate=March 8, 2016|title=CDEMA Situation Report #5 - Tropical Storm Erika (as of 7:00 pm on August 30th, 2015)|url=http://reliefweb.int/report/dominica/cdema-situation-report-5-tropical-storm-erika-700-pm-august-30th-2015|type=Situation Report}}
55. ^{{cite web|agency=Government of Antigua and Barbuda|publisher=ReliefWeb|date=September 4, 2015|accessdate=March 8, 2016|title=LIAT continues to assist Dominica’s recovery after Tropical Storm Erika|url=http://reliefweb.int/sites/reliefweb.int/files/resources/LIAT_Assists_Dominica.pdf|format=PDF|location=St. John's, Antigua}}
56. ^{{cite news|author=Brian Major|newspaper=Travel Pulse|date=September 22, 2015|accessdate=March 8, 2016|title=Flights to Dominica's Airport Resume Following Erika's Devastation|url=http://www.travelpulse.com/news/destinations/flights-to-dominicas-airport-resume-following-erikas-devastation.html}}
57. ^{{cite news|author=Carlisle Jno Paptiste and Danica Coto|agency=Associated Press|newspaper=U.S. News & World Report|date=August 27, 2015|accessdate=August 27, 2015|title=5 missing in Dominica as Tropical Storm Erika unleashes heavy rain, wind, landslides|url=https://www.usnews.com/news/world/articles/2015/08/27/5-missing-in-dominica-as-ts-erika-unleashes-landslides|location=Roseau, Dominica}}
58. ^1 {{cite news|newspaper=The Weather Channel|date=August 27, 2015|accessdate=August 27, 2015|title=Tropical Storm Erika: At Least 2 Dead, Widespread Flooding Reported in Dominica; Florida Prepares For Possible Impacts|url=http://www.weather.com/safety/hurricane/news/tropical-storm-erika-preparations-caribbean-florida-impacts}}
59. ^{{cite news|url=http://www.stlucianewsonline.com/caribbean-storm-wreaks-havoc-on-dominica-see-photos/|title=CARIBBEAN: Storm wreaks havoc on Dominica|date=August 27, 2015|newspaper=St. Lucia News Online|accessdate=August 27, 2015}}
60. ^1 {{cite report|work=Caribbean Disaster Emergency Management Agency|publisher=ReliefWeb|date=September 3, 2015|accessdate=March 8, 2016|title=CDEMA Situation Report #8 - Tropical Storm Erika|url=http://reliefweb.int/sites/reliefweb.int/files/resources/cdema-sit-report-8-tropical-storm-erika.pdf|format=PDF|type=Situation Report}}
61. ^{{cite news|publisher=Caribbean360|date=September 9, 2015|accessdate=March 8, 2016|title=Dominica govt permanently relocating residents of area worst affected by Tropical Storm Erika|url=http://www.caribbean360.com/news/dominica-government-permanently-relocating-residents-of-area-worst-affected-by-tropical-storm-erika|location=Roseau, Dominica}}
62. ^{{cite web|publisher=Government of Dominica|year=2015|accessdate=March 9, 2016|title=Dominica Suffers over Half a Billion Dollars Worth of Damage to Roads and Bridges|url=http://www.dominica.gov.dm/tropical-storm-erika/468-dominica-suffers-over-half-a-billion-dollars-worth-of-damage-to-roads-and-bridges}}
63. ^1 {{cite web|author=Kate Pawelczyk|agency=United Nations Children's Emergency Fund|publisher=ReliefWeb|date=September 3, 2015|accessdate=March 8, 2016|title=Dominica struggles to recover from devastating storm Erika|url=http://reliefweb.int/report/dominica/dominica-struggles-recover-devastating-storm-erika}}
64. ^{{cite news|author=Barry Alleyne|newspaper=Nation News|date=September 2, 2015|accessdate=March 8, 2016|title=Petite Savanne residents forced to bury dead|url=http://www.nationnews.com/nationnews/news/71827/petite-savanne-residents-forced-bury-dead|location=Roseau, Dominica}}
65. ^{{cite web|agency=Organisation of Eastern Caribbean States|publisher=ReliefWeb|date=August 27, 2015|accessdate=March 8, 2016|title=OECS Commission mobilizing regional and global support to ease Dominica’s Crises following the passage of tropical storm Erika|url=http://reliefweb.int/report/dominica/oecs-commission-mobilizing-regional-and-global-support-ease-dominica-s-crises}}
