请输入您要查询的百科知识：

　

词条 Trump wall
释义

  1. Current Mexico–United States barrier

  2. Structure

  3. Cost estimates

  4. Effectiveness

  5. Funding plans and actions

     Campaign promise (2016)  Executive Order (2017)  Build the Wall Act introduced (2018)  GoFundMe effort (2018)  Government shutdown (2018–19)  Declaration of national emergency (2019) 

  6. Environmental impacts

  7. Opinions and responses

     Domestic responses  Build the Wall  Opinion surveys  Impact on Mexico–U.S. relations  Other international reactions  Associations' response 

  8. Legal aspects

     Environmental legal challenge  Eminent domain 

  9. See also

  10. Notes

  11. References

{{short description|Colloquial name for expansion of Mexico–United States barrier}}{{For|the current barrier|Mexico–United States barrier}}{{Use American English|date = January 2019}}{{Use mdy dates|date=February 2019}}

The Trump wall, or simply the wall, is a colloquial name[1] for a proposed expansion of the fence that makes up the Mexico–United States barrier during the presidency of Donald Trump. Throughout his 2016 presidential campaign, Donald Trump called for the construction of a much larger and fortified border wall, claiming that if elected, he would "build the wall and make Mexico pay for it." Then-President of Mexico Enrique Peña Nieto stated that his country would not pay for the wall.[2][3][3] On January 25, 2017, Trump signed Executive Order 13767, which formally directed the US government to begin attempting to construct a border wall using existing federal funding, although actual construction of a wall did not begin at this time due to the large expense and lack of clarity on how it would be paid for.[4] The federal government was partly shut down December 22, 2018, to January 25, 2019, due to Trump's declared intention to veto any spending bill that did not include $5 billion in funding for a border wall.[5] On February 15, 2019, Trump signed a Declaration of National Emergency, saying that the situation at the U.S.–Mexico border is a crisis requiring money allocated for other sources to be used instead to build the wall. Congress passed a joint resolution to overturn the emergency order, but Trump vetoed the resolution.

As of March 2019, U.S. Customs and Border Protection confirmed that, although they had begun replacement fencing, no new walls had yet been built.[6]

{{Donald Trump series}}

Current Mexico–United States barrier

{{Main|Mexico–United States barrier}}

The Mexico–United States barrier is a series of vertical barriers along the Mexico–United States border aimed at preventing illegal crossings from Mexico into the United States.[7] The barrier is not one contiguous structure, but a discontinuous series of physical obstructions variously classified as "fences" or "walls".

Between the physical barriers, security is provided by a "virtual fence" of sensors, cameras, and other surveillance equipment used to dispatch United States Border Patrol agents to suspected migrant crossings.[8] As of January 2009, U.S. Customs and Border Protection reported that it had more than {{convert|580|mi|km}} of barriers in place.[9] The total length of the continental border is {{convert|1,954|mi|km}}.

Structure

In February 2017, Trump stated that "the wall is getting designed right now" but did not offer specifics.[10] In March 2017, U.S. Customs and Border Protection (CBP) began accepting prototype ideas for a U.S.–Mexico border wall from companies and said it would issue a request for proposals by March 24.[11][12]

In June 2017, Trump said that his proposed border wall should be covered with solar panels as a means of making "beautiful structures" and helping pay for the wall. This suggestion was criticized by some {{According to whom|experts|date=January 2019}} as illogical or impracticable—Albert Pope of the Rice University School of Architecture of Houston, Texas noted that solar farms cannot be efficiently dispersed along a wall[13][14]—while carried by others—John Griese, co-owner of the solar installation firm "Elemental Energy", estimated a profit of over $100 million per year from the panels.[15] During the following month, Trump said that the wall should be "see through" in order to detect smugglers who "throw the large sacks of drugs over."[16][17]

The Associated Press reported "upwards of 200 organizations had expressed interest in designing and building" the wall for CBP.[18] By April 2017, several companies had released their proposed designs to the public (CBP does not publicly release bids, and intends to name only the winning bid). Various ideas advanced by companies included placing solar panels along part of a wall; placing artwork along the wall ("a polished concrete wall augmented with stones and artifacts" related to the local region); incorporating ballistics resistance technology and sensors for above ground and below ground penetration; and even the creation of a "co-nation" where the border is maintained by both countries in an open status.[18][19]

In September 2017, the U.S. government announced the start of construction of eight prototype barriers made from concrete and other materials.[20][21] On June 3, 2018 the San Diego section of the US border wall construction began.[22] On October 26, a two-mile stretch of steel bollards in Calexico, California, was commemorated as the first section of Trump's wall, although media coverage heavily debated whether it should be considered a "wall" or a "fence".[23] Trump scheduled a visit to this section in April 2019.[24]

A manufacturing company based in Pine City, Minnesota, was awarded a bid to help build the "virtual wall" along the border in 2018. Instead of using physical walls, this plan for a "virtual wall" would involve easily transportable "roll-up" towers with attached motion sensing and camera equipment. While initially small and mobile, when deployed the internal structure of the tower telescopes upwards to create a tall surveillance apparatus. Along remote parts of the border, this method could be cheaper and more practical than building permanent structures on location.[25]

Cost estimates

According to experts and analyses, the actual cost to construct a wall along the remaining 1,300 miles of the border could be as high as $16 million per mile, with a total cost of up to $25 billion, with the cost of private land acquisitions and fence maintenance pushing up the total cost further.[26] Maintenance of the wall could cost up to $750 million a year, and if the Border Patrol agents were to patrol the wall, additional funds would have to be expended.[26] Rough and remote terrain on many parts of the border, such as deserts and mountains, would make construction and maintenance of a wall expensive.[26] Experts also note that on federally protected wilderness areas and Native American reservations, the Department of Homeland Security may have only limited construction authority, and a wall could cause environmental damage.[26]

Some estimates show an $8 to $12 billion cost for such a project, while others find there are enough uncertainties to drive the cost to between $15 and $25 billion.[27][28][29][30]

In February 2017, Reuters reported that an internal report by the Department of Homeland Security estimated that Trump's proposed border wall would cost $21.6 billion and take 3.5 years to build. This estimate is higher than estimates by Trump during the campaign ($12 billion) and the $15-billion estimate from Republican House Speaker Paul Ryan and Senate Majority Leader Mitch McConnell.[31]

Effectiveness

Research at Texas A&M University and Texas Tech University indicates that the wall, like border walls in general, is unlikely to be effective at reducing illegal immigration or movement of contraband.[32]

Critics of Trump's plan note that the expansion of the wall would not stop the routine misuse of legal ports of entry by people smuggling contraband, overstaying travel visas, using fraudulent documents, or stowing away.[33] They also point out that in addition to the misuse of ports of entry, even a border-wide wall could be bypassed by tunneling, climbing, or by using boats or aircraft.[26][34][26][32][35][36] Additionally, along some parts of the border, the existing rough terrain may be a greater deterrent than a wall.[26]

Funding plans and actions

Campaign promise (2016)

{{See|Donald Trump 2016 presidential campaign}}

Throughout his 2016 presidential campaign, Donald Trump called for the construction of a much larger and fortified border wall, claiming that if elected, he would "build the wall and make Mexico pay for it."

