| 词条 | Tweedy John Todd |
| 释义 |
| name = Tweedy John Todd | image = Portrait_of_Tweedy_John_Todd_by_John_Partridge.jpg | image_size = | citizenship = British | nationality = English | caption = Portrait of Tweedy John Todd by John Partridge | birth_date = 1789 | birth_place = Berwick-Upon-Tweed | death_date = 4th August 1840 | death_place = Hurst, West Sussex | occupation = Naturalist Doctor Navy Surgeon | spouse = | parents = | children = }}Tweedy John Todd (1789-1840) (also known as Tweedie John Todd, or John Tweedy Todd) was an English doctor, Royal Navy surgeon and naturalist who conducted early experimental work on healing and regeneration in animals.[1] BiographyEarly lifeTweedy John Todd was born in 1789 in Berwick-Upon-Tweed where his father was a borough treasurer.[1] Todd studied medicine at the University of Edinburgh, but did complete his degree, joining the Royal Navy instead in 1809.[2] Navy careerTodd began his career as a Royal Navy surgeon working in the Royal Naval Hospital at Plymouth. He later sailed to the East Indies and the Cape of Good Hope and was appointed surgeon on the flagship of Sir Robert Stopford aged only 23.[2] While at the Cape of Good Hope aboard HMS Lion he performed experiments on the electric ray (Torpedo sp), which were published in the Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society.[3] Todd retired from the navy in 1816, and lived in Italy for 6 or 7 years.[4] Following this he returned to his studies and completed two medical degrees, first at the University of Montpellier, then at the University of Aberdeen[2] before ultimately settling in Brighton in 1829, where he developed a medical practice.[1] Scientific WorkWhile studying and then working as a physician in Brighton Dr Todd continued to publish papers on natural history, including work on fireflies in “The Luminous Power of Some of the Lampyrides” in 1827.[5] In 1831 wrote “The Book of Analysis. A New Method of Experience”,[6] in order to encourage physicians and scientists to apply the Baconian method of inductive reasoning to medicine and the other natural sciences.[1] Todd began experiments on healing using newts at the British Naval base in Naples, and continued when he moved to Brighton.[4] He conducted a series of experiments on the newts and other animals such as worms to study the processes of healing and regeneration of wounds and amputated body parts. These were the first experiments that proved that nerves have a role in healing, and that amphibian limbs cannot regenerate if the nerves are cut.[7][4] He observed the healing process microscopically and collaborated with histologist Charles Ager to produce over 3,000 microscope slides to illustrate his findings. These slides are amongst the earliest surviving examples of the use of Canada balsam as a mountant.[8] Dr Todd’s research was not well known in the second half of the 19th century,[4] but was the basis of many studies in the early 20th century,[9] and more recently the importance of Todd’s work has been acknowledged by medical historians.[4][9] Dr Todd died from Tuberculosis on August 4, 1840, in Hurst, Sussex. He was aged 50 or 51.[2] After his death his large collection of microscope slides came to the attention of Richard Owen, who was then the conservator of the Hunterian Museum at the Royal College of Surgeons in London, but would later become the first director of the Natural History Museum. Owen was impressed by the quality of the slides and in 1841 he purchased 1,500 of them for £150 to use in the teaching of surgeons.[8] The slides are considered to be important in the history of medicine, histology and microscopy and they remain in the College’s collection today.[8] Published works
References/Notes and references1. ^1 2 3 {{Cite journal|date=1940-08-03|title=Dr. Tweedie John Todd|url=http://www.nature.com/articles/146162a0?foxtrotcallback=true|journal=Nature|language=En|volume=146|issue=3692|pages=162|doi=10.1038/146162a0}} {{Authority control}}{{DEFAULTSORT:Todd, Tweedy John}}2. ^1 2 3 {{Cite journal|last=|first=|date=1840|title=Obituary: Dr. Todd|url=|journal=British and Foreign Medical Review|volume=10|pages=599–600|via=}} 3. ^{{Cite journal|last=Todd|first=John T.|date=1816-01-01|title=VI. Some observations and experiments made on the torpedo of the Cape of Good Hope in the year 1812|url=http://rstl.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/106/120|journal=Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London|language=en|volume=106|pages=120–126|doi=10.1098/rstl.1816.0007|issn=0261-0523}} 4. ^1 2 3 4 {{Cite book|title=A History of regeneration research : milestones in the evolution of a science|date=1991|publisher=Cambridge University Press|others=Dinsmore, Charles E., American Society of Zoologists.|isbn=9780521392716|edition= 1st|location=Cambridge [England]|oclc=22890868}} 5. ^{{Cite journal|last=Todd|first=Tweedy John|date=1827-01-01|title=Ueber die Natur des Leuchtvermögens einiger Lampyrus-Arten|journal=Archiv der Pharmazie|language=en|volume=21|issue=2|pages=169–173|doi=10.1002/ardp.18270210211|issn=1521-4184}} 6. ^{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/?id=gcI0AQAAMAAJ|title=The Book of Analysis|last=Todd|first=Tweedy John|date=1831|publisher=J. Murray|language=en}} 7. ^{{Cite journal|last=Kumar|first=Anoop|last2=Godwin|first2=James W.|last3=Gates|first3=Phillip B.|last4=Garza-Garcia|first4=A. Acely|last5=Brockes|first5=Jeremy P.|date=2007-11-02|title=Molecular Basis for the Nerve Dependence of Limb Regeneration in an Adult Vertebrate|url=http://science.sciencemag.org/content/318/5851/772|journal=Science|language=en|volume=318|issue=5851|pages=772–777|doi=10.1126/science.1147710|issn=0036-8075|pmid=17975060|pmc=2696928}} 8. ^1 2 {{Cite journal|last=Bracegirdle|first=Brian|date=1988|title=John Thomas Quekett and his work on the healing of wounds|url=|journal=Quekett Journal of Microscopy|volume=36|pages=|via=}} 9. ^1 {{Cite book|title=Principles of regenerative biology|last=M.|first=Carlson, Bruce|date=2007|publisher=Elsevier/Academic|isbn=9780080477961|location=Amsterdam|oclc=162573165}} 9 : 1789 births|1840 deaths|Royal Navy officers|English surgeons|English naturalists|19th-century British scientists|19th-century biologists|Alumni of the University of Edinburgh|Alumni of the University of Aberdeen |
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