66. ^{{cite report|work=Caribbean Disaster Emergency Management Agency|publisher=ReliefWeb|date=August 30, 2015|accessdate=March 8, 2016|title=CDEMA Situation Report #4 - Tropical Storm Erika (as of 1:00 am on August 30th, 2015)|url=http://reliefweb.int/sites/reliefweb.int/files/resources/CDEMA%20Situation%20Report%204.pdf|format=PDF|type=Situation Report}}
67. ^{{cite report|work=Caribbean Disaster Emergency Management Agency|publisher=ReliefWeb|date=September 1, 2015|accessdate=March 8, 2016|title=CDEMA Situation Report #7 - Tropical Storm Erika (as of 8:30 pm on September 1st, 2015)|url=http://reliefweb.int/report/dominica/cdema-situation-report-7-tropical-storm-erika-830-pm-september-1st-2015|type=Situation Report}}
68. ^{{cite web|agency=Government of Dominica|publisher=ReliefWeb|date=September 14, 2015|accessdate=March 13, 2016|title=DSHWA Caters to Dominica’s Wellness Post TS Erika|url=http://reliefweb.int/report/dominica/dshwa-caters-dominica-s-wellness-post-ts-erika}}
69. ^{{cite web|agency=Government of Dominica|publisher=ReliefWeb|date=September 16, 2015|accessdate=March 13, 2016|title=Trauma specialists to meet Erika survivors|url=http://reliefweb.int/report/dominica/trauma-specialists-meet-erika-survivors}}
70. ^{{cite web|agency=Government of Dominica|publisher=ReliefWeb|date=September 18, 2015|accessdate=March 13, 2016|title=Mental Health Team on the Job Following Erika|url=http://reliefweb.int/report/dominica/mental-health-team-job-following-erika}}
71. ^{{cite web|agency=Government of Dominica|publisher=ReliefWeb|date=September 23, 2015|accessdate=March 13, 2016|title=Ministry of Health Draws Attention to Mosquito-Borne Illnesses|url=http://reliefweb.int/report/dominica/ministry-health-draws-attention-mosquito-borne-illnesses}}
72. ^{{cite web|agency=Government of Dominica|publisher=ReliefWeb|date=September 22, 2015|accessdate=March 13, 2016|title=Gastroenteritis on the Rise|url=http://reliefweb.int/report/dominica/gastroenteritis-rise}}
73. ^{{cite web|agency=Government of Dominica|publisher=ReliefWeb|date=September 30, 2015|accessdate=March 13, 2016|title=Creating Access to Delices and Boetica|url=http://reliefweb.int/report/dominica/creating-access-delices-and-boetica}}
74. ^{{cite web|agency=Government of Dominica|publisher=ReliefWeb|date=April 26, 2016|accessdate=March 21, 2017|title=Over Seven Million Dollars for Road Works for Post Erika Rehabilitation|url=http://reliefweb.int/report/dominica/over-seven-million-dollars-road-works-post-erika-rehabilitation}}
75. ^{{cite web|author=Government of Dominica|publisher=ReliefWeb|date=May 3, 2016|accessdate=March 21, 2017|title=$30m for Enhanced Road Safety ahead of Critical Post-Erika Restoration|url=http://reliefweb.int/report/dominica/30m-enhanced-road-safety-ahead-critical-post-erika-restoration}}
76. ^{{cite web|agency=Government of Dominica|publisher=ReliefWeb|date=October 27, 2015|accessdate=March 13, 2016|title=FAO gives agriculture assistance|url=http://reliefweb.int/report/dominica/fao-gives-agriculture-assistance}}
77. ^{{cite web|agency=Government of Dominica|publisher=ReliefWeb|date=September 1, 2016|accessdate=March 21, 2017|title=Governement expends up to $6m on Erika victims|url=http://reliefweb.int/report/dominica/governement-expends-6m-erika-victims}}