Trump repeatedly said that Mexico will pay for the construction of the border wall, but did not explain how the U.S. government would compel Mexico to do so. Trump stated that "there will be a payment; it will be in a form, perhaps a complicated form".[37] The Mexican government has rejected Trump's statements and has rejected the idea of Mexico funding construction of a wall.[37][38] Upon signing the order, the Trump administration also suggested that wall construction could be funded by a 20% tariff on Mexico imports, a proposal which immediately encountered objections from members of Congress of both parties. After the negative response, White House Chief of Staff Reince Priebus indicated that the administration was considering "a buffet of options" for funding a wall.[39] In April 2016, Trump said that he would {{"'}}compel' Mexico to pay for a border wall by blocking remittances and canceling visas unless Mexico makes a one-time payment of $5 billion to $10 billion to the U.S."[40] {{According to whom|Experts|date=January 2019}} have identified a number of legal, economic, and practical obstacles to such a proposal, saying that it would be impossible to track all money transfers between Mexico and the United States, or to effectively block all remittances. {{According to whom|Experts|date=January 2019}} also expressed concerns that blocking remittances would harm the U.S. economy.[38][40] Brookings Institution fellow Aaron Klein said that a move to block remittances would be a reversal of the existing U.S. policy "to encourage the flow of money to come into the official system and to discourage the flow of funds through the underground network".[40]

Executive Order (2017)

{{See|Executive Order 13767}}

On January 25, 2017, the Trump administration signed Executive Order 13767, which formally directed the US government to begin attempting to construct a border wall using existing federal funding, although actual construction of a wall did not begin at this time due to the large expense and lack of clarity on how it would be paid for.[4]

Trump had planned to meet Peña Nieto at the White House on January 27, 2017, to discuss topics including border security and possible negotiations around the wall. However, the day before the meeting, Trump announced that the U.S. would impose a 20% tariff on imported Mexican goods as Mexico's payment for the wall.[41] In response, Peña Nieto gave a national televised address stating that Mexico would not pay for the wall, and cancelled his meeting with Trump.[42][43]

In March 2017, the Trump administration submitted a budget amendment for fiscal year 2017 that includes a $3 billion continuing budget for "border security and immigration enforcement." Trump's FY 2018 Budget Blueprint increases discretionary funds for the Department of Homeland Security (DHS) by $2.8 billion (to $44.1 billion).[44][45] The DHS Secretary John F. Kelly told the Senate Homeland Security and Governmental Affairs Committee during a hearing the Budget Blueprint "includes $2.6 billion for high-priority border security technology and tactical infrastructure, including funding to plan, design and construct the border wall."[44]

In July 2017, U.S. Representative Michael McCaul, Republican of Austin, Texas, the chairman of the House Homeland Security Committee, said that the Republican-controlled U.S. House of Representatives would seek to pass a special supplemental appropriations bill to spend money on initial construction of the wall, a demand of the Trump administration.[46][47] Such a supplemental spending bill was supported by then-House Speaker Paul Ryan.[47] However, Senate Democrats have expressed confidence that they can block an appropriations bill for wall construction, with the aid of some Republicans who also oppose the construction of a wall due to its enormous cost.[48][49] Speaking at a Trump rally on August 22, 2017, Trump threatened to close down the government if Congress did not approve funding: "The obstructionist Democrats would like us not to do it, but believe me, if we have to close down our government, we're building that wall."[50]

In August 2017, while speaking at a rally in Phoenix, Arizona, Trump said he would close down the U.S. government if necessary to force Congress to pay for the wall.[51] He was harshly criticized by prominent leaders of his political base such as Ann Coulter and Rush Limbaugh for failing to secure $5 billion in funding for the wall in the previous fiscal year's appropriations bill.[52][53]

Build the Wall Act introduced (2018)

{{See|Build the Wall, Enforce the Law Act of 2018}}

In March 2018, Trump also cited a study by the Center for Immigration Studies, which claimed that a wall along the Mexican border could save taxpayers $64 billion by reducing crime and welfare costs for undocumented immigrants for the 10 years after its construction, thereby breaking even on construction costs and "paying for itself". Eric Boehm of Reason magazine disputed this claim, stating that the study massively underestimated the actual cost of building and maintaining the wall. Boehm also criticized that the analysis overestimated the positive economic impact of stopping illegal immigration and how good the wall would be at preventing it, citing that a "third of all illegal immigrants" were simply overstaying their visa and did not actually enter the US illegally.[54][55][56] As of the end of 2018, Mexico had not entered into any agreement to pay for any amount of the wall and there have been no new tariffs or earmarks dedicated to funding it. In March 2018, Congress appropriated $1.6 billion out of a $1.3 trillion spending bill towards the border barrier, characterized by Trump as a "down payment" that would be spent "building not only some new wall...but also fixing existing walls".[57][58] In the end, this specific appropriation only ended up funding about 90 miles of barriers with Mexico.[59]

The Build the Wall, Enforce the Law Act of 2018 was introduced on October 12, 2018 by then-House Majority Leader Kevin McCarthy who stated that, in his opinion, "President Trump’s election was a wake-up call to Washington."{{cn|date=February 2019}}

GoFundMe effort (2018)

In December 2018, a GoFundMe was created by Iraq-war veteran Brian Kolfage in order to provide funding for the wall after it was announced that the government spending bill would not cover funding for the wall.[60] Kolfage has predicted that if each of the 63 million Trump voters donated $80 a piece the wall would be fully funded, and by January the fundraiser had raised more than $20 million.[61][62] Bobby Whithorne, a GoFundMe spokesman, referencing Kolfage's promise that donations would be used to fund the wall if the proposed $1 billion was raised, stated that "that did not happen" and "this means all donors will receive a refund."[62]

Government shutdown (2018–19)

{{Main|2018–19 United States federal government shutdown}}

From December 22, 2018 to January 25, 2019, the federal government was partially shut down due to Trump's declared intention to veto any spending bill that did not include $5 billion in funding for a border wall.[5] On January 4, 2019, Trump claimed that former presidents had privately told him they should have built a border wall, but every living former U.S. president denied this.[63] In a televised speech on January 8, Trump asserted that 90% of the heroin sold in America "floods across from our southern border," although virtually all drugs smuggled across the border flow through legal ports of entry rather than through open border spaces.[64][65] During a visit to McAllen, Texas on January 10, Trump said that Mexico would not directly pay for the wall, despite his having said so during the 2016 campaign: "When during the campaign, I would say 'Mexico is going to pay for it,' obviously, I never said this, and I never meant they're gonna write out a check, I said they're going to pay for it. They are. Mexico is paying for the wall indirectly, and when I said Mexico will pay for the wall in front of thousands and thousands of people, obviously they're not gonna write a check. But they are paying for the wall indirectly many, many times over by the really great trade deal we just made."[66][67] Media fact-checkers determined this assertion to be false.[68][69][70][71]

As of March 2019, U.S. Customs and Border Protection confirmed that although they had begun replacement fencing, no new walls had yet been built.[6]

Declaration of national emergency (2019)

{{Main|National Emergency Concerning the Southern Border of the United States}}

On February 15, 2019, Trump signed a bill to fund the government for the balance of the fiscal year, but derided the bill as inadequate because it contained only $1.375 billion for border security. Trump had earlier insisted he needed $5.7 billion to extend the Mexico–United States barrier. At the same time, Trump signed a declaration that the situation at the southern border constitutes a national emergency.[72] This declaration ostensibly made available $600 million from the Treasury Forfeiture Fund, $2.5 billion from the United States Department of Defense (including anti-drug accounts), $3.6 billion from military construction accounts, for a total of $8 billion when added to the $1.375 billion allocated by Congress.[73] Around February 21-22, it emerged that over a third of those funds had already been spent for their original purposes, and were therefore unavailable.[74][75]

On February 27, 2019, the House of Representatives voted 245-82 in favor of a resolution rejecting Trump's declaration of a national emergency on the southern border.[76] On March 14, the Senate did the same on a vote of 59-41 (including all Democrats and 12 Republicans).[77] The next day, Trump vetoed the bill. It was the first veto of his presidency.[78] Overriding his veto would require a two-thirds majority in both houses of congress.

In March 2019, the Pentagon issued a list of proposed military construction projects which could be postponed, under the president's emergency declaration, so that their funding could be used for the wall.[79] The Pentagon has authorized up to $1 billion to be transferred to the Army Corps of Engineers for construction of additional barriers.[80]

Environmental impacts

{{Further|Environmental issues along the Mexico–United States border}}

The construction of a border wall, as envisioned in the order, could cause significant environmental damage, including habitat destruction and habitat fragmentation that would harm wildlife, including endangered species.[81][82][83] Some of the species that may potentially be affected include ferruginous bighorn sheep, black bears, and pygmy owls.[84]

A lawsuit arguing some of these points was brought forward by the National Butterfly Center, after employees discovered that parts of the planned wall would be built through the property. However, the Judge dismissed the case against the Department of Homeland Security, leading to the Center to claim that they will refile or appeal the case.[85]

Opinions and responses

Domestic responses

Executive Order 13767 drew "furious condemnation" from some civil rights organizations and immigrant advocacy groups, who described the order as "meanspirited, counterproductive and costly and said the new policies would raise constitutional concerns while undermining the American tradition of welcoming people from around the world".[86] Some religious personalities were also largely critical of the border-wall proposal.[86][87] Hundreds of citizens gathered at Washington Square Park in New York City to protest the executive order.[88]

