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词条 Typhoon Mangkhut
释义

  1. Meteorological history

  2. Preparations

     Philippines  Hong Kong  Mainland China 

  3. Impact

     Guam and the Northern Mariana Islands  Philippines  Taiwan  Hong Kong  Macau  Mainland China  Retirement 

  4. See also

  5. Notes

  6. References

  7. External links

{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2018}}{{Use Philippine English|date=September 2018}}{{Other use}}{{This|the 2018 typhoon |the storms with the same name|List of tropical storms named Ompong}}{{Infobox hurricane
| name=Typhoon Mangkhut (Ompong)
| year=2018
| basin=WPac
| image=Mangkhut_2018-09-12_0150Z.png
| caption=Typhoon Mangkhut at peak intensity on 12 September
| formed=September 7, 2018
| dissipated=September 17, 2018
| 10-min winds=110
| 1-min winds=155
| pressure=905
| fatalities=134 total
| damages=3743
| affected=Guam, Northern Mariana Islands, Philippines, Taiwan, Hong Kong, Macau, South China, Vietnam
| cycloneseason=2018 Pacific typhoon season
}}Typhoon Mangkhut,{{#tag:ref|"Mangkhut" ({{IPA-th|māŋ.kʰút}}) is the Thai name for the mangosteen.[1]|group="nb"}} known in the Philippines as Typhoon Ompong, was an extremely powerful tropical cyclone that brought widespread damages to Guam, the Philippines and South China in mid September. It was the strongest typhoon to strike Luzon since Megi in 2010, and the strongest typhoon to make landfall in the Philippines since Haiyan in November 2013.[2] Additionally, Mangkhut was also the strongest typhoon to affect Hong Kong since Ellen in 1983.[1]

The twenty-second tropical storm and ninth typhoon of the 2018 Pacific typhoon season, Mangkhut made landfall in the Philippine province of Cagayan late on September 14 as a Category 5-equivalent super typhoon, and subsequently impacted Hong Kong and southern China.[2] Mangkhut was also the third-strongest tropical cyclone worldwide in 2018.

As of September 23, at least 134 fatalities have been attributed to Mangkhut, including 127 in the Philippines,[3][4] 6 in mainland China,[5] and 1 in Taiwan.[6]

Meteorological history

{{storm path|Mangkhut 2018 track.png}}

On September 5, 2018, the Joint Typhoon Warning Center (JTWC) began monitoring a tropical disturbance near the International Date Line.[7] Steady development ensued over the following days, and the Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA) classified the system as a tropical depression on September 7.[8] The depression soon intensified into a tropical storm, upon which it received the name Mangkhut.[9] Throughout the next two days, the system underwent rapid intensification. Tight banding features wrapped around a developing eye feature. Favorable environmental conditions hastened Mangkhut's development, including low wind shear, ample outflow aloft, high sea surface temperatures, and high ocean heat content.[10] Mangkhut achieved typhoon strength on September 9.[11] A well-defined {{convert|18|km|mi|abbr=on}} eye became evident on satellite imagery as the typhoon approached the Northern Mariana Islands and Guam. The JTWC analyzed Mangkhut as a Category 2-equivalent typhoon with one-minute sustained winds of 165 km/h (105 mph) as it tracked near Rota, around 12:00 UTC on September 10.[12] The JMA assessed the storm's ten-minute sustained winds to be 155 km/h (100 mph) at this time.[13]

Substantial intensification ensued on September 11, as Mangkhut traversed the Philippine Sea. A second bout of rapid intensification took place as the storm consolidated significantly; a well-defined {{convert|39|km|mi|abbr=on}} eye became established during this time.[14] The JTWC analyzed Mangkhut to have reached Category 5-equivalent intensity by 12:00 UTC, an intensity it would maintain for nearly four days.[15] The JMA assessed the typhoon's peak intensity to have occurred at 18:00 UTC, with 10-minute sustained winds of 205 km/h (125 mph) and a central minimum pressure of 905 hPa (mbar; 26.73 inHg).[16] The JTWC noted additional strengthening on September 12, and assessed Mangkhut to have reached its peak intensity at 18:00 UTC, with one-minute sustained winds of 285 km/h (180 mph).[17] The typhoon made landfall in Baggao, Cagayan at 2:00 a.m. PST on September 15 (18:00 UTC on September 14), as a Category 5-equivalent super typhoon, with 10-minute sustained winds of 205 km/h (125 mph) and 1-minute sustained winds of 270 km/h (165 mph).[18] This made Mangkhut the strongest storm to strike the island of Luzon since Typhoon Megi in 2010, and the strongest nationwide since Typhoon Haiyan in 2013.[19]

Traversing the mountains of Luzon weakened Mangkhut before it emerged over the South China Sea on September 15. The typhoon subsequently made landfall again on the Taishan coast of Jiangmen, Guangdong, China, at 5 p.m. Beijing Time (09:00 UTC) on September 16, with 2-minute sustained winds of {{convert|45|m/s|km/h|abbr=on}}.[20][21][22][23]

Following landfall, Mangkhut quickly weakened while moving westward. Late on September 17, Mangkhut dissipated over Guangxi, China.

