| 词条 | Ulmus minor 'Viminalis' | |||||||||||||||||||||||
| 释义 |
| name = Ulmus minor 'Viminalis' | species = Ulmus minor | cultivar = 'Viminalis' | image = File:BH00071 Ulmus. Longhill School, Rottingdean (1).jpg | image_caption = 'Viminalis', The Vale, Rottingdean, Brighton | origin = England }} The Field Elm cultivar Ulmus minor 'Viminalis' [1] (:'willow-like'), occasionally referred to as the Twiggy Field Elm,[2][3] was raised by Masters in 1817, and listed in 1831 as U. campestris viminalis, without description.[4] Loudon added a general description in 1838,[2] and the Cambridge University Herbarium acquired a leaf specimen of the tree in 1866. Moss, writing in 1912, said that the Ulmus campestris viminalis from Cambridge University Herbarium was the only elm he thought agreed with the original Plot's elm (not U. minor 'Plotii') as illustrated by Dr. Plot in 1677 from specimens growing in an avenue and coppice at Hanwell near Banbury.[6][5] Elwes and Henry (1913) also considered Loudon's Ulmus campestris viminalis to be Dr Plot's elm.[6] Its 19th-century name, U. campestris var. viminalis, led the cultivar to be classified for a time as a variety of English Elm.[7] On the Continent, 'Viminalis' was the Ulmus antarctica Hort., 'zierliche Ulme' [:'dainty elm'] of Kirchner's Arboretum Muscaviense (1864).[10] Melville considered 'Viminalis' one form, the 'type' cultivar,[8] of the natural, variable hybrid, U. minor × U. minor 'Plotii', which occurs in England where the two trees overlap, and which he called, believing U. plotii Druce a species, U. × viminalis.[9] He questioned, however, Henry's claim that 'Viminalis' was Dr Plot's elm. Writing in 1940 and referring to a pencil rubbing in Herb. Druce, vol. 113 of the Sloane Collection, he wrote "I can see no reason to doubt that this is Plot's plant," but "it is [not] U. × viminalis Lodd".[10] Boom (1959)[11] and Bean (1988)[12] listed 'Viminalis' as a cultivar and the 'type' clone of Melville's U. × viminalis. DescriptionWood (1851) described 'Viminalis' as "a neat-growing compact tree, with small foliage",[13] Henry (1913) as a "tree with ascending branches, pendulous branchlets, and sparse foliage",[6] and Bean (1981) as a "narrow-headed, rather slender tree".[8] 'Viminalis' is slow-growing; it can ultimately reach 20 m in height.[6][14] Leaves vary from obovate-elliptic to narrowly elliptic; they are deeply serrated, < 5.0 cm long, tapering to a nearly symmetrical base and long-acuminate at the tip, with prominent white axil tufts on the undersides.[8][6] In his description of Ulmus antarctica Hort. (1864), Kirchner added that the leaves are more or less downward-curving, with longish petioles, and that the leaf-margins have numerous deep, double, hook-shaped teeth, "so that the leaves appear almost slit".[10] Loudon's sketch (below) suggests that a narrow leaf was fairly uniform on his tree. The Cambridge University Herbarium specimen of Loudon's Ulmus campestris viminalis[15] shows leaves resembling both Henry's 'Viminalis' drawing[16] and Schneider's 'Antarctica' drawing,[17] confirming the synonymy. 'Viminalis' has been likened to Zelkova × verschaffeltii.[18] Bean wrote in 1936, "I have never seen it bearing fruit, although it flowers." [28] Pests and diseases'Viminalis' is very susceptible to Dutch elm disease, as are the natural hybrids between Field Elm and Plot Elm (Melville's U. × viminalis), of which the type cultivar is usually considered an example. Cultivation'Viminalis' was valued for its ornamental qualities, Wood (1851) considering it "well adapted for the back part of shrubberies".[13] Bean (1936) called it "a charming small tree for gardens, very elegant and not growing fast".[20] Kirchner noted that the tree is not sensitive to frost.