In Congress, some Republicans praised Trump's executive order, such as U.S. Representative Lamar S. Smith of San Antonio, Texas, who said that "he appreciated Trump 'honoring his commitment' on immigration",[89] and Republican U.S. Senator Ron Johnson of Wisconsin, who said the wall would stop illegal immigration and compared it to the Israel–Egypt barrier.{{efn|Johnson issued a report arguing that border walls were shown to be effective in curbing illegal immigration, citing a "99 percent" reduction in illegal immigration after Israeli built a 143-mile wall on the country's border with Egypt at a cost of $2.9 million per mile.[90][91][92] Illegal immigration from Africa to Israel did significantly decrease after construction of the Israel-Egyptian wall, but {{According to whom|experts|date=January 2019}} cautioned "against generalizing that the fence is the sole reason for the drop", noting that the U.S.–Mexico border (almost 2,000 miles) is much longer than the Israel–Egypt border fence (150 miles); that the terrain along U.S.–Mexico border has much more mountainous and remote than that the Israel–Egypt border; and that a 2012 Israeli law, unrelated to the border wall, had also affected illegal migration.[92]}} Other members of Congress from congressional districts along or close to the Mexican border were critical, such as U.S. Representatives Will Hurd (Republican of San Antonio, Texas), Henry Cuellar (Democrat of Laredo, Texas), and Joaquin Castro (Democrat of San Antonio, Texas). Hurd criticized the order as "the most expensive and least effective way to secure the border" while Castro considered the wall "a lazy and ineffective strategy".[89] Then-U.S. Senator Claire McCaskill (D-MO) said during a hearing that while she believed Americans want a secure border, she has "not met anyone that says the most effective way is to build a wall across the entirety of our southern border. The only one who keeps talking about that is President Trump."[93]

Most members of the Southwest Border Sheriffs' Coalition, a group of sheriffs across the four states on the U.S.–Mexico border, are strongly opposed to the construction of a wall, citing its massive cost and logistical difficulties, and saying that the wall would not be effective.[94] Tony Estrada, a member of the Coalition and the longtime sheriff of the border county of Santa Cruz County, Arizona, has emerged as an outspoken critic of Trump's border wall proposal, saying that the wall will not stymie drug cartel violence fueled by demand for drugs in the U.S.[94][95] On the other hand, several Southwestern sheriffs praised and welcomed the proposal, and also activated a crowdfunding to support the construction.[96] Well-known sheriff Joe Arpaio of Maricopa County, Arizona, who emerged as an outspoken supporter of Trump's border wall proposal, said the barrier is necessary to stop "having the terrorists coming across and criminals",[97] asking also "what is wrong with a wall".[98]

Build the Wall

"Build the Wall" is a political slogan that emerged from Trump's presidential campaign.

The concept was first developed by campaign advisers Sam Nunberg and Roger Stone in summer 2014 as a memorable talking point Trump could use to tie his business experience as a builder and developer to his anti-immigration policy proposals.[99] The wall was first positively received by conservative activists in January 2015 at the Iowa Freedom Summit hosted by Citizens United and Steve King, as well as two days later on conservative morning show Fox & Friends.[100][101] The idea was repeated at his June 2015 announcement speech, along with a claim that Mexico would pay for it, and has been further repeated many times since.[102]

The idea of the wall became popular enough among Trump's supporters that chants of "Build the Wall" became common at Trump rallies.[103] After Trump won the 2016 election, reports emerged that the chant was being used by some children to bully their Latino classmates, and that the locations of these incidents were at least correlated with areas in which Trump received more votes.[104][105]

Variant slogans include "Build a Wall" or "Build that Wall". It has inspired a number of counter-slogans among protesters of Trump policies, as well as parodies in popular culture.{{cn|date=February 2019}}

Opinion surveys

A February 2017 study conducted by the Pew Research Center found that "[a]s was the case throughout the presidential campaign, more Americans continue to oppose (62%) than favor (35%) building a wall along the entire U.S. border with Mexico".[106][107] 43% of respondents thought that a border wall would have little to no effect on illegal immigration. 70% of Americans thought that the U.S. would ultimately pay for the wall; 16% believed that Mexico would pay for it. Public opinion was polarized by party: "About three-quarters (74%) of Republicans and Republican-leaning independents support a border wall, while an even greater share of Democrats and Democratic leaners express opposition to building a wall across the entire U.S.–Mexico border (89%)." Younger Americans and Americans with college degrees were more likely to oppose a wall than older Americans and those without college degrees.[106]

In a separate January 2017 study conducted by the Pew Research Center, 39% of Americans identified construction of a U.S.–Mexico border wall as an "important goal for U.S. immigration policy". By contrast, Americans found other policies to be important, such as cracking down on visa overstays (77% identified as important); allowing those who came to the U.S. illegally as children to remain in the country (72% identified as important); and increasing deportations of immigrants currently in the U.S. illegally (58% identified as important). The survey found that while there Americans were divided by party on many different immigration policies, "the widest [partisan split] by far is over building a southern border wall. Two-thirds of Republicans and Republican-leaning independents (67%) say construction of a wall on the U.S.–Mexico border is an important goal for immigration policy, compared with just 16% of Democrats and Democratic leaners."[108]

A March 2017 nationally representative survey of Americans conducted by the Associated Press and NORC Center for Public Affairs Research at the University of Chicago showed 58% of Americans oppose new spending for a border wall with Mexico, while 28% support such new spending. Opposition to spending on a border wall was highest among Democrats (86% oppose) and independents (57% oppose); Republicans were substantially more supportive.[109][110]

A survey conducted by the National Border Patrol Council found that 89% of border patrol agents said a "wall system in strategic locations is necessary to securing the border." 7% of agents disagreed.[111]

Impact on Mexico–U.S. relations

{{details|Mexico–United States relations}}

The executive order soured relations between the U.S. and Mexico. Mexican President Enrique Peña Nieto addressed Mexican citizens via a recorded message, in which he condemned Trump's executive order and again said that Mexico would not pay for the wall's construction. Following a Twitter feud between the two men in which Trump threatened to cancel a planned meeting with Nieto in Washington, Nieto decided to cancel the meeting himself.[112]

Addressing supporters, Mexican opposition politician Andrés Manuel López Obrador condemned the wall order as an insult to Mexico, and demanded the Mexican government to pursue claims against the American government in the United Nations.[113]

In March 2017, Mexican congressman Braulio Guerra of Querétaro illegally climbed, and partially crossed, an existing 30-foot border fence on American soil dividing San Diego and Tijuana, saying that more walls would be ineffective.{{efn|In a video he can be heard to say: "I was able to scale it, climb it, and sit myself right here. It would be simple for me to jump into the United States, which shows that it is unnecessary and totally absurd to build a wall. It's easy, and it shows how unnecessary this project, this political rhetoric from Donald Trump, is".}}[114][115]

The Roman Catholic Archbishop of Mexico opposed the border wall, and wrote that any Mexican company that participates in construction of the wall or supplies materials for construction would be committing "treason against the homeland".[116][117]

Other international reactions

At the annual summit of the Community of Latin American and Caribbean States in January 2017, representatives from Latin American and Caribbean countries condemned the wall proposal.[118]

Benjamin Netanyahu, the prime minister of Israel, applauded the plan, endorsing it as a "Great success. Great idea." Netanyahu declared "Trump is right" and likened the proposal to the Israeli West Bank barrier.[119][120] After Mexican protests the Prime Minister's office issued a statement saying that "[he] was addressing Israel's unique circumstances and the important experience we have and which we are willing to share with other nations. There was no attempt to voice an opinion regarding U.S.–Mexico ties."[119][121]

Associations' response

Many people "have voiced doubts about whether a wall would actually stem illegal immigration, or if it is worth the billions it is expected to cost".[122] Critics have noted that the number of illegal immigrants in the U.S. had declined for several years before the order was signed, in part because of the Great Recession.[122]

Gil Kerlikowske, the former Commissioner of the Customs and Border Protection, stated that the rugged terrain in the Arizona desert is one of many natural obstacles in the construction of the wall. Kerlikowske also said that the border currently has 700 miles of fencing, and that the border is patrolled by various means, including by agents on motorcycles or ATVs and drones. He said that the current method was preferable to a wall.[123]

After the executive order was signed, Jason Marczak of the Atlantic Council wrote: "Today's events are dangerous for the immediate and long-term security and economy of the United States. U.S.–Mexico cooperation is far-reaching: from intelligence sharing for the capture of drug traffickers to the flow of commercial goods that support the livelihoods of nearly 5 million American workers."[112]