78. ^1 2 {{cite report|work=Caribbean Disaster Emergency Management Agency|publisher=ReliefWeb|date=August 29, 2015|accessdate=March 8, 2016|title=CDEMA Situation Report #3 - Tropical Storm Erika (as of 8:00 pm on August 29th, 2015)|url=http://reliefweb.int/sites/reliefweb.int/files/resources/CDEMA%20Situation%20Report%203.pdf|format=PDF|type=Situation Report}}
79. ^{{cite web|agency=Government of Dominica|publisher=ReliefWeb|date=October 2, 2015|accessdate=March 13, 2016|title=RSS leaves Dominica a month after erika|url=http://reliefweb.int/report/dominica/rss-leaves-dominica-month-after-erika}}
80. ^{{cite web|agency=Agence France-Presse|publisher=The Economic Times|date=August 29, 2015|accessdate=August 29, 2015|title=China offers $300,000 in aid to storm-hit Dominica|location=Beijing, China|url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/international/world-news/china-offers-300000-in-aid-to-storm-hit-dominica/articleshow/48724061.cms}}
81. ^{{cite web|publisher=Barbados Today|date=August 29, 2015|accessdate=August 30, 2015|title=CDB offers Emergency Relief Grant to Dominica|url=http://www.barbadostoday.bb/2015/08/29/cdb-offers-emergency-relief-grant-to-dominica/}}
82. ^{{cite web|agency=Government of the People's Republic of China|publisher=ReliefWeb|date=October 15, 2015|accessdate=March 13, 2016|title=The Chinese Government to Provide the Commonwealth of Dominica with Emergency Humanitarian Cash Aid Again|url=http://reliefweb.int/report/dominica/chinese-government-provide-commonwealth-dominica-emergency-humanitarian-cash-aid-0}}
83. ^{{cite web|language=Spanish|agency=RedHum|publisher=ReliefWeb|date=August 29, 2015|accessdate=March 8, 2016|title=Venezuela envió más de 2.000 toneladas de alimentos y ayuda humanitaria a Dominica|url=http://reliefweb.int/report/dominica/venezuela-envi-m-s-de-2000-toneladas-de-alimentos-y-ayuda-humanitaria-dominica}}
84. ^{{cite web|language=Spanish|agency=Government of Venezuela|publisher=ReliefWeb|date=September 1, 2015|accessdate=March 8, 2016|title=Gobierno venezolano envió 10 toneladas más de medicinas, alimento y agua a Dominica|location=Caracas, Venezuela|url=http://reliefweb.int/report/dominica/gobierno-venezolano-envi-10-toneladas-m-s-de-medicinas-alimento-y-agua-dominica}}
85. ^{{cite report|work=Caribbean Disaster Emergency Management Agency|publisher=ReliefWeb|date=August 31, 2015|accessdate=March 8, 2016|title=CDEMA Situation Report #6 - Tropical Storm Erika (as of 9:00 pm on August 31st, 2015)|url=http://reliefweb.int/sites/reliefweb.int/files/resources/CDEMA%20Situation%20Report%206.pdf|format=PDF|type=Situation Report}}
86. ^{{cite web|language=Spanish|agency=Government of Cuba|publisher=ReliefWeb|date=August 31, 2015|accessdate=March 8, 2016|title=Partió brigada a Dominica para atender a damnificados por Erika|url=http://reliefweb.int/report/dominica/parti-brigada-dominica-para-atender-damnificados-por-erika}}
87. ^{{cite web|agency=Government of Saint Kitts and Nevis|publisher=ReliefWeb|date=September 25, 2015|accessdate=March 13, 2016|title=PM Harris gets huge applause for EC $1 million donation to storm-ravaged Dominica|url=http://reliefweb.int/report/dominica/pm-harris-gets-huge-applause-ec-1-million-donation-storm-ravaged-dominica|location=Basseterre, St. Kitts}}
88. ^{{cite web|agency=Government of the United Kingdom|publisher=ReliefWeb|date=September 2, 2015|accessdate=March 8, 2016|title=RFA Lyme Bay arrives in Dominica to provide humanitarian relief|url=http://reliefweb.int/report/dominica/rfa-lyme-bay-arrives-dominica-provide-humanitarian-relief}}
89. ^{{cite web|agency=Department for International Development|publisher=ReliefWeb|date=September 8, 2015|accessdate=March 13, 2016|title=RFA Lyme Bay receives praise from High Commissioner for Dominica Aid|url=http://reliefweb.int/report/dominica/rfa-lyme-bay-receives-praise-high-commissioner-dominica-aid}}