Preparations

Philippines

Tropical cyclone warning signals were hoisted by the Philippine Atmospheric, Geophysical and Astronomical Services Administration as early as September 13. Preemptive and forced evacuations were implemented, especially in the Ilocos, Cagayan Valley and Cordillera administrative regions, the three regions widely expected to be severely affected by Mangkhut (Ompong). School class suspensions were announced as early as September 12 in preparation for the approaching typhoon.[24][25][26][27][28] Medical and emergency response teams were placed on standby, and {{currency|1700000000|PHP}} worth of relief goods were prepared by 13 September.[29]

Hong Kong

On September 14, the Hong Kong Government held a rare cross-department press conference over the preparation for Super Typhoon Mangkhut, to remind Hong Kong citizens to "prepare for the worst".

On September 16, the Hong Kong Observatory issued the Hurricane Signal No. 10, which is the highest level of tropical cyclone warning signals in Hong Kong, for 10 hours. This marked only the third time that this warning has been issued for the region since 1999, with the others being with Typhoon Hato in 2017 and Typhoon Vicente in 2012.[30] The Hong Kong Government convened an inter-departmental meeting on 12 September to discuss possible responses to the storm.[31]

Mainland China

On September 15, the meteorological bureaus of most cities in Guangdong issued red alerts for Typhoon Mangkhut, which is the highest level of alerts in Guangdong.[32][33] The Guangxi Meteorological Bureau also issued a red alert for the typhoon at 17:00 Beijing Time.[34] On the next day, the Meteorological Bureau of Shenzhen Municipality issued a red alert for rainstorm, which is the highest level of alerts in Shenzhen.[35][36] Guangdong's capital city Guangzhou shut down the business services market of the whole city for the first time since 1978.[37][38]

The Fujian Meteorological Bureau issued an orange alert for the typhoon, the second highest alert level, on September 15.[39]

On September 16, National Meteorological Center of CMA renewed a red alert for Typhoon Mangkhut, which is the highest level of alerts in China.[40] On the same day, the Hainan Meteorological Bureau issued an orange alert for the typhoon.[41] In Guangzhou, schools and public transportation markets were closed.

Impact

Guam and the Northern Mariana Islands

After the center of Mangkhut passed near Guam, about 80% of the island lost electricity.[42] Infrastructural damage in Guam were about US$4.3 million.[43]

Philippines

{{Costliest Philippine typhoons}}

A tornado was reported in Marikina, eastern Metro Manila, on the night around 5:30pm [Philippine Standard Time] of September 14 (Friday), injuring two people.[44] Over 105,000 families evacuated from their homes,[45] and several airports in northern Luzon closed and airlines cancelled their flights until September 16.[46]

On September 22, the National Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Council confirmed that at least 127 people had been killed by the typhoon,[3][4] 80 of whom died in a small mine that collapsed in the town of Itogon, Benguet, where dozens of landslides buried homes.[47] Philippine police also stated that another 111 people remained missing, as of September 22.[3]

Francis Tolentino, a political adviser of President Rodrigo Duterte, announced that an estimated 5.7 million people nationwide had been affected by the storm.[48] Luzon suffered extensive losses which more than doubled the expected worst-case scenario outlined by Agriculture Secretary Emmanuel Piñol.

As of October 5, the NDRRMC estimated that Mangkhut caused PHP33.9 billion (US$626.8 million) in damages in the Philippines, with assessments continuing.[49]

Taiwan

A 30-year-old female teacher visiting Fenniaolin Beach in Yilan County was swept out to sea by a wave. Her body was recovered two days later.[50][51]

Hong Kong

Mangkhut was the most intense typhoon to strike Hong Kong since records began in 1946, with the highest typhoon warning signal No. 10 remaining in place for 10 hours.[1][52] Mangkhut caused flooding, especially in low-lying and coastal areas, and over 47,000 trees were knocked over, blocking several major roads. An hourly mean wind of 81 km/h and gust of 169 km/h were recorded at the Hong Kong Observatory in Tsim Sha Tsui, while at Cheung Chau island these figures reached 157 and 212 km/h. The strongest winds in Hong Kong were recorded on the mountain peak of Tate's Cairn, with 10 minute sustained winds of 189 km/h gusting up to 256 km/h.[53] These winds were enough to cause the territory's many skyscrapers to sway and to shatter glass windows, and notably the curtain walls of the Harbour Grand Kowloon were blown out by the winds. A construction elevator shaft on a high-rise under construction in Tai Kok Tsui collapsed onto an adjacent building, which had to be evacuated by police.[54] Many roads were blocked by fallen trees and other debris, including major arteries such as Lockhart Road in Wan Chai and Kam Sheung Road, and service on the Mass Transit Railway (MTR) was halted on all above-ground sections of track.[55][56]