Legal aspects

On September 12, 2017, the United States Department of Homeland Security issued a notice that Acting Secretary of Homeland Security Elaine Duke would be waiving "certain laws, regulations and other legal requirements" to begin construction of the new wall near Calexico, California.[124] The waiver allows the Department of Homeland Security to bypass the National Environmental Policy Act, the Endangered Species Act, the Clean Water Act, the Clean Air Act, the National Historic Preservation Act, the Migratory Bird Treaty Act, the Migratory Bird Conservation Act, the Archaeological Resources Protection Act, the Safe Drinking Water Act, the Noise Control Act, the Solid Waste Disposal Act, the Antiquities Act, the Federal Land Policy and Management Act, the Administrative Procedure Act, the Native American Graves Protection and Repatriation Act, and the American Indian Religious Freedom Act.[125]

Environmental legal challenge

In April 2017, the Center for Biological Diversity, an environmental group, and U.S. Representative Raúl Grijalva from Arizona, the ranking Democratic member on the House Committee on Natural Resources filed a lawsuit in federal court in Tucson. In their complaint, Grijalva and the Center argue that the government's wall construction plans fail to comply with the National Environmental Policy Act, and seek to compel the government to carry out an environmental impact study and produce an environmental impact statement (EIS) before building the wall.[126][127] The lawsuit specifically seeks "to stop any work until the government agrees to analyze the impact of construction, noise, light and other changes to the landscape on rivers, plants and endangered species—including jaguars, Sonoran pronghorns and ocelots—and also on border residents".[128] Two separate cases, also arguing about the governent's failure to complete an EIS, were later filed, one by the groups the Sierra Club, Defenders of Wildlife and the Animal Legal Defense Fund, and the second by California's Attorney General Xavier Becerra.[129]

The three lawsuits were consolidated into a single case within the United States District Court for the Southern District of California by Judge Gonzalo P. Curiel.[129] Oral arguments were heard in February 2018, and Curiel ruled by the end of the month in favor of the government, citing that the Department of Homeland Security has several waivers in its authorization to expedite construction of border walls, which includes bypassing the EIS statement. Curiel had written his opinion without consideration of the other political issues regarding the border wall, only ruling on the environment impact aspect.[130] The ruling was challenged to the U.S. Supreme Court by the Sierra Club, Defenders of Wildlife, and the Animal Legal Defense Fund, but the Court denied their petition for writ of certiorari by December 2018, allowing Curiel's decision to stand.[131]

Eminent domain

About two-thirds of the U.S.–Mexico border runs along private or state-owned lands, and the federal government would need to acquire such land through purchase or seizure (eminent domain) to build any border wall. The "process is likely to cost the government millions and could take years of complex litigation," as was the case for preexisting border walls.[132] In his budget request to Congress, Trump requested that the appropriation of funds for 20 U.S. Department of Justice lawyers "to pursue federal efforts to obtain the land and holdings necessary to secure the Southwest border."[133] In 2017, the Trump administration also revived condemnation litigation against landowners that had been previously dormant for years.[132]

See also

  • Mexico–United States barrier
  • Immigration policy of Donald Trump
  • National Emergency Concerning the Southern Border of the United States
  • Immigration reform in the United States
  • Illegal immigration to the United States
  • E-Verify
  • Mexico–United States relations
  • Roosevelt Reservation
  • Operation Intercept