[10] Specimens were present in many of the major UK collections, including Cambridge University Botanic Garden (see 'Notable trees' below), Kew Gardens (35 ft., 1913),[6] Westonbirt Arboretum (49 ft., 1927),[21] Royal Victoria Park, Bath (1857, 1905),[22][23] and Ryston Hall arboretum, Norfolk (planted as U. antarctica, 1914).[24][25] 'Viminalis' remained in the catalogues of the Hillier nursery, Winchester, till the 1960s.[26] Cultivars of the 'Viminalis' type have been introduced to continental Europe, North America and Australasia, where a few specimens survive in arboreta and avenues. One tree {{convert|40|ft|m}} in height, determined as U. × viminalis Loud. by Melville, stood by the lake at the Royal Botanic Gardens, Melbourne, in 1953.[27] In the UK three mature trees survive in the Brighton and Hove area (2017).[28] The tree remains (2017) in cultivation in Australia.[29][30] Notable treesElwes and Henry list notable specimens "of this variety" (the type tree described and illustrated) in the Cambridge University Botanic Garden (70 ft) and in Gisselfeld Park, Denmark (60 ft). Three trees labelled U. 'Viminalis', pollarded in 1984,[32] stand in Benalla Botanic Gardens, Australia.[33] A specimen of the same cultivar, apparently unpollarded, stands in Lydiard Street, Ballarat, Victoria.[34][35] CultivarsCultivars include both sports of the type tree and elms similar enough to have been conjectured as related to it:
Synonymy
AccessionsNorth America
Europe
Australasia
Pseudo-'Viminalis' and 'Viminalis'-like elmsNot all clones named 'Viminalis' match the named cultivars above. Three specimens supplied by the Späth nursery to the Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh in 1902[59] as Ulmus campestris viminalis[60] were determined by Melville in 1958 as U. viminalis Lodd but "not the usual nothomorph".[61] One stood in the Garden itself till the late 20th century;[61] the other two may survive in Edinburgh, as it was the practice of the Garden to distribute trees about the city. An old cultivar with leaves that appear to match herbarium specimens of Späth's U. campestris viminalis [62] stands (2018) in the middle of North Walk, The Meadows, Edinburgh (see gallery); a second, possibly the same clone and age, in the grounds of Holyrood Palace (both trees lost their crowns in a 2016 gale and are regenerating).[63] The Ulmus campestris viminalis supplied by Späth and planted in 1897 at the Dominion Arboretum, Ottawa, Canada, is likely to have been this clone (not to be confused with Späth's U. × hollandica 'Viminalis').[64] A number of old non-ornamental trees believed to belong to Melville's U. × viminalis group survive (2015) in a wood in Mepal, Cambridgeshire.[65] Notes1. ^The name U. minor 'Viminalis' occurs in Hillier, J., and Coombes, A., The Hillier Manual of Trees and Shrubs (Newton Abbot, 2002), p.371 2. ^1 {{cite book |volume=3|last=Loudon|first=John Claudius|date=1838 |title=Arboretum et fruticetum Britannicum|pages=1376|url=https://archive.org/stream/arboretumetfrut03loud#page/1376/mode/1up}} 3. ^{{cite journal |last=Inman |first=T. Frederic |date=1905 |title=The Elm|url=https://archive.org/stream/proceedingsofbat10bath#page/37/mode/1up|journal=Proceedings of the Bath Natural History and Antiquarian Field Club|volume=10|page=37 |access-date=19 August 2016}} 4. ^{{cite book | last=Masters | first=W. | title=Hortus Duroverni: Or, A Tabular and Descriptive Catalogue of Perennial Flower Roots, &c. Sold by W. Masters | year=1831 | pages = 66 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SfdaAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA66 | access-date=2017-07-06}} 5. ^1 {{cite book|title=The natural history of Oxford-shire|last=Plot|first=Robert|author-link=Robert Plot|year=1677|pages=158, 212 (facing)|url=https://archive.org/stream/naturalhistoryof00plot#page/212/mode/2up}} 6. ^1 2 3 4 {{cite book|last1=Elwes|first1=Henry John|authorlink1=Henry John