90. ^{{cite web|agency=Government of the British Virgin Islands|publisher=ReliefWeb|date=September 3, 2015|accessdate=March 8, 2016|title=Premier Smith pledges USD$100,000 to Dominica relief efforts|url=http://reliefweb.int/report/dominica/premier-smith-pledges-usd100000-dominica-relief-efforts}}
91. ^{{cite web|agency=Organisation of Eastern Caribbean States|publisher=ReliefWeb|date=September 15, 2015|accessdate=March 13, 2016|title=The Government of the Republic of China (Taiwan) Provides Relief Assistance to the Commonwealth of Dominica|url=http://reliefweb.int/report/dominica/government-republic-china-taiwan-provides-relief-assistance-commonwealth-dominica}}
92. ^{{cite report|work=Caribbean Disaster Emergency Management Agency|publisher=ReliefWeb|date=September 6, 2015|accessdate=March 8, 2016|title=CDEMA Situation Report #10 - Tropical Storm Erika (as of 5:00 pm on September 6th, 2015)|url=http://reliefweb.int/sites/reliefweb.int/files/resources/cdema-situation-report-10-tropical-storm-erika-as-of-500-pm-on-september-6th-2015.pdf|format=PDF|type=Situation Report}}
93. ^{{cite web|agency=Government of Dominica|publisher=ReliefWeb|date=September 9, 2015|accessdate=March 13, 2016|title=Telecommunications Companies Partner to Bring Relief|url=http://reliefweb.int/report/dominica/telecommunications-companies-partner-bring-relief}}
94. ^{{cite web|agency=Government of Dominica|publisher=ReliefWeb|date=September 29, 2015|accessdate=March 13, 2016|title=Digicel and Red Cross Partner to Bring Relief|url=http://reliefweb.int/report/dominica/digicel-and-red-cross-partner-bring-relief}}
95. ^{{cite web|agency=Government of the Cayman Islands|publisher=ReliefWeb|date=September 8, 2015|accessdate=March 13, 2016|title=Cayman Islands Government sends aid to Dominica|url=http://reliefweb.int/report/dominica/cayman-islands-government-sends-aid-dominica}}
96. ^{{cite web|agency=Government of Dominica|publisher=ReliefWeb|date=September 9, 2015|accessdate=March 13, 2016|title=Japan Gives $100,000 in Relief Supplies|url=http://reliefweb.int/report/dominica/japan-gives-100000-relief-supplies}}
97. ^{{cite web|agency=Government of Trinidad and Tobago|publisher=ReliefWeb|date=October 9, 2015|accessdate=March 13, 2016|title=T&T gives $5 million aid to storm-damaged Dominica|url=http://reliefweb.int/report/dominica/tt-gives-5-million-aid-storm-damaged-dominica}}
98. ^{{cite web|agency=Government of Guyana|publisher=ReliefWeb|date=September 14, 2015|accessdate=March 13, 2016|title=Private sector teams up with Government to send 75 tons of rice to the Dominica|url=http://reliefweb.int/report/dominica/private-sector-teams-government-send-75-tons-rice-dominica}}
99. ^{{cite web|agency=Caribbean Catastrophe Risk Insurance Facility|publisher=ReliefWeb|date=September 10, 2015|accessdate=March 13, 2016|title=CCRIF pays Government of Dominica EC$6.5 million under its Excess Rainfall Programme following Tropical Storm Erika|url=http://reliefweb.int/report/dominica/ccrif-pays-government-dominica-ec65-million-under-its-excess-rainfall-programme}}
100. ^{{cite web|agency=Commonwealth Secretariat|publisher=ReliefWeb|date=October 2, 2015|accessdate=March 13, 2016|title=Commonwealth Caribbean Community supports Dominica in wake of storm|url=http://reliefweb.int/report/dominica/commonwealth-caribbean-community-supports-dominica-wake-storm}}