Notes

1. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-46824649|title=Trump wall – all you need to know about US border in seven charts|first1=Lucy|last1=Rodgers|first2=Dominic|last2=Bailey|publisher=BBC News|date=January 21, 2019}}
2. ^{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-us-canada-38740717|title=Donald Trump: 'We will build Mexico border wall'|publisher=BBC News|date=January 26, 2016|access-date=January 26, 2016}}
3. ^{{cite news|url=http://www.excelsior.com.mx/nacional/2016/03/07/1079292|title=Quien se mueve sí sale en la foto|language=es|work=Excelsior|date=March 7, 2016|access-date=January 25, 2017}}
4. ^1 {{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2017/01/25/us/politics/refugees-immigrants-wall-trump.html|title=Trump Orders Mexican Border Wall to Be Built and Is Expected to Block Syrian Refugees|last=Davis|first=Julie Hirschfeld|date=January 25, 2017|newspaper=The New York Times|issn=0362-4331|access-date=January 26, 2017}}
5. ^1 {{cite web|url=https://www.politico.com/latest-news-updates/government-shutdown-2018|title=Government Shutdown 2018: Latest Updates & Reaction|date=December 27, 2018|website=Politico.com|access-date=December 28, 2018}}
6. ^1 {{Cite web|url=https://www.politico.com/latest-news-updates/government-shutdown-2019|title=Government Shutdown 2019|website=POLITICO|language=en|access-date=2019-03-16}}
7. ^{{cite book|last1=Garcia|first1=Michael John|title=Barriers Along the U.S. Borders: Key Authorities and Requirements|date=November 18, 2016|publisher=Congressional Research Service|location=Washington, DC|url=https://fas.org/sgp/crs/homesec/R43975.pdf|accessdate=December 9, 2016}}
8. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.pbs.org/now/shows/432/|title=The Border Fence|publisher=NOW on PBS}}
9. ^[https://www.nytimes.com/2009/01/08/us/08chertoff.html U.S. Plans Border ‘Surge’ Against Any Drug Wars] The New York Times, January 7, 2009.
10. ^{{Cite news|url=http://www.voanews.com/a/trump-says-design-of-us-mexico-wall-is-underway/3714915.html|title=Trump: Design of Proposed Wall Along US-Mexican Border Underway|publisher=Voice of America|date=February 8, 2017}}
11. ^{{Cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-trump-immigration-wall-idUSKBN1632LI|title=U.S. agency seeks ideas for Trump's proposed border wall|date=February 24, 2017|agency=Reuters}}
12. ^{{cite web|last=Gonzales|first=Richard|url=https://www.npr.org/2017/03/06/518743059/rush-begins-for-contractors-who-want-in-on-border-wall-construction|title=Rush Begins For Contractors Who Want In On Border Wall Construction|work=Morning Edition|publisher=NPR|date=March 6, 2017}}
13. ^{{cite news|last1=Solon|first1=Olivia|title=Trump's pitch for making the Mexico border wall 'beautiful': add solar panels|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2017/jun/08/mexico-border-wall-solar-panel-plan-donald-trump|work=The Guardian|date=June 8, 2017}}
14. ^{{cite news |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-us-canada-40363390 |title= Donald Trump talks up solar panel plan for Mexico wall |publisher=BBC |date=June 22, 2017}}
15. ^{{cite news|last1=Garfield|first1=Leanna|title=Trump says he wants a solar border wall—here's how many homes it could power|url=https://www.businessinsider.com/trump-solar-border-wall-2017-7|work=Business Insider|date=July 13, 2017|access-date=April 5, 2019}}
16. ^{{cite news|first=Philip|last=Bump|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/politics/wp/2017/07/14/good-news-for-border-residents-no-one-is-throwing-60-pound-bags-of-drugs-over-a-50-foot-wall/|title=Good news for border residents: No one is throwing 60-pound bags of drugs over a 50-foot wall|newspaper=The Washington Post|date=July 14, 2017}}
17. ^{{cite news|first=Brian|last=Barrett|url=https://www.wired.com/story/trump-bags-of-heroin/|title=Let's Talk About Trump, Border Walls, and Flying Heroin|website=Wired|date=July 13, 2017}}
18. ^1 {{Cite news|last=Dwyer|first=Colin|url=https://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2017/04/05/522712279/photos-the-many-possible-shapes-of-trumps-border-wall|title=Photos: The Many Possible Shapes Of Trump's Border Wall|website=The Two-Way|publisher=NPR|date=April 5, 2017|access-date=April 5, 2019}}
19. ^{{Cite news|url=https://apnews.com/aadd3018366346568e5db61796b55808|title=Border wall bids include tourist attraction, solar panels|website=AP News|date=April 4, 2017|access-date=April 5, 2019}}
20. ^{{cite web |url= http://www.azcentral.com/story/news/politics/border-issues/2017/10/18/first-look-8-possible-versions-president-donald-trump-border-wall/747998001/ |title= A first look at 8 possible versions of President Donald Trump's border wall |last= Carranza |first= Rafael |date= October 18, 2017 |work= The Arizona Republic |access-date= October 19, 2017 }}
21. ^{{cite web | url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-41407194 | title=US–Mexico border wall prototype construction starts | date=September 27, 2017 | access-date=September 28, 2017 | publisher=BBC}}
22. ^{{cite web | url=https://www.foxnews.com/us/construction-on-san-diego-section-of-us-border-wall-begins-cbp-says | title=Construction on San Diego section of US border wall begins, CBP says | date=June 1, 2018 | access-date=April 5, 2019 | website=Fox News | first=Elizabeth | last=Zwirz }}
23. ^{{cite news|url=https://www.nbcnews.com/politics/donald-trump/dhs-chief-marks-first-section-trump-s-border-wall-it-n924941|title=DHS chief marks first section of Trump's border wall. (But it kinda looks like a fence.)|last=Timm|first=Jane C.|publisher=NBC News|date=October 26, 2018|access-date=October 28, 2018}}
24. ^{{Cite news|url=https://www.npr.org/2019/04/04/709999340/trump-set-to-visit-border-town-of-calexico-where-residents-fear-border-shutdown|title=As Trump Visits Calexico, Calif., Residents Worry About Rising Border Wall Tension|last=Rivlin-Nadler|first=Max|date=April 4, 2019|website=NPR|language=en|access-date=April 5, 2019}}
25. ^{{cite news|url=http://www.startribune.com/thanks-to-big-contract-john-norris-takes-his-tower-business-to-new-heights/482422151/|title=Thanks to big contract, John Norris takes his tower business to new heights|last=St. Anthony|first=Neal|date=May 14, 2018|newspaper=Star Tribune|access-date=December 18, 2018}}
26. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 Stephen Loiaconi, "Experts: Trump's border wall could be costly, ineffective", Sinclair Broadcast Group (August 18, 2015).
27. ^1 {{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-us-canada-37243269|title=How realistic is Donald Trump's Mexico wall?|publisher=BBC News|date=January 26, 2016|access-date=January 26, 2016}}
28. ^{{cite news|title=President Trump moves ahead with wall, puts stamp on U.S. immigration, security policy|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-trump-immigration-idUSKBN1591HP|accessdate=January 26, 2017|agency=Reuters|date=January 26, 2017}}
29. ^{{cite news|title=Here's how much Trump's border wall will cost|url=http://money.cnn.com/2017/01/25/news/economy/trump-mexico-border-wall-cost/|accessdate=January 31, 2017|publisher=CNN|date=January 26, 2017}}
30. ^{{YouTube|6nMj4znhqxY|PBS NewsHour Weekend full episode March 18, 2017}} at 4:18 of 22:29
31. ^{{Cite news|url=http://reuters.com/article/usa-trump-immigration-wall-idINKBN15O2ZZ|title=Trump border 'wall' to cost $21.6 billion, take 3.5 years to build: Homeland Security internal report|last=Ainsley|first=Julia Edwards|agency=Reuters|date=February 9, 2017}}
32. ^1 {{cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/americas/donald-trump-border-wall-mexico-us-illegal-undocumented-immigrants-research-a8783721.html|title=Trump’s border wall will not work ‘no matter how high’, scientists warn|date=February 17, 2019|newspaper=The Independent|accessdate=February 18, 2019}}
33. ^{{cite web | title=Visa overstays far exceed illegal border crossings in U.S.—and a wall won't change that, study says | website=Newsweek | date=January 18, 2019 | url=https://www.newsweek.com/visa-overstays-far-exceed-illegal-border-crossings-us-and-wall-wont-change-1295413 | access-date=February 28, 2019}}
34. ^{{Cite news|url=https://www.wired.com/2017/01/wall-alone-cant-secure-border-no-matter-pays/|title=A Wall Alone Can’t Secure the Border, No Matter Who Pays for It|work=WIRED|access-date=February 9, 2018}}
35. ^{{cite web|url=https://news.sky.com/story/donald-trumps-wall-and-the-myths-that-sustain-it-11613850|title=Sky Views: Donald Trump's wall, and the myths that sustain it|website=Sky News|accessdate=February 22, 2019}}
36. ^{{cite journal|url=https://www.wired.com/story/congress-spending-bill-wall-money-border-tech/|title=Trump's Wall Won't Solve a National Emergency. It Is One|journal=Wired|first=Lily Hay|last=Newman|date=February 14, 2019|publisher=|accessdate=February 22, 2019|via=www.wired.com}}
37. ^1 {{cite news |url=http://www.kansascity.com/news/politics-government/article128692664.html |title=Trump signs order for border wall and insists Mexico will reimburse the cost |work=Kansas City Star |agency=Associated Press |date=January 25, 2017 |access-date=August 27, 2018}}