Elwes|last2=Henry|first2=Augustine|authorlink2=Augustine Henry|date=1913|title=The Trees of Great Britain & Ireland|volume=7|page=1906|url=https://archive.org/stream/treesofgreatbrit07elweuoft#page/1896/mode/2up}} 7. ^{{cite book|last1=Elwes|first1=Henry John|authorlink1=Henry John Elwes|last2=Henry|first2=Augustine|authorlink2=Augustine Henry|date=1913|title=The Trees of Great Britain & Ireland|volume=7|page=1906|url=https://archive.org/stream/treesofgreatbrit07elweuoft#page/1896/mode/2up}} 8. ^1 2 {{cite book|title=Trees and shrubs hardy in Great Britain|edition=8|last=Bean|first=William Jackson|date=1988|pages=659|publisher=Murray|location=London}} 9. ^{{cite journal |last=Green |first=Peter Shaw |authorlink=Peter Shaw Green |date=1964 |title=Registration of cultivar names in Ulmus|url=https://archive.org/stream/arnoldiaarno_21#page/40/mode/2up/|journal=Arnoldia |volume=24|pages=41–80 |number=6–8 |publisher=Arnold Arboretum, Harvard University |access-date=16 February 2017}} 10. ^{{cite journal |last=Melville |first=Ronald |date=1940 |title=Contributions to the study of British Elms:- III. The Plot Elm, Ulmus plotii Druce|url= http://archive.bsbi.org.uk/Journal_of_Botany_1940.pdf#page=99|journal=The Journal of Botany |volume=78|pages=181–191 |access-date=13 June 2016}} 11. ^{{cite book | last=Boom | first=B.K. | title=Nederlandse dendrologie | year=1959 | pages = 158 | volume = 1 }} 12. ^{{cite book|title=Trees and shrubs hardy in Great Britain|edition=8|last=Bean|first=William Jackson|date=1988|pages=659|publisher=Murray|location=London}} 13. ^1 {{cite journal|last = Wood | first = John Frederick | journal = The Midland Florist and Suburban Horticulturist | title = Coppiceana | volume = 6 |date = 1852 |pages = 365 |location = London |url = https://books.google.com/books?id=4j5OAAAAYAAJ&pg=RA1-PA365}} 14. ^Browne, D. J. (1846). The Trees of America. Harper & Brothers, New York. 15. ^[https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Photograph_of_Ulmus_campestris_viminalis_specimen.jpg U. campestris viminalis leaves, Cambridge University Herbarium, labelled 'Herb. J. Lindley, Ph.D., Purchased in 1866'] 16. ^[File:Leaf of U. 'Viminalis' from Elwes & Henry.jpg Leaf-drawing of Elwes & Henry's 'type' tree (1913)] 17. ^[File:Illustriertes Handbuch der Laubholzkunde, page 215.jpg Schneider, Camillo Karl (1906), Illustriertes Handbuch der Laubholzkunde, p.215, Fig. "o": f. antarctica] 18. ^Hilliers' Manual of Trees & Shrubs. (1977). David & Charles, Newton Abbot, UK. 19. ^1 2 {{cite journal|journal=The Gardeners' chronicle|last=Moss|first=Charles Edward|author-link=Charles Edward Moss|title=British elms|volume=51|date=1912|pages=236|url=https://archive.org/stream/gardenerschronic351lond#page/236/mode/2up}} 20. ^1 Bean, W. J. (1936) Trees and shrubs hardy in Great Britain, 7th edition, Murray, London, vol. 2, p.621 21. ^{{Cite book|title = Catalogue of the Trees & Shrubs [at Westonbirt] in the Collection of the Late Lieut-Col. Sir George Lindsay Holford|last = Jackson|first = A. Bruce|publisher = |year = 1927|isbn = |location = London|pages = 195}} 22. ^Hanham, F. (1857). [https://books.google.com/books?id=1klKAAAAYAAJ A Manual for the Park] (Royal Victoria Park, Bath). Longman, London. 23. ^{{cite journal |last=Inman |first=T. Frederic |date=1905 |title=The Elm|url=https://archive.org/stream/proceedingsofbat10bath#page/37/mode/1up|journal=Proceedings of the Bath Natural History and Antiquarian Field Club|volume=10|page=37 |access-date=19 August 2016}} 24. ^rystonhall.co.uk/ 25. ^{{cite book| title=Ryston Hall Arboretum catalogue |date=c. 1920 |pages=13–14|url=https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Ryston_Hall_Arboretum_Catalogue_c._1920_pages_13,14.jpg}} 26. ^{{cite book |title=Catalogue of trees & shrubs. T & S 100 |date=1964 |publisher=Hillier and sons |location=Winchester, England |pages=158-