101. ^{{cite web|agency=Government of Dominica|publisher=ReliefWeb|date=September 16, 2015|accessdate=March 13, 2016|title=ADRA donates EC $34,375 for relief efforts|url=http://reliefweb.int/report/dominica/adra-donates-ec-34375-relief-efforts}}*{{cite report|agency=All Hands Volunteers|publisher=ReliefWeb|date=September 18, 2015|accessdate=March 13, 2016|title=Project Dominica Situation Report|url=http://reliefweb.int/sites/reliefweb.int/files/resources/Relief%20Web%20Sit%20Rep%20Dominica%209.18.15.pdf|format=PDF|type=Situation Report}}*{{cite web|agency=Convoy of Hope|publisher=ReliefWeb|date=September 1, 2015|accessdate=March 8, 2016|title=Responding to Tropical Storm Erika|url=http://reliefweb.int/report/dominica/responding-tropical-storm-erika}}*{{cite web|agency=ChildFund|publisher=ReliefWeb|date=September 4, 2015|accessdate=March 8, 2016|title=ChildFund International Begins Clean-up in Tropical Storm Erika's Aftermath|url=http://reliefweb.int/report/dominica/childfund-international-begins-clean-tropical-storm-erikas-aftermath|location=Richmond, Virginia}}*{{cite web|agency=Organization of American States|publisher=ReliefWeb|date=September 3, 2015|accessdate=March 8, 2016|title=OAS Delivers Contribution to Recovery in Dominica following Erika|url=http://reliefweb.int/report/dominica/oas-delivers-contribution-recovery-dominica-following-erika}}
102. ^1 {{cite report|agency=UNICEF|publisher=ReliefWeb|date=September 1, 2015|accessdate=March 8, 2016|title=UNICEF Daily Situation Report Dominica - 1 September 2015|url=http://reliefweb.int/sites/reliefweb.int/files/resources/UNICEF%20Daily%20Situation%20Report%20Dominica%2C%201%20September%202015.pdf|format=PDF|type=Situation Report}}
103. ^{{cite web|agency=International Telecommunication Union|publisher=ReliefWeb|date=September 3, 2015|accessdate=March 8, 2016|title=ITU deploys emergency telecommunication equipment in Dominica|url=http://reliefweb.int/report/dominica/itu-deploys-emergency-telecommunication-equipment-dominica}}
104. ^{{cite web|agency=Pan American Health Organization|publisher=ReliefWeb|date=September 14, 2015|accessdate=March 13, 2016|title=PAHO donates medical supplies to Dominica in aftermath of Tropical Storm Erika|url=http://reliefweb.int/report/dominica/paho-donates-medical-supplies-dominica-aftermath-tropical-storm-erika}}
105. ^{{cite web|agency=Government of Dominica|publisher=ReliefWeb|date=October 16, 2015|accessdate=March 13, 2016|title=Brazil gifts medical supplies|url=http://reliefweb.int/report/dominica/brazil-gifts-medical-supplies}}
106. ^{{cite report|agency=International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies|publisher=ReliefWeb|date=September 10, 2015|accessdate=March 13, 2016|title=Dominica: Tropical Storm Erika - Emergency Appeal (MDRDM002)|url=http://reliefweb.int/sites/reliefweb.int/files/resources/MDRDM002EA.pdf|format=PDF}}
107. ^{{cite report|agency=International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies|publisher=ReliefWeb|date=March 1, 2017|accessdate=March 21, 2017|title=Dominica: Tropical Storm Erika - Emergency Plan of Action Final Report (MDRDM002)|url=http://reliefweb.int/sites/reliefweb.int/files/resources/MDRDM002fr.pdf|format=PDF}}
108. ^{{cite report|agency=Caribbean Disaster Emergency Management Agency|publisher=ReliefWeb|date=April 10, 2017|accessdate=April 25, 2017|title=CDEMA approves funds to support advancement of Disaster Legislation in Dominica|url=http://reliefweb.int/sites/reliefweb.int/files/resources/PR_CDEMA_DOM_Disaster_Legislation_Dominica.pdf|format=PDF|location=Barbados}}
109. ^{{cite web|agency=Government of Dominica|publisher=ReliefWeb|date=September 18, 2015|accessdate=March 13, 2016|title=Exclusive Post-Erika discussion with Petite Savanne and Grand Bay Representatives|url=http://reliefweb.int/report/dominica/exclusive-post-erika-discussion-petite-savanne-and-grand-bay-representatives}}