38. ^1 John W. Schoen. "Would Trump’s Plan to Stop Remittances to Mexico Work?" CNBC (April 5, 2016).
39. ^Jeremy Diamond (January 27, 2017). "Trump floats 20% tax on Mexican imports to pay for wall, but considering other options". CNN.
40. ^1 2 Susanna Kim, The Economic Ramifications of Trump's Border Wall Proposal, ABC News (April 5, 2016).
41. ^{{cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-trump-mexico-idUSKBN15A1VF|title=Trump seeks 20 percent tax on Mexico goods to pay for wall, crisis deepens|date=January 26, 2017|website=Reuters|access-date=January 26, 2017}}
42. ^{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-us-canada-38753826|title=Mexico: We will not pay for Trump border wall|website=BBC News|date=January 26, 2017|access-date=January 26, 2017}}
43. ^{{cite news|url=http://www.cnn.com/2017/01/25/politics/mexico-president-donald-trump-enrique-pena-nieto-border-wall/|title=Mexican president cancels meeting with Trump|first=Daniella|last=Diaz|website=CNN|date=January 27, 2018|access-date=April 1, 2019}}
44. ^1 {{Cite news|url=https://homelandprepnews.com/featured/21870-u-s-homeland-security-secretary-elbow-room-building-border-wall/|title=U.S. Homeland Security secretary has ‘elbow room’ on building border wall|date=April 5, 2017|work=Homeland Preparedness News|access-date=April 21, 2017}}
45. ^{{cite news | url = https://www.washingtonpost.com/powerpost/republicans-skeptical-about-paying-for-wall-as-trump-prepares-to-release-budget/2017/03/15/dd2b5848-099b-11e7-b77c-0047d15a24e0_story.html | work = The Washington Post | title = Republicans skeptical about paying for wall as Trump releases budget | date = March 16, 2017}}
46. ^Bill Lambrecht, Jason Buch & Aaron Nelsen, Trump orders 'immediate' construction of border wall, San Antonio Express-News (January 26, 2017).
47. ^1 {{cite news|first1=Tom|last1=LoBianco|first2=Manu|last2=Raju|first3=Ted|last3=Barrett|url=http://www.cnn.com/2017/01/25/politics/republicans-trump-retreat-border-wall/|title=Republicans eyeing special budget bill for Trump border wall|website=CNN|date=January 25, 2017|access-date=April 1, 2019}}
48. ^{{cite news|first1=Manu|last1=Raju|first2=Phil|last2=Mattingly|url=http://www.cnn.com/2017/01/27/politics/border-wall-funding-senate-democrats/|title=Senate Democrats may block Trump's plan to fund border wall|website=CNN|date=January 27, 2017|access-date=April 1, 2019}}
49. ^{{cite news|first=Manu|last=Raju|url=http://www.cnn.com/2017/02/03/politics/border-wall-republicans/|title=Hill Republicans revolt over Trump's plans to build border wall|website=CNN|date=February 6, 2017}}
50. ^{{cite news|last1=Kasperowitz|first1=Pete|title=Trump threatens government shutdown over border wall funding|url=http://www.washingtonexaminer.com/trump-threatens-government-shutdown-over-border-wall-funding/article/2632308|newspaper=Washington Examiner|accessdate=August 25, 2017|date=August 23, 2017}}
51. ^{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-us-canada-41020779|title=Trump says he is willing to 'close government' to build Mexico wall|website=BBC News|date=August 23, 2017|access-date=August 23, 2017}}
52. ^{{cite news|url=https://www.cnbc.com/2018/12/11/nancy-pelosi-chuck-schumer-let-trump-take-responsibility-for-shutdown.html|title=Nancy Pelosi, Chuck Schumer let Trump take responsibility for shutdown|first=Brian|last=Schwartz|date=December 11, 2018|website=CNBC|access-date=January 7, 2019}}
53. ^{{cite news|url=https://politi.co/2EDjojj|title=Pressure from base pushed a flustered Trump into shutdown reversal|first1=Eliana|last1=Johnson|first2=Burgess|last2=Everett|website=Politico|access-date=April 1, 2019|date=December 20, 2018}}
54. ^{{cite web|url=https://nypost.com/2018/03/10/cutting-welfare-to-illegal-aliens-would-pay-for-trumps-wall/|title=Cutting welfare to illegal aliens would pay for Trump's wall|date=March 10, 2018|work=New York Post}}
55. ^{{cite web|last1=Boehm|first1=Eric|title=Trump Says the Border Wall Will Pay for Itself. It Won't.|url=https://reason.com/blog/2018/03/13/trump-border-wall-will-pay-for-itself-no|work=Reason|date=March 13, 2018|access-date=April 14, 2018}}
56. ^{{cite news|last1=Kessler|first1=Glenn|title=Does President Trump’s border wall pay for itself?|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/fact-checker/wp/2018/03/16/does-president-trumps-border-wall-pay-for-itself/|accessdate=April 14, 2018|newspaper=The Washington Post|date=March 16, 2018}}
57. ^{{Cite news|url=https://www.texastribune.org/2018/03/23/donald-trump-border-wall-16-million-funding-restrictions-attached/|title=How Donald Trump's border wall fared in the $1.3 trillion spending bill he just signed|date=March 23, 2018|work=The Texas Tribune|access-date=August 13, 2018}}
58. ^{{Cite news|url=https://www.cnbc.com/2018/03/23/trump-threatens-to-veto-omnibus-spending-bill-over-daca-and-the-border-wall.html|title=Trump signs $1.3 trillion spending bill into law despite being 'unhappy' about it|last=Pramuk|first=Jacob|date=March 23, 2018|publisher=CNBC|access-date=August 13, 2018}}
59. ^{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2018/03/22/us/politics/house-passes-spending-bill.html|title=Congress Approves $1.3 Trillion Spending Bill, Averting a Shutdown|access-date=August 13, 2018|work=The New York Times}}
60. ^{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-46637773|title=Trump supporters angry at wall 'retreat'|date=December 20, 2018|publisher=BBC News|access-date=December 20, 2018}}
61. ^{{cite news|url=https://abc7chicago.com/politics/gofundme-for-trumps-border-wall-has-raised-more-than-$6m/4935637/|title=GoFundMe for Trump's border wall has raised more than $6M|agency=Associated Press|date=December 20, 2018|publisher=ABC 7|dead-url=|access-date=December 20, 2018}}
62. ^1 {{Cite news |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2019/01/11/gofundme-that-raised-20-million-for-border-wall-will-return-funds.html |title=GoFundMe that raised $20 million for border wall will return funds |last=Hess |first=Abigail |date=2019-01-11 |access-date=2019-01-12}}
63. ^{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/01/07/us/politics/trump-carter-presidents-border-wall.html|title=Trump Says Predecessors Confessed Support for Wall. Not True, They Say.|first=Peter|last=Baker|date=January 7, 2019|accessdate=January 8, 2019|work=The New York Times}}
64. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/2019/live-updates/trump-white-house/live-fact-checking-and-analysis-of-president-trumps-immigration-speech/most-imported-heroin-comes-through-legal-points-of-entry/ |title=Most imported heroin comes through legal points of entry |work=The Washington Post |accessdate=January 11, 2019}}
65. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.yorkdispatch.com/story/news/politics/2019/01/08/ap-fact-check-trump-oversells-wall-solution-drugs/2520221002/|title=AP Fact Check: Trump oversells wall as a solution to drugs|website=York Dispatch|accessdate=January 9, 2019}}
66. ^{{cite web|url=https://edition.cnn.com/2019/01/10/politics/trump-mexico-pay-wall/index.html|title=Trump claims 'obviously' Mexico isn't going to write a check for a border wall|last=Klein|first=Betsy|date=January 10, 2019|publisher=CNN|accessdate=January 29, 2019}}
67. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.foxnews.com/politics/trump-visits-u-s-mexico-border-as-shutdown-talks-stall|title=Trump highlights human trafficking as he calls for 'strong barrier' during visit to US-Mexico border|first=Alex|last=Pappas|date=January 10, 2019|publisher=Fox News|access-date=January 11, 2019}}
68. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.politifact.com/truth-o-meter/statements/2019/jan/04/donald-trump/no-usmca-trade-deal-wont-pay-border-wall-despite-d/|title=No, Mexico isn't paying for wall through Trump's trade deal|website=Politifact.com|access-date=January 11, 2019}}
69. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/border-wall-trump-claim-mexico-will-pay-for-the-wall-indirectly-usmca-nafta/|title=Would Mexico "indirectly" pay for the wall?|publisher=CBS News|access-date=January 11, 2019}}
70. ^{{cite web|last=Lobosco |first=Katie |url=https://www.cnn.com/2019/01/08/politics/mexico-usmca-border-wall/index.html |title=Trump's new trade deal|publisher=CNN Politics |date=January 8, 2019 |accessdate=February 6, 2019}}
71. ^{{cite web|last=Kessler |first=Glenn |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/2019/01/08/president-trumps-desperate-nonsensical-claim-that-mexico-is-paying-wall/ |title=President Trump's nonsensical claim that Mexico is paying for the wall |work=The Washington Post |date=January 8, 2019 |accessdate=February 6, 2019}}
72. ^{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/02/14/us/politics/trump-national-emergency-border|title=As Congress Passes Spending Bill, Trump Plans National Emergency to Build Border Wall|last1=Haberman|first1=Maggie|last2= Baker|first2=Peter|last3= Cochrane|first3=Emily|date=January 14, 2019|work=The New York Times|accessdate=17 February 2019}}