Serious flooding was reported in many seaside residential areas, including Heng Fa Chuen, Tseung Kwan O South, Shek O, Lei Yue Mun, villages in Tuen Mun, and the fishing village of Tai O,[57] after storm surges of up to {{convert|3.38|m|ft}} (Tai Po Kau) were recorded.[1] About 1,219 people sought refuge in emergency shelters opened by the Home Affairs Department.[58] Hong Kong International Airport cancelled and delayed a total of 889 international flights. More than 200 people were injured, but no fatalities were reported.[59][60] Due to the substantial damage and disruption caused by the typhoon, the Education Bureau announced that all schools would be closed on September 17 and 18.[55] Insurance claims in Hong Kong amounted to HK$7.3 billion (US$930 million).[61]

The day after the storm had passed, massive crowds filled the territory's MTR system, which operated at a reduced level of service on some lines, due to blocked sections of track.[62] Most of the city's 600 bus routes were also out of service due to roads blocked by debris.[63]

Macau

Storm surges reached a height of {{convert|1.9|m}}. About 21,000 homes lost power and 7,000 homes lost internet access,[64] and 40 people were injured. For the first time in history, all casinos in Macau were closed.[65] 191 flights on Saturday and Sunday (15 and 16 September) were cancelled to and from Macau International Airport.[64] Total damages in Macau are counted to be MOP$1.55 billion (US$191.9 million).[66]

Mainland China

Typhoon Mangkhut caused over 2.45 million people to be evacuated.[22][23] In Shenzhen, the storm caused power failures in 13 locations, flooded the Seafood Street, and caused 248 tree falls.[67] Transport was shut down in Southern China,[68][69] and at least four people in Guangdong were killed in the typhoon.[70][71] In Guangzhou, markets, schools and public transport were closed or limited in the wake of the storm on Monday, September 17, and residents were requested to minimize non-essential travel. Ferry services from Zhuhai's Jiuzhougang Port to Shenzhen and Hong Kong were suspended indefinitely. Civil Air Defense Office of Guangzhou Municipality (Municipal Civil Air Defense Office) announced that Typhoon Mangkhut caused the cancellation of the annual air-raid drills scheduled for September 15.[72]Schools in Beihai, Qinzhou, Fangchenggang, and Nanning were closed on September 17.[73][74] The trains to Guangxi were also closed on September 17.[75]

6 people were killed, while total damages in Mainland China were counted to be CN¥13.68 billion (US$1.99 billion).[76]

Retirement

{{See also|List of retired Pacific typhoon names}}

The PAGASA has announced that the name Ompong had been taken off from their naming lists after causing more than ₱1 billion worth of damages. The name Obet was chosen to replace it.

Due to the damage and high death toll in Luzon, the name Mangkhut was officially retired during the 51st annual session of the ESCAP/WMO Typhoon Committee in February 2019. A replacement name will be chosen in early 2020.[77]

See also

  • Typhoons in the Philippines
  • Typhoon Wanda (1962) – Strongest typhoon recorded in Hong Kong
  • Typhoon Hope (Ising; 1979) – One of the strongest typhoons that made its final landfall near Hong Kong.
  • Typhoon Ellen (Herming; 1983) – A powerful typhoon that took a similar track through the Philippines in September 1983, and one of the strongest typhoon in Hong Kong
  • Typhoon Zeb (Iliang; 1998) – An extremely powerful typhoon that made landfall in the same province of the Philippines
  • Typhoon Megi (Juan; 2010) – Another powerful typhoon that made landfall in nearby Isabela province and affected South China and Taiwan
  • Typhoon Kalmaegi (Luis; 2014) – A weaker typhoon which made landfall in the same provinces that Mangkhut did, around the same time in 2014
  • Typhoon Haima (Lawin; 2016) – Similarly powerful typhoon which also made landfall in Cagayan
  • Typhoon Hato (Isang; 2017) – Most recent typhoon to affect Hong Kong and Macau prior to Mangkhut
{{Portal bar|Tropical cyclones|Philippines|China|Disasters|2010s}}

