| 词条 | Tzeltal Rebellion of 1712 |
| 释义 |
In 1712, a number of Maya communities in the Soconusco region of Chiapas rose in rebellion, in what is known as the Tzeltal Rebellion or Tzendal Rebellion. It was a multiethnic revolt, with 32 towns of Tzeltal (14), Tzotzil (15), and Chol (3) indigenous peoples participating in it. The indigenous renounced the authority of the Catholic hierarchy and established a priesthood of indigenous men. There was widespread military mobilization of indigenous men, who called themselves “soldiers of the Virgin.”[1][2] Scholars have debated the origins of the conflict, but the causes are seen as increased labor and taxation demands when indigenous populations were low,[3] and when tribute in kind obligations were mandated to be in cash, forcing the indigenous into the Spanish economy. The rebellion took on an explicitly religious and anti-Spanish character, which "did not demand reform and justice within the regime. Instead, they challenged Spanish sovereignty, the clergy, and religious legitimation."[4] Local populations believed that the Virgin Mary had miraculously appeared to a young, married, indigenous woman, María de la Candelaria, outside the community of Cancuc.[5] The local priest, Father Simón García Lara doubted the miracle and had the indigenous who believed in it whipped.[6] Since the people of Cancuc wished the cult to be recognized and had not found that approval by the local priest, they sought out the bishop and sent a delegation to Ciudad Real. The bishop imprisoned most of them, but some escaped to tell of the mistreatment. An indigenous man, Sebastián Gómez de la Gloria, came to Cancuc from nearby Chenalho and declared the solution to the problem of non-recognition of the Virgin’s cult by the Catholic hierarchy was to create an indigenous religious hierarchy.[7] The various indigenous towns raised military units, which were organized along a similar hierarchy to Spanish colonial units. They targeted local the Spanish population, wiping out Spanish troops, killing Spanish children, and carrying off the Spanish women as concubines. The Spanish women were forced to dress in indigenous attire and perform manual labor, such as grinding corn. Following the defeat of the revolt in 1713, these Spanish women were brought before the Mexican Inquisition and questioned intensively.[8] The Spanish military forces defeated the indigenous soldiers of the Virgin. The town of “Cancuc was obliterated and its inhabitants moved to other towns.”[9] The Spanish authorities had been alarmed at the size and the direction the rebellion had taken, a coordinated, multiethnic revolt that defied Spanish civil and ecclesiastical authority, necessitating a major military response. “The defeat of the revolt was so thorough that it left the province devastated and in deeper poverty.”[10] The Spanish executed nearly a hundred participants and those who escaped were relentlessly pursued over years.[11] See also
Further reading{{div col}}
References{{div col}}1. ^Victoria Reifler Bricker. The Indian Christ, the Indian King: The Historical Substrate of Maya Myth and Ritual. Austin: University of Texas Press 1981, p. 63. {{div col end|2}}{{Portal|New Spain}}{{Portal|Indigenous peoples of the Americas}}2. ^Kevin Gosner, Soldiers of the Virgin: An Ethohistorical Analysis of the Tzeltal Revolt of 1712. Tucson: University of Arizona Press 1992. 3. ^Murdo J. MacLeod, “Tzendal Rebellion” in Encyclopedia of Latin American History and Culture, Vol. 5, p. 284. New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons 1996. 4. ^John Tutino, "Resistance and Rebellion" in The Oxford Encyclopedia of Mesoamerican Cultures, vol. 3, p. 70. New York: Oxford University Press 2001. 5. ^Bricker, The Indian Christ p. 59. 6. ^Bricker, The Indian Christ, citing Francisco Ximénez, Historia de la Provincia de San Vicente de Chiapas y Guatemala de la Orden de Predicadores. Guatemala City: Biblioteca “Goathemala” de la Sociedad de Geografía e Historia, 1929-31, vol. 3, p. 68. 7. ^Bricker, The Indian Christ, p. 60. 8. ^Bricker, The Indian Christ, pp. 63, p. 333. The testimonies of some of the women have been published in 1948 in the Boletín del Archivo General de la Nación 19(4), “Sublevacion de los indios tzendales, Año de 1713.” 9. ^Bricker, The Indian Christ, p. 65. 10. ^MacLeod, “Tzendal Rebellion”, p. 284. 11. ^Tutino, "Resistance and Rebellion" p. 70. 5 : History of religion in Mexico|Indigenous rebellions against the Spanish Empire|Mesoamerican warfare|Rebellions against the Spanish Empire|Wars involving the indigenous peoples of North America |
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