73. ^{{Cite news| url=https://www.npr.org/2019/02/15/695012728/trump-expected-to-declare-national-emergency-to-help-fund-southern-border-wall | title=As Trump Declares National Emergency to Fund Border Wall, Democrats Promise a Fight|work=NPR|first1=Jessica |last1=Taylor|first2=Brian |last2=Naylor|date=February 15, 2019|access-date=March 27, 2019}}
74. ^{{cite news |last1=Donnelly |first1=John M. |title=Congress could block big chunk of Trump's emergency wall money |url=https://www.rollcall.com/news/congress/congress-block-big-chunk-trumps-emergency-wall-money |newspaper=Roll Call |access-date=22 February 2019 |date=Feb 21, 2019 |quote=That includes $3.6 billion from unspent military construction money, $2.5 billion in unspent Pentagon counterdrug funds and $600 million from a Treasury Department asset forfeiture account. But the Defense Department has told lawmakers that only $85 million remains unspent in the counterdrug account, a House Appropriations spokesman said Thursday.}}
75. ^{{cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/americas/us-politics/trump-border-wall-mexico-emergency-powers-pentagon-money-congress-a8791951.html|title=Third of money Trump plans to use to build wall has already been spent|date=February 22, 2019|newspaper=The Independent|access-date=February 22, 2019|first=Tom |last=Embury-Dennis}}
76. ^{{Cite web|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/congress/the-latest-house-blocks-trumps-emergency-declaration/2019/02/27/282ff3f4-3a59-11e9-b10b-f05a22e75865_story.html|title=The Latest: House blocks Trump’s emergency declaration|website=Washington Post}}{{deadlink|date=March 2019}}
77. ^{{Cite web|url=https://www.cnn.com/2019/03/14/politics/12-gop-no-votes/index.html|title=These 12 GOP senators voted against Trump's national emergency declaration|last=Kelly|first=Caroline|last2=Mattingly|first2=Phil|date=14 March 2019|website=CNN|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=2019-03-15}}
78. ^{{Cite web|url=https://www.cnn.com/2019/03/15/politics/trump-veto-resolution/index.html|title=Trump issues first veto of his presidency|last=Diamond|first=Jeremy|last2=Jarrett|first2=Laura|date=15 March 2019|website=CNN|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=2019-03-15}}
79. ^{{cite news|url=http://www.sdbj.com/news/2019/mar/19/some-military-construction-may-wait-border-wall/|title=Some Military Construction May Wait for Border Wall|last=Graves|first=Brad|date=March 19, 2019|work=San Diego Business Journal|access-date=20 March 2019}}
80. ^{{Cite news|url=https://www.latimes.com/nation/politics/la-na-pol-pentagon-border-spending-20190326-story.html|title=Pentagon announces $1-billion transfer for border barriers, as Democrats object|last=Wagner|first=John|last2=Werner|first2=Erica|date=March 26, 2019|newspaper=Los Angeles Times|access-date=March 27, 2019}}
81. ^Tik Root, [https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/animalia/wp/2016/11/01/border-walls-are-bad-for-wildlife/ Border walls are bad for wildlife], The Washington Post (November 1, 2016).
82. ^Erika Bolstad, [https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/trumps-wall-could-cause-serious-environmental-damage/ Trump's Wall Could Cause Serious Environmental Damage], E&E News (January 26, 2017).
83. ^Danielle Silva & Suzanne Gamboa, [https://www.nbcnews.com/science/environment/trump-s-border-wall-catastrophic-environment-endangered-species-activists-n748446 Trump's Border Wall 'Catastrophic' for Environment, Endangered Species: Activists], NBC News (April 22, 2017).
84. ^{{Cite journal|last=Flesch|first=Aaron D.|last2=Epps|first2=Clinton W.|last3=Cain Iii|first3=James W.|last4=Clark|first4=Matt|last5=Krausman|first5=Paul R.|last6=Morgart|first6=John R.|date=February 1, 2010|title=Potential Effects of the United States–Mexico Border Fence on Wildlife|journal=Conservation Biology|volume=24|issue=1|pages=171–81|doi=10.1111/j.1523-1739.2009.01277.x|pmid=19558522|issn=1523-1739}}
85. ^{{Cite web|url=https://wtvr.com/2019/02/17/national-butterfly-center-border-wall-lawsuit-dismissed/|title=Judge dismisses wall lawsuit brought by butterfly conservationists, who vow to keep fighting|date=2019-02-17|website=WTVR.com|language=en|access-date=2019-02-19}}
86. ^1 {{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2017/01/25/us/politics/refugees-immigrants-wall-trump.html|title=Trump Orders Mexican Border Wall to Be Built and Plans to Block Syrian Refugees|last=Davis|first=Julie Hirschfeld|date=January 25, 2017|work=The New York Times|access-date=April 5, 2017|issn=0362-4331|url-access=limited}}
87. ^{{cite news|url=http://religionnews.com/2017/01/25/refugee-ban-border-wall-religious-leaders-respond/|title=Refugee ban, border wall: Religious leaders respond|agency=Religion News Service|access-date=April 5, 2017}}
88. ^{{cite news|url=https://nypost.com/2017/01/25/hundreds-gather-for-emergency-anti-trump-protest/|title=Hundreds gather for 'emergency' anti-Trump protest|last=Marino|first=Joe|last2=Perez|first2=Chris|date=January 26, 2017|newspaper=New York Post|access-date=April 5, 2017}}
89. ^1 {{Cite news|url=http://www.expressnews.com/news/local/article/Trump-orders-immediate-construction-of-10884419.php|title=Trump orders 'immediate' construction of border wall|work=San Antonio Express-News|access-date=April 2, 2019|first1=Jason|last1=Buch|first2=Aaron|last2=Nelsen|date=January 26, 2017}}
90. ^{{cite web|url=http://transcripts.cnn.com/TRANSCRIPTS/1702/03/nday.03.html|title=Transcript|work=New Day|publisher=CNN|date=February 3, 2017}}
91. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/rick-steves/the-security-fence-the-an_b_4296601.html|title=The Security Fence, the Anti-Terrorism Barrier, the Wall|last=Steves|first=Rick|date=November 18, 2013|publisher=Huff Post|access-date=April 7, 2017}}
92. ^1 {{Cite news|last=Valverde|first=Miriam|url=http://www.politifact.com/truth-o-meter/statements/2017/feb/13/ron-johnson/border-fence-israel-cut-illegal-immigration-99-per/|title=GOP senator says Israel border fence cut illegal immigration|work=PolitiFact|date=February 13, 2017}}
93. ^{{Cite news|url=https://homelandprepnews.com/featured/21865-debate-protect-southwest-border-no-one-size-fits-solution/|title=In debate over how to protect Southwest border, no one size fits all solution|date=April 4, 2017|work=Homeland Preparedness News|access-date=April 21, 2017}}
94. ^1 Kevin Johnson. "[https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/2017/03/05/arizona-lawman-challenging-president-trumps-border-wall/98492128/ The Arizona lawman challenging President Trump's border wall]". USA Today (March 5, 2017).
95. ^Betsy Woodruff. "Border Sheriff: Trump Wall No Match for Drug Demand". Daily Beast (April 13, 2017).
96. ^{{cite news|last1=Marusak|first1=Joe|title=U.S. sheriffs crowdfunding for border wall. ‘We will not sit idly by,’ one in NC says|url=https://www.charlotteobserver.com/news/local/crime/article218691170.html|work=The Charlotte Observer|date=September 19, 2018}}
97. ^{{cite news|last1=Bunker|first1=Theodore|title=Joe Arpaio to Newsmax TV: '100 Percent' Backs Trump on Border|url=https://www.newsmax.com/newsmax-tv/joe-arpaio-border-wall-army-illegal-immigration/2018/12/11/id/894070/|work=Newsmax|date=December 11, 2018}}
98. ^{{cite news|last1=Lewis|first1=Paul|title=Joe Arpaio on Trump's border plan: 'What's wrong with a wall?' – video|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/video/2016/mar/22/sheriff-joe-arpaio-border-wall-mexico-trump-video|newspaper=The Guardian|date=March 22, 2016}}
99. ^{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/01/05/us/politics/donald-trump-border-wall.html|title=The Border Wall: How a Potent Symbol Is Now Boxing Trump In|last=Davis|first=Julie Hirschfeld|date=2019-01-05|newspaper=The New York Times|access-date=2019-01-06|last2=Baker|first2=Peter|language=en-US|issn=0362-4331}}
100. ^{{Cite web|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/stuartanderson/2019/01/04/where-the-idea-for-donald-trumps-wall-came-from/|title=Where The Idea For Donald Trump's Wall Came From|last=Anderson|first=Stuart|website=Forbes.com|language=en|access-date=2019-01-06}}
101. ^{{Cite web|url=https://www.newsmax.com/politics/donald-trump-president-border-wall/2015/01/26/id/620769/|title=President Donald Trump Would Build a 'Real Wall' at Border|last=Fitzgerald|first=Sandy|date=2015-01-26|publisher=Newsmax|access-date=2019-01-06}}
102. ^{{Cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/2019/01/10/trump-claims-he-never-said-mexico-would-cut-check-wall-lets-go-tape/|title=Trump claims he never said Mexico would cut a check for the wall. Let’s go to the tape.|last=Bump|first=Philip|date=2019-01-10|newspaper=The Washington Post|access-date=}}