Notes

1. ^1 2 {{cite web |last1=Cheung |first1=Tony |last2=Xinqi |first2=Su |title=Typhoon Mangkhut officially Hong Kong’s most intense storm since records began |url=https://m.scmp.com/news/hong-kong/health-environment/article/2164523/its-official-typhoon-mangkhut-was-most-intense |website=South China Morning Post |accessdate=17 September 2018}}
2. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-45517803|title=Year's strongest storm batters Philippines|date=15 September 2018|publisher=|via=www.bbc.com}}
3. ^1 2 {{cite web|url=https://www.perthnow.com.au/news/disaster-and-emergency/typhoon-mangkhut-death-toll-hits-127-ng-s-1893646|title=Typhoon Mangkhut death toll hits 127|author=Girlie Linao|publisher=PerthNow|date=22 September 2018|accessdate=8 October 2018}}
4. ^1 {{Cite news|url=https://www.rappler.com/nation/212481-typhoon-ompong-death-toll-september-21-2018|title=At least 95 dead due to Typhoon Ompong|work=Rappler|date=21 September 2018|access-date=21 September 2018|language=en}}
5. ^{{cite report|url=http://www.jianzai.gov.cn//DRpublish/jzdt/0000000000031328.html|title=应急管理新机制助力台风“山竹”应对|language=zh-hans|date=September 19, 2018|accessdate=September 22, 2018}}
6. ^{{cite web |last1=McKenzie |first1=Sheena |title=Typhoon Mangkhut hits mainland China, lashes Hong Kong, dozens dead in Philippines |url=https://www.cnn.com/2018/09/16/asia/typhoon-mangkhut-china-hong-kong-intl/index.html |accessdate=16 September 2018}}
7. ^{{cite report|publisher=Joint Typhoon Warning Center|date=5 September 2018|accessdate=16 September 2018|title=Significant Tropical Weather Outlook for the Western and South Pacific Oceans|url=http://tgftp.nws.noaa.gov/data/raw/ab/abpw10.pgtw..txt|archivedate=6 September 2018|archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/72E2ilgdu?url=http://gwydir.demon.co.uk/advisories/ABPW10-PGTW_201809052030.htm|deadurl=no|df=dmy-all}}
8. ^{{cite report|publisher=Japan Meteorological Agency|date=7 September 2018|accessdate=16 September 2018|title=High Seas Forecast|url=http://tgftp.nws.noaa.gov/data/raw/ww/wwjp25.rjtd..txt|archivedate=7 September 2018|archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/72Fvn9e1g?url=http://gwydir.demon.co.uk/advisories/WWJP25-RJTD_201809070000.htm|deadurl=no|df=dmy-all}}
9. ^{{cite report|publisher=Japan Meteorological Agency|date=7 September 2018|accessdate=16 September 2018|title=Tropical Cyclone Advisory|url=http://tgftp.nws.noaa.gov/data/raw/wt/wtpq20.rjtd..txt|archivedate=7 September 2018|archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/72FvK4Dbl?url=http://gwydir.demon.co.uk/advisories/WTPQ20-RJTD_201809071200.htm|deadurl=no|df=dmy-all}}
10. ^{{cite report|type=Technical Report|publisher=Joint Typhoon Warning Center|date=9 September 2018|accessdate=16 September 2018|title=Prognostic Reasoning for TY 26W (Mangkhut) Warning NR 09|url=http://tgftp.nws.noaa.gov/data/raw/wd/wdpn31.pgtw..txt|archivedate=9 September 2018|archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/72IsjwRNh?url=http://gwydir.demon.co.uk/advisories/WDPN31-PGTW_201809090300.htm|deadurl=no|df=dmy-all}}
11. ^{{cite report|publisher=Japan Meteorological Agency|date=9 September 2018|accessdate=16 September 2018|title=Tropical Cyclone Advisory|url=http://tgftp.nws.noaa.gov/data/raw/wt/wtpq20.rjtd..txt|archivedate=9 September 2018|archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/72IsItt7x?url=http://gwydir.demon.co.uk/advisories/WTPQ20-RJTD_201809090000.htm|deadurl=no|df=dmy-all}}
12. ^{{cite report|type=Technical Report|publisher=Joint Typhoon Warning Center|date=10 September 2018|accessdate=16 September 2018|title=Prognostic Reasoning for TY 26W (Mangkhut) Warning NR 15|url=http://tgftp.nws.noaa.gov/data/raw/wd/wdpn31.pgtw..txt|archivedate=11 September 2018|archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/72LvGVAts?url=http://gwydir.demon.co.uk/advisories/WDPN31-PGTW_201809101500.htm|deadurl=no|df=dmy-all}}
13. ^{{cite report|publisher=Japan Meteorological Agency|date=10 September 2018|accessdate=16 September 2018|title=Tropical Cyclone Advisory|url=http://tgftp.nws.noaa.gov/data/raw/wt/wtpq20.rjtd..txt|archivedate=11 September 2018|archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/72Luuagwi?url=http://gwydir.demon.co.uk/advisories/WTPQ20-RJTD_201809101500.htm|deadurl=no|df=dmy-all}}
14. ^{{cite report|type=Technical Report|publisher=Joint Typhoon Warning Center|date=11 September 2018|accessdate=16 September 2018|title=Prognostic Reasoning for TY 26W (Mangkhut) Warning NR 18|url=http://tgftp.nws.noaa.gov/data/raw/wd/wdpn31.pgtw..txt|archivedate=11 September 2018|archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/72LvFHpK6?url=http://gwydir.demon.co.uk/advisories/WDPN31-PGTW_201809110900.htm|deadurl=no|df=dmy-all}}
15. ^{{cite report|type=Technical Report|publisher=Joint Typhoon Warning Center|date=11 September 2018|accessdate=16 September 2018|title=Prognostic Reasoning for STY 26W (Mangkhut) Warning NR 19|url=http://tgftp.nws.noaa.gov/data/raw/wd/wdpn31.pgtw..txt|archivedate=12 September 2018|archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/72NwVCj8k?url=http://gwydir.demon.co.uk/advisories/WDPN31-PGTW_201809111500.htm|deadurl=no|df=dmy-all}}