110. ^1 {{cite news|publisher=Caribbean News Now|date=February 22, 2016|accessdate=March 8, 2016|title=New community planned for Dominica residents displaced by Erika|url=http://www.caribbeannewsnow.com/topstory-New-community-planned-for-Dominica-residents-displaced-by-Erika-29408.html|location=Roseau, Dominica}}
111. ^{{cite web|agency=Government of Dominica|publisher=ReliefWeb|date=October 15, 2015|accessdate=March 13, 2016|title=Government identifies sites for permanent relocation of evacuees|url=http://reliefweb.int/report/dominica/government-identifies-sites-permanent-relocation-evacuees}}
112. ^{{cite report|work=Caribbean Disaster Emergency Management Agency|publisher=ReliefWeb|date=September 28, 2015|accessdate=March 13, 2016|title=CDEMA Situation Report #12 - Tropical Storm Erika (as of 5:00 pm on September 28th, 2015)|url=http://reliefweb.int/sites/reliefweb.int/files/resources/tropical-storm-erika-situation-report-12-as-of-500-pm-on-september-28th-2015.pdf|format=PDF|type=Situation Report}}
113. ^{{cite web|work=Government of Dominica|publisher=ReliefWeb|date=January 4, 2016|accessdate=March 9, 2016|title=Full Water Restoration to all Communities Complete Post TS Erika|url=http://reliefweb.int/report/dominica/full-water-restoration-all-communities-complete-post-ts-erika}}
114. ^{{cite web|agency=Government of Dominica|publisher=ReliefWeb|date=October 27, 2015|accessdate=March 13, 2016|title=French organizations fund rehabilitation of two schools|url=http://reliefweb.int/report/dominica/french-organizations-fund-rehabilitation-two-schools}}
115. ^{{cite web|publisher=Government Information Services of Dominica|date=October 28, 2016|accessdate=April 25, 2017|title=Work Continues at Douglas–Charles|url=http://news.gov.dm/index.php/news/4097-work-continues-at-douglas-charles}}
116. ^{{cite web|author=Royston Philbert|publisher=Seventh-Day Adventist Church|date=February 16, 2016|accessdate=April 25, 2017|title=In Dominica, ADRA begins rebuilding after Tropical Storm Erika devastation|url=https://news.adventist.org/en/all-news/news/go/2016-02-16/in-dominica-adra-begins-rebuilding-after-tropical-storm-erika-devastation/|location=Colihaut, Dominica}}
117. ^{{cite web|agency=Government of Dominica|publisher=ReliefWeb|date=November 10, 2016|accessdate=March 21, 2017|title=Dominica signs £8.9m Agreement with EU|url=http://reliefweb.int/report/dominica/dominica-signs-89m-agreement-eu}}
118. ^{{cite web|publisher=Government Information Services of Dominica|date=March 28, 2017|accessdate=April 25, 2017|title=$100M Road Project for South East to Commence Soon|url=http://news.gov.dm/index.php/news/4298-100m-road-project-for-south-east-to-commence-soon}}
119. ^{{cite press release|publisher=National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration|date=April 25, 2016|accessdate=April 26, 2016|title=World Meteorological Organization retires storm names Erika, Joaquin and Patricia|url=http://www.noaa.gov/world-meteorological-organization-retires-storm-names-erika-joaquin-and-patricia}}
120. ^{{cite news|publisher=Usa Today|date=April 26, 2016|accessdate=April 16, 2018|title=Hurricane names Patricia, Joaquin, and Erika retired|url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/weather/2016/04/26/hurricane-names-retired-patricia-joaquin-erika-retired/83546328/}}

References

{{reflist|30em}}

External links

{{commons category|Tropical Storm Erika (2015)}}
  • NHC's advisory archive on Tropical Storm Erika
  • ReliefWeb Tropical Storm Erika
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