“Types of prostitution in modern Japan”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

Prostitution in modern Japan is made illegal by article 3 of the {{nihongo|Anti-Prostitution Law|売春防止法|Baishun Bōshi Hō}} of 1956.^[1]^[2] However, the definition of prostitution is strictly limited to coitus with an 'unspecified person'.^[1]^[3]{{sfn | Sanders | 2003 | page=41}} This means that the sale of numerous acts such as oral sex, anal sex, mammary intercourse and other non-coital sex acts is legal. The {{nihongo|Businesses Affecting Public Morals Regulation Law of 1948|風俗営業取締法|Fūzoku Eigyō Torishimari Hō}}, also known as the "Law to Regulate Adult Entertainment Businesses", amended in 1985, 1999 and 2005,^[4] regulates these businesses.{{sfn | Sanders | 2003 | page=28}}

Since sexual intercourse for money is officially prohibited, the sex industry in Japan has developed into a variety of forms. Soaplands are bath houses where customers are soaped up and serviced by staff. Fashion health shops and pink salons are notionally massage or esthetic treatment parlors; image clubs are themed versions of the same. Call girls operate via delivery health services. Freelancers can get in contact with potential customers via deai sites (Internet dating sites), and the actual act of prostitution is legally called enjo kōsai or "compensated dating" to avoid legal trouble.

Delivery health

Outcall call girl businesses distribute advertising handouts to home and apartment mailboxes, telephone booths, restrooms and the like in big cities in Japan. There are also numerous websites to find these businesses or other similar businesses.

Fashion health

Fashion-health clubs can be found in all large cities in Japan and are easy to spot because of their bright flashing lights and garish decor. Often advertised as "health clubs", they may confuse foreigners unfamiliar with the activities inside. These clubs usually post pictures of their so-called masseuses near the entrance; however, sometimes faces and eyes are censored with pixellation or black strips. Some club entrances feature caricatured depictions of the services provided.

Image club

An {{nihongo|image club|イメージクラブ|imējikurabu}}, or {{nihongo|imekura|イメクラ|}}, is a type of brothel in Japan similar to fashion health parlors. They differ in that image clubs are themed along popular sexual fantasies such as an office, a doctor's surgery, a classroom, or a train carriage. The workers themselves, whose activities are usually limited to oral sex, wear exaggerated costumes appropriate to the setting and the desire of the customer.^[9] Image clubs simulating molestation of female train passengers became popular in the wake of stricter enforcement of laws against groping on trains.^[10]

Image clubs may offer itemized pricing for particular services such as taking instant photographs, removing a woman's underwear or taking it home.^[10] Women working at image clubs are paid around 30,000 to 35,000 yen per day and may make more than 1 million yen per month.^[11]

Pink salon

A {{Nihongo|pink salon|ピンクサロン|pinkusaron}}, or {{Nihongo|pinsaro|ピンサロ|}} for short, is a type of brothel in Japan which specialises in oral sex.

Pink salons skirt laws against prostitution by serving food, operating without showers or private rooms, and limiting the services provided to fellatio.^[12] There may also be additional activities such as fingering the "companion" and sumata. They exist all over Japan and women who work in them may service a dozen or more men per shift.^[13]

Soapland

There are various kinds of soaplands, and they are usually located in complexes with varying numbers of soaplands. Well-known complexes are located in Susukino in Sapporo, Yoshiwara and Kabukicho in Tokyo, Kawasaki, Kanazuen in Gifu, Ogoto in Shiga, and Fukuhara in Kobe, Sagaminumata in Odawara, and Nakasu in Fukuoka, but there are many other areas, especially in onsen ("hot springs") towns.^[14] Although the main clientele for soaplands are males, there are also a few soaplands specifically for female clients.^[15] Prices for a session at a soapland vary depending on location, time of day, rank of provider, and length of the session.

Legal loophole

Although any sex between 'unspecified persons' is prohibited, it is not between 'specified persons' (acquaintances). In his book, {{Lang|ja|Fuzoku Eigyo Torishimari}} (Control of Sex Business Operations), Kansai University professor Yoshikazu Nagai, documents that Soaplands exploit this to provide intercourse. The customers pay an entry fee to 'use the bathing facilities' and a separate fee to the masseuse. Whilst the massage takes place, the two become 'acquainted' so any paid sexual services that follow are not viewed as prostitution as defined by the law. This interpretation of the law has been in use since the 1960s.^[8]

Origins

Soaplands began when explicit prostitution in Japan became illegal in 1958, as a simple form of bath where women washed men's bodies. They were originally known as toruko-buro, meaning Turkish bath. Following a 1984 campaign by Turkish scholar Nusret Sancaklı (JA, TR) denouncing the use of this name for brothels, the new name "soapland" was the winning entry in a nationwide contest to rename them.^[16]