16. ^{{cite report|publisher=Japan Meteorological Agency|date=11 September 2018|accessdate=16 September 2018|title=Tropical Cyclone Advisory|url=http://tgftp.nws.noaa.gov/data/raw/wt/wtpq20.rjtd..txt|archivedate=12 September 2018|archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/72NwAOixx?url=http://gwydir.demon.co.uk/advisories/WTPQ20-RJTD_201809111800.htm|deadurl=no|df=dmy-all}}
17. ^{{cite report|type=Technical Report|publisher=Joint Typhoon Warning Center|date=12 September 2018|accessdate=16 September 2018|title=Prognostic Reasoning for STY 26W (Mangkhut) Warning NR 24|url=http://tgftp.nws.noaa.gov/data/raw/wd/wdpn31.pgtw..txt|archivedate=13 September 2018|archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/72P1XtJU0?url=http://gwydir.demon.co.uk/advisories/WDPN31-PGTW_201809122100.htm|deadurl=no|df=dmy-all}}
18. ^1 {{cite web|url=https://www.cnn.com/2018/09/14/asia/super-typhoon-mangkhut-ompong-wxc-intl/index.html|title=Philippines lashed by Typhoon Mangkhut, strongest storm this year|author1=James Griffiths|author2=Steve George|author3=Jo Shelley|publisher=Cable News Network|date=15 September 2018|accessdate=22 September 2018}}
19. ^{{cite news|author=James Griffiths, Steve George, and Jo Shelley|publisher=CNN|date=15 September 2018|accessdate=16 September 2018|title=Philippines lashed by Typhoon Mangkhut, strongest storm this year|url=https://www.cnn.com/2018/09/14/asia/super-typhoon-mangkhut-ompong-wxc-intl/index.html}}
20. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.cma.gov.cn/en2014/news/News/201809/t20180916_478123.html|title=Typhoon Mangkhut, as severe typhoon, made landfall in coast of Jiangmen, Guangdong|website=China Meteorological Administration|date=16 September 2018|access-date=18 September 2018|language=en|dead-url=no|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180918034018/http://www.cma.gov.cn/en2014/news/News/201809/t20180916_478123.html|archive-date=18 September 2018}}
21. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.xinhuanet.com/english/2018-09/16/c_137471856.htm|title=Super Typhoon Mangkhut lands on south China coast|website=Xinhuanet|date=16 September 2018|access-date=17 September 2018|language=en|editor=Yamei|dead-url=no|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180917020736/http://www.xinhuanet.com/english/2018-09/16/c_137471856.htm|archive-date=17 September 2018}}
22. ^1 {{cite web|url=http://www.xinhuanet.com/english/2018-09/16/c_137471874.htm|title=Super Typhoon Mangkhut lands on south China coast|website=Xinhuanet|date=16 September 2018|access-date=16 September 2018|language=en|editor=Liangyu|dead-url=no|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180916150353/http://www.xinhuanet.com/english/2018-09/16/c_137471874.htm|archive-date=16 September 2018}}
23. ^1 {{cite web|url=http://www.xinhuanet.com/photo/2018-09/16/c_129954441.htm|title=强台风“山竹”登陆广东|website=Xinhuanet|date=16 September 2018|access-date=16 September 2018|language=zh-hans|author=毛思倩|editor1=韩家慧|editor2=聂晨静|dead-url=no|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180916150340/http://www.xinhuanet.com/photo/2018-09/16/c_129954441.htm|archive-date=16 September 2018}}
24. ^{{cite web |title=September 12 2018: Walang Pasok|url=https://www.rappler.com/nation/211753-september-12-2018-walang-pasok-class-suspensions |website=Rappler|accessdate=15 September 2018}}
25. ^{{cite web |title=Walang Pasok: Class suspensions for September 13|url=https://www.philstar.com/headlines/2018/09/12/1850936/walang-pasok-class-suspensions-september-13 |website=The Philippine Star|accessdate=15 September 2018}}
26. ^{{cite web |title=Walang Pasok: Class suspensions for September 14|url=https://www.philstar.com/headlines/2018/09/13/1851232/walang-pasok-class-suspensions-september-14 |website=The Philippine Star|accessdate=15 September 2018}}
27. ^{{cite web |title=Walang Pasok: Class suspensions for September 15|url=https://www.philstar.com/headlines/2018/09/14/1851536/walang-pasok-class-suspensions-september-15 |website=The Philippine Star|accessdate=15 September 2018}}
28. ^{{cite web |title=South China: The super typhoon Manghut is coming (3 photos)|url=http://www.seo-forum-seo-luntan.com/social-network-seo-social-network/the-super-typhoon-manghut-is-coming!!!/msg38037/#msg38037 |website=The Omnilogy|accessdate=15 September 2018}}
29. ^1 {{cite news |title=Philippines starts evacuations along coast as Super Typhoon Mangkhut nears |url=https://www.channelnewsasia.com/news/asia/philippines-starts-evacuations-typhoon-mangkhut-10718210 |accessdate=16 September 2018 |work=Channel NewsAsia |date=13 September 2018}}
30. ^{{Cite news|url=https://www.scmp.com/news/hong-kong/society/article/2164344/super-typhoon-mangkhut-hongkongers-warned-be-ready-saturday|title=Mangkhut latest: signal No 10 raised as Hong Kong braces for waves up to 14m|work=South China Morning Post|access-date=16 September 2018|language=en}}
31. ^{{cite news |title=Hong Kong braces itself for Super Typhoon Mangkhut, the strongest tropical storm in decades |url=https://www.channelnewsasia.com/news/asia/hong-kong-braces-for-strongest-ever-super-typhoon-mangkhut-10717816 |accessdate=16 September 2018 |work=Channel NewsAsia |date=13 September 2018}}
32. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.scmp.com/news/china/society/article/2164375/super-typhoon-mangkhut-brings-back-bad-memories-people-southern|website=South China Morning Post|title=Super Typhoon Mangkhut brings back bad memories for people of southern China’s Guangdong|date=16 September 2018|access-date=16 September 2018|author1=Phoebe Zhang|author2=Sarah Zheng|language=en|dead-url=no|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180916114137/https://www.scmp.com/news/china/society/article/2164375/super-typhoon-mangkhut-brings-back-bad-memories-people-southern|archive-date=16 September 2018}}
33. ^{{cite web|url=http://sz.people.com.cn/n2/2018/0916/c202846-32060298.html|title=深圳发布台风红色预警，全市范围内实行“四停”|website=人民网|publisher=深圳特区报|editor1=王星|editor2=陈育柱|language=zh-hans|date=16 September 2018|access-date=16 September 2018|dead-url=no|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180916161933/http://sz.people.com.cn/n2/2018/0916/c202846-32060298.html|archive-date=16 September 2018}}
34. ^{{cite web|url=http://gx.news.163.com/18/0916/09/DRQL0JQL04408DEB.html|title=广西气象台发布今年首个台风红色预警|website=网易新闻|publisher=老友网|date=16 September 2018|access-date=16 September 2018|language=zh-hans|dead-url=no|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180916163129/http://gx.news.163.com/18/0916/09/DRQL0JQL04408DEB.html|archive-date=16 September 2018}}
35. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.sohu.com/a/254155367_114731|title=深圳市暴雨橙色预警升级为红色|website=搜狐网|publisher=人民网|author1=吕绍刚|author2=夏凡|language=zh-hans|date=16 September 2018|access-date=16 September 2018|dead-url=no|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180916161323/http://www.sohu.com/a/254155367_114731|archive-date=16 September 2018}}
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37. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.gz.gov.cn/gzgov/s2342/201809/62be7746e7084af595a91e703896d6cb.shtml|title=关于立即执行停市的紧急通知|website=Guangzhou People's Government|publisher=广州市防汛防旱防风总指挥部 |language=zh-hans|date=16 September 2018|access-date=21 September 2018}}
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39. ^{{cite web|url=http://fjnews.fjsen.com/2018-09/15/content_21480131.htm|website=东南网|title=福建发布台风橙色预警 今明两天全省多地有大到暴雨|language=zh-hans|author=林峰峰|editor=孙劲贞|date=15 September 2018|access-date=16 September 2018|dead-url=no|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180916160345/http://fjnews.fjsen.com/2018-09/15/content_21480131.htm|archive-date=16 September 2018}}
40. ^{{cite web|editor=ZX|url=http://www.xinhuanet.com/english/2018-09/16/c_137471466.htm|title=China renews red alert for Typhoon Mangkhut|website=Xinhuanet|date=16 September 2018|access-date=16 September 2018|language=en|dead-url=no|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180916113908/http://www.xinhuanet.com/english/2018-09/16/c_137471466.htm|archive-date=16 September 2018}}
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43. ^{{cite news|last=Babauta|first=Chloe B.|url=https://www.guampdn.com/story/news/2018/09/27/typhoon-mangkhut-cost-govguam-4-3-m-no-guarantee-federal-aid/1416953002/|title=Typhoon Mangkhut cost GovGuam $4.3 million; no guarantee of federal aid|publisher=Pacific Daily News|date=27 September 2018|accessdate=30 September 2018}}
44. ^{{cite web |title=Buhawi nanalasa sa Marikina; 2 residente nakuryente |url=https://news.abs-cbn.com/news/09/14/18/ipo-ipo-nanalasa-sa-marikina-2-residente-nakuryente |language=Tagalog |website=ABS-CBN News |date=14 September 2018 |accessdate=15 September 2018}}
45. ^{{cite news |title=‘Ompong’ weakens anew, to leave PAR Saturday night |url=https://www.philstar.com/headlines/2018/09/15/1851795/ompong-weakens-anew-leave-par-saturday-night |work=The Philippine Star}}
46. ^{{cite news |title=Ompong shuts down several north Luzon airports |url=https://news.abs-cbn.com/business/09/15/18/ompong-shuts-down-several-north-luzon-airports |work=ABS-CBN News}}
47. ^{{cite news|newspaper=The New York Times|date=17 September 2018|accessdate=17 September 2018|title=Typhoon Mangkhut: More Than 40 Bodies Found in Philippines Landslide|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2018/09/17/world/asia/typhoon-mangkhut-philippines-china.html}}
48. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2018/09/17/world/asia/typhoon-mangkhut-philippines-china.html?action=click&module=Top%20Stories&pgtype=Homepage|title=Typhoon Mangkhut: At Least 43 Bodies Found in Philippines Landslide|publisher=The New York Times|accessdate=17 September 2018}}
49. ^{{cite web|title=Situational Report No.55 re Preparedness Measures for TY OMPONG (I.N. MANGKHUT)|url=http://ndrrmc.gov.ph/attachments/article/3437/Sitrep_No_55_re_Preparedness_Measures_and_Effects_for_TY_OMPONG_as_of_05OCT2018_0600H.pdf|date=October 5, 2018|publisher=NDRRMC}}
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54. ^{{cite news |last1=Cheng |first1=Kris |title=Video: Construction elevator shaft falls from building as typhoon Mangkhut rips through Hong Kong |url=https://www.hongkongfp.com/2018/09/16/video-crane-falls-housing-development-project-tai-kok-tsui-super-typhoon-mangkhut/ |work=Hong Kong Free Press |date=16 September 2018}}
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57. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.scmp.com/news/hong-kong/health-environment/article/2164416/serious-flooding-and-swaying-buildings-super|title=Typhoon Mangkhut: Serious flooding and swaying buildings as Hongkongers battle monster storm|website=SCMP|date=16 September 2018|access-date=17 September 2018|language=en|dead-url=no|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180917030104/https://www.scmp.com/news/hong-kong/health-environment/article/2164416/serious-flooding-and-swaying-buildings-super|archive-date=17 September 2018}}
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59. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.thestandard.com.hk/section-news.php?id=200244|title=Monstrous Mangkhut: Super typhoon leaves more than 200 injured and paralyzes transport as it pummels Hong Kong with record-breaking winds|website=The Standard|language=en|author1=Jane Cheung|author2=Sophie Hui|date=17 September 2018|access-date=18 September 2018|dead-url=no|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180918014433/http://www.thestandard.com.hk/section-news.php?id=200244|archive-date=18 September 2018}}
60. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-45539120|title=Typhoon Mangkhut: Deadly typhoon lands in south China|website=BBC News|date=16 September 2018|access-date=17 September 2018|language=en|dead-url=no|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180917030104/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-45539120|archive-date=17 September 2018}}
61. ^{{cite news|author1=Denise Tsang|author2=Enoch Yiu|author3=Tony Cheung|url=https://www.scmp.com/news/hong-kong/hong-kong-economy/article/2164599/typhoon-mangkhut-bill-could-set-hong-kong-record|title=Typhoon Mangkhut bill could set Hong Kong record of US$1 billion in insurance claims|publisher=South China Morning Post|date=17 September 2018|accessdate=18 September 2018}}
62. ^{{cite news |last1=Cheng |first1=Kris |title=Crowds and frustration at transport hubs as Hongkongers return to work after Typhoon Mangkhut |url=https://www.hongkongfp.com/2018/09/17/crowds-frustration-transport-hubs-hongkongers-return-work-typhoon-mangkhut/ |work=Hong Kong Free Press |date=17 September 2018}}
63. ^{{cite news |last=Xinqi |first=Su |date=17 September 2018 |title=Typhoon Mangkhut travel chaos: how one woman's Hong Kong commute took more than two hours and a trip in the wrong direction |url=https://www.scmp.com/news/hong-kong/transport/article/2164596/typhoon-mangkhut-travel-chaos-how-one-womans-hong-kong |work=South China Morning Post |accessdate=18 September 2018}}
64. ^1 {{cite news |last=Sum |first=Lok-kei |url=https://www.scmp.com/news/hong-kong/health-environment/article/2164440/typhoon-mangkhut-20000-macau-households-left |title=Typhoon Mangkhut: 20,000 Macau households left without power after monster storm causes severe flooding in casino hub |publisher=South China Morning Post |date=16 September 2018}}
65. ^{{cite web |url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/world/typhoon-mangkhut-china-1.4825728 |title=Typhoon lashes south China after killing dozens in Philippines |publisher=Associated Press |date=16 September 2018}}
66. ^{{cite news |title=山竹吹襲 澳門經濟損失超過15億|url=http://orientaldaily.on.cc/cnt/news/20181113/00176_039.html|accessdate=November 12, 2018|publisher=Oriental Daily News|date=November 12, 2018|language=Chinese}}
67. ^{{cite web|author=Richard Han|url=http://www.szdaily.com/content/2018-09/17/content_21086105.htm|title=Mangkhut wreaks havoc on SZ|website=Shenzhen Daily|date=17 September 2018|access-date=17 September 2018|language=en|dead-url=no|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180917082333/http://www.szdaily.com/content/2018-09/17/content_21086105.htm|archive-date=17 September 2018}}
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76. ^{{cite conference|pages=1–2|conference=ESCAP/WMO Typhoon Committee|title=Member Report: China|author=CMA|publisher=ESCAP/WMO Typhoon Committee|url=http://www.typhooncommittee.org/13IWS/docs/Members%20REport/CHina/Member_report_China_2018.pdf|date=December 4, 2018|accessdate=December 4, 2018|conferenceurl=http://www.typhooncommittee.org/13IWS/index13IWS.html|archivedate=December 4, 2018|archiveurl=http://www.typhooncommittee.org/13IWS/docs/Members%20REport/CHina/Member_report_China_2018.pdf |deadurl=yes|df=}}
77. ^{{cite web|title=Replacement Names of TEMBIN, HATO and KAI-TAK in the Tropical Cyclone Name List|url=http://www.typhooncommittee.org/51st/docs/item%2013/13.2%20TC51%20Replacement%20for%20Typhoon%20Names.pdf|date=February 19, 2019|publisher=ESCAP/WMO Typhoon Committee}}

References

{{Reflist|30em}}

External links

{{Commons category|Typhoon Mangkhut (2018)}}
  • {{cite web |url= http://agora.ex.nii.ac.jp/digital-typhoon/summary/wnp/s/201822.html.en |title= Typhoon Mangkhut |id= Typhoon 201822 |series= Digital Typhoon |publisher= NII }}
  • {{cite web |url= http://www.data.jma.go.jp/fcd/yoho/data/typhoon/T1822.pdf |title= Typhoon Mangkhut |format= pdf |publisher= JMA |series= Best track data |language= jp |quote= 表は、後解析が終わり次第掲載します。[The table will be posted as soon as the post analysis is over]}}
  • {{cite web |url= http://www.nrlmry.navy.mil/tcdat/tc18/WPAC/26W.MANGKHUT/ |title= Typhoon Mangkhut |id= 26W Mangkhut|series= Imagery |publisher= NRL }}
  • EMSR312: Super Typhoon Mangkhut over the Northern Philippines (damage assessment maps) – Copernicus Emergency Management Service
  • EMSR310: Tropical Cyclone MANGKHUT-18 in Northern Mariana Islands and Guam (delineation maps) – Copernicus Emergency Management Service
{{Retired Pacific typhoon names}}{{Retired Philippine typhoon names}}{{2018 Pacific typhoon season buttons}}{{DEFAULTSORT:Mangkhut}}

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