103. ^{{Cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/post-politics/wp/2016/02/12/build-that-wall-has-taken-on-a-life-of-its-own-at-donald-trumps-rallies-but-hes-still-serious/|title=‘Build that wall’ has taken on a life of its own at Donald Trump’s rallies – but he’s still serious|last=Johnson|first=Jenna|date=2016-02-12|newspaper=The Washington Post|access-date=}}
104. ^{{Cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/education/wp/2016/11/10/middle-schoolers-chant-build-that-wall-during-lunch-in-aftermath-of-trump-win/|title=Middle schoolers chant ‘build the wall’ during lunch in aftermath of Trump win|last=Larimer|first=Sarah|date=2016-11-10|newspaper=The Washington Post|access-date=}}
105. ^{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/01/11/opinion/trump-bullying-virginia.html|title=Is the president making middle school worse?|last=Goldberg|first=Michelle|date=2019-01-11|work=The New York Times|url-access=limited|department=Opinion}}
106. ^1 {{Cite news|url=http://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2017/02/24/most-americans-continue-to-oppose-u-s-border-wall-doubt-mexico-would-pay-for-it/|title=Most Americans continue to oppose U.S. border wall, doubt Mexico would pay for it|publisher=Pew Research Center|date=February 24, 2017}}
107. ^{{cite web|url=http://assets.pewresearch.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/12/2017/02/24143808/Border-methodology_2.pdf|title=Methodology|date=February 24, 2017|publisher=Pew Research Center}}
108. ^{{Cite news|url=http://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2017/01/06/less-than-half-the-public-views-border-wall-as-an-important-goal-for-u-s-immigration-policy/|title=Less than half the public views border wall as an important goal for U.S. immigration policy|date=January 6, 2017|publisher=Pew Research Center}}
109. ^{{cite news|first1=Andrew|last1=Taylor|first2=Emily|last2=Swanson|url=https://apnews.com/d32c430f2e874f1ba516cf4b484aa91a|title=AP-NORC Poll: Most Americans oppose funding border wall|website=AP News|date=April 6, 2017|access-date=April 2, 2019}}
110. ^"Issue Brief: Taxes and the Budget". Associated Press/NORC at the University of Chicago (April 2017).
111. ^{{Cite news|url=https://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2018/apr/2/border-patrol-agents-back-trump-wall-survey-finds/|title=Border Patrol agents overwhelmingly support Trump's wall in new survey|newspaper=The Washington Times|access-date=April 2, 2019|date=April 2, 2018|first=Stephen|last=Dinan|url-access=limited}}
112. ^1 * {{cite news|first=Azam|last=Ahmed|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2017/01/26/world/americas/mexico-pena-nieto-donald-trump.html|title=In a Corner, President Enrique Peña Nieto of Mexico Punches Back|newspaper=The New York Times|date=January 26, 2017|url-access=limited}}* {{cite news|newspaper=Chicago Tribune|url=http://www.chicagotribune.com/news/nationworld/ct-trump-nieto-meeting-20170126-story.html|title=Mexican President Peña Nieto cancels trip to Washington|date=January 26, 2017|access-date=April 2, 2019}}
113. ^{{cite news|url=http://www.euronews.com/2017/01/26/calls-for-trump-to-face-un-lawsuit-over-mexico-border-wall|title=Calls for Trump to face UN lawsuit over Mexico border wall|date=January 27, 2017|work=Euronews|accessdate=April 2, 2019}}
114. ^{{cite news|last=Caplan|first=David|url=http://abcnews.go.com/Politics/mexican-congressman-climbs-us-border-fence-illustrate-trumps/story?id=45877797|title=Mexican congressman climbs U.S. border fence to illustrate that Trump's wall is 'totally absurd'|date=March 3, 2017|website=ABC News|access-date=April 2, 2019}}
115. ^{{Cite news|url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/2017/03/05/arizona-lawman-challenging-president-trumps-border-wall/98492128/|title=The Arizona lawman challenging President Trump's border wall|work=USA Today|access-date=April 7, 2017|date=March 6, 2017|first=Kevin|last=Johnson}}
116. ^{{cite news|first=Abby|last=Hamblin|url=http://www.sandiegouniontribune.com/opinion/the-conversation/sd-trump-wall-mexico-treason-20170328-htmlstory.html|title=Mexican archdiocese: Build that wall, commit treason|newspaper=San Diego Union-Tribune|date=March 28, 2017|access-date=April 2, 2019}}
117. ^{{cite news|url=https://apnews.com/39dd443e3c8344b9af4e20a17cbc3a5f|title=Mexico's Catholic Church: Work on Trump wall is treason|website=AP News|date=March 26, 2017|access-date=April 2, 2019}}
118. ^{{cite news|first=Lucia|last=Newman|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/blogs/americas/2017/01/latin-america-leaders-condemn-trump-mexico-wall-celac-summit-170125171847714.html|title=Latin America leaders condemn Trump's Mexico wall at CELAC summit|website=Al Jazeera|date=January 26, 2017|access-date=April 2, 2019}}
119. ^1 {{cite web|last=Booth|first=William|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/worldviews/wp/2017/01/29/israels-netanyahu-applauds-trumps-plan-for-wall-mexico-not-pleased/|title=Israel's Netanyahu applauds Trump's plan for wall; Mexico not pleased|newspaper=The Washington Post|date=January 29, 2017}}
120. ^{{Cite news|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/israel-pm-netanyahu-praises-trumps-plan-for-mexico-border-wall-1485634834|title=Israel PM Netanyahu Praises Trump's Plan for Mexico Border Wall|last=Jones|first=Rory|date=January 29, 2017|work=The Wall Street Journal|issn=0099-9660|url-access=subscription}}
121. ^{{Cite news|author=|url=http://www.timesofisrael.com/facing-mexican-fury-israel-backtracks-on-trump-border-wall-praise/|title=Facing Mexico's fury, Israel backtracks on Trump border wall praise|work=The Times of Israel|date=January 29, 2017}}
122. ^1 {{cite news|url=https://www.pri.org/stories/2017-01-25/trump-just-signed-executive-order-start-building-wall-border|title=Trump just signed an executive order to start building a wall at the border|work=The World|date=January 25, 2017|access-date=April 2, 2019}}
123. ^{{cite news|url=http://www.cnn.com/2017/01/25/politics/trump-wall-mexico-challenges/|title=The many challenges facing Trump's wall|date=January 25, 2017|website=CNN|ref=cnn|last1=Glover|first1=Scott|accessdate=February 3, 2017}}
124. ^{{cite web | url=https://www.federalregister.gov/documents/2017/09/12/2017-19234/determination-pursuant-to-section-102-of-the-illegal-immigration-reform-and-immigrant-responsibility | title=Determination Pursuant to Section 102 of the Illegal Immigration Reform and Immigrant Responsibility Act of 1996, as Amended | date=September 12, 2017 | access-date=September 13, 2017 | publisher=Federal Register}}
125. ^{{cite news | url=https://thinkprogress.org/border-barrier-waivers-f27e30362472/ | title=Homeland Security waives environmental review for California border project | last=Hand | first=Mark | work=Think Progress | date=September 12, 2017 | access-date=September 13, 2017}}
126. ^Rafael Carranza. "Donald Trump's border wall faces first lawsuit". Arizona Republic (April 12, 2017).
127. ^"Lawsuit Targets Trump's Border Wall, Enforcement Program" (press release), Center for Biological Diversity (April 12, 2017).
128. ^Fernanda Santos. "[https://www.nytimes.com/2017/04/13/us/no-environmental-impact-study-no-border-wall-lawsuit-says.html?_r=0 No Environmental Impact Study? No Border Wall, Lawsuit Says]". The New York Times (April 13, 2017).
129. ^1 {{cite web | url = https://www.nbcsandiego.com/news/local/President-Trump-Faces-Legal-Challenge-on-Border-Wall-With-Mexico-473573643.html | title = Judge Delays Ruling on Environmental Lawsuit Against Border Wall Until Next Week | first = Eliot | last = Spagat | date =February 8, 2018 | accessdate = December 3, 2018 | work = KNSD–NBC San Diego }}
130. ^{{cite news | url = https://www.cnn.com/2018/02/27/politics/border-wall-ruling-curiel/index.html | title = Judge Curiel, once attacked by Trump, rules border wall can proceed | first = Tal | last = Kopan | date = February 28, 2018 | accessdate = December 3, 2018 | publisher = CNN }}
131. ^{{cite news | url = https://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-court-border/us-supreme-court-turns-away-challenge-to-trumps-border-wall-idUSKBN1O21QI | title = U.S. top court snubs environmental challenge to Trump's border wall | first = Andrew | last= Chung |date = December 3, 2018 | accessdate = December 3, 2018 | agency = Reuters }}
132. ^1 Tal Kopan (November 13, 2017). "Trump admin taking quiet steps on seizing border land, report says". CNN.
133. ^Priscilla Alvarez (April 6, 2017). [https://www.theatlantic.com/politics/archive/2017/04/donald-trump-border-wall-eminent-domain/521958/ "Trump's Border Barrier Hits a Wall"]. The Atlantic.

References

{{reflist}}{{Donald Trump}}

9 : Mexico–United States border|Donald Trump 2016 presidential campaign|Border barriers|Engineering projects|Trump administration controversies|Anti-immigration politics in the United States|Immigration policy of Donald Trump|Mexico–United States barrier|Proposed infrastructure in the United States
随便看

　

开放百科全书收录14589846条英语、德语、日语等多语种百科知识，基本涵盖了大多数领域的百科知识，是一部内容自由、开放的电子版国际百科全书。

　

Copyright © 2023 OENC.NET All Rights Reserved
京ICP备2021023879号 更新时间：2024/11/13 0:11:02