Sumata

See also

References

1. ^¹{{cite web |title=5: The definition of prostitution is applied to limited sex acts (e.g. Japan) |url=http://spl.ids.ac.uk/sexwork-characteristics/5-definition-prostitution-applied-limited-sex-acts-eg-japan |website=Sexuality, Poverty and Law |accessdate=21 September 2018 |language=en}}
2. ^For the name, see WWWJDIC (link {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150103191356/http://www.csse.monash.edu.au/~jwb/cgi-bin/wwwjdic.cgi?1C |date=3 January 2015 }})
3. ^Ministry of Justice (Hōmushō), Materials Concerning Prostitution and Its Control in Japan. Tokyo: Ministry of Justice, 1957, p. 32. OCLC no. 19432229.
4. ^{{cite journal |last1=Hartley |first1=Ryan |title=The politics of dancing in Japan |journal=The Newsletter |date=Spring 2005 |issue=70 |url=https://iias.asia/sites/default/files/IIAS_NL70_0405.pdf}}
5. ^{{cite book|title=Queer Japan from the Pacific war to the internet age|series=Asian voices|first=Mark J.|last=McLelland|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield|year=2005|isbn=978-0-7425-3787-3 |page=201}}
6. ^{{cite book|title=Goodbye Mme. B.: sex, marriage and the modern Japanese woman|first=Sumie|last=Kawakami|editor1-first=Bruce|editor1-last=Rutledge|publisher=Chin Music Press|year=2007|isbn=978-0-9741995-3-5 |page=v}}
7. ^{{cite book|title=Black Passenger Yellow Cabs: Of Exile and Excess in Japan|first=Stefhen Fd|last=Bryan|editor1-first=Susette|editor1-last=Burton|publisher=Kimama Press|year=2008|isbn=978-0-615-26810-1 |page=318}}
8. ^¹²{{cite web|last1=Hongo|first1=Jun|title=Law bends over backward to allow 'fuzoku'|url=https://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2008/05/27/news/law-bends-over-backward-to-allow-fuzoku/#.WrbD3IjFKM8|website=The Japan Times Online|accessdate=24 March 2018|date=27 May 2008}}
9. ^{{cite news|last=Kristof|first=Nicholas|title=A Plain School Uniform as the Latest Aphrodisiac|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1997/04/02/world/a-plain-school-uniform-as-the-latest-aphrodisiac.html|accessdate=6 January 2014|newspaper=New York Times|date=2 April 1997}}
10. ^¹{{cite news|last=Wood|first=Gaby|title=Sex and the city|url=https://www.theguardian.com/theobserver/2001/apr/01/features.magazine37|accessdate=6 January 2014|newspaper=The Guardian|date=1 April 2001}}
11. ^{{cite news|title=Sex-service recruit rags sizzle in summer|url=http://www.tokyoreporter.com/2008/08/01/sex-service-recruit-rags-sizzle-in-summer/|accessdate=6 January 2014|newspaper=The Tokyo Reporter|date=1 August 2008}}
12. ^{{cite web|url=http://rockitreports.com/blowjob-bars-around-the-world-where-they-are-how-they-work/|title=Blowjob bars around the world: Where they are, how they work|publisher=Rockit Reports|date=November 19, 2012|accessdate=February 27, 2015}}
13. ^{{cite web|url=http://rockitreports.com/interview-with-a-japanese-blowjob-bar-pink-salonpinsaro-worker/ |title=Interview with a Japanese Blowjob Bar (Pink Salon/Pinsaro) Worker|publisher=Rockit Reports|date=November 21, 2012|accessdate=February 27, 2015}}
14. ^{{cite web|last1=Takahashi|first1=Amy|title=Japan's erotic onsen offerings losing steam but still rise to occasion|url=https://www.tokyoreporter.com/2011/01/16/japans-erotic-onsen-offerings-losing-steam-but-still-rise-to-occasion/|website=The Tokyo Reporter|accessdate=24 March 2018|date=16 January 2011}}
15. ^{{cite book|last=De Mente|first=Boyé Lafayette|authorlink=Boyé Lafayette De Mente|date=15 November 2006|title=Sex and the Japanese: The Sensual Side of Japan|url= |location=Rutland, Vermont, USA|publisher=Tuttle Publishing|page=58|isbn=978-0-8048-3826-9|oclc=71239207|chapter=Chapter 8: Love Hotels & Massage Parlors|lccn=2009417728}}
16. ^{{cite book|last=Constantine|first=Peter|author-link=Peter Constantine|date=1993|title=Japan's Sex Trade: A Journey Through Japan's Erotic Subcultures|location=Tokyo|publisher=Yenbooks|pages=37–38|isbn=978-4-900737-00-6|oclc=37135004|edition=1st|chapter=Chapter 2: Soaplands}}
17. ^Constantine, Peter. Japan's Sex Trade: A Journey Through Japan's Erotic Subcultures. Tokyo: Yenbooks, 1993, p. 75. {{ISBN|978-4-900737-00-6}}.
18. ^¹{{cite web|url=http://kotobank.jp/word/素股|script-title=ja:素股|website=Daijisen|language=Japanese |accessdate=2012-03-21 }}
19. ^Ministry of Justice (Hōmushō), Materials Concerning Prostitution and Its Control in Japan. Tokyo: Ministry of Justice, 1957, p. 32. OCLC no. 19432229. Cited in Sanders, Holly. "Indentured Servitude and the Abolition of Prostitution in Postwar Japan" {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111121165227/https://wcfia.harvard.edu/us-japan/research/pdf/06-11.sanders.pdf |date=2011-11-21 }}. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Program on U.S.-Japan Relations, Harvard University, 2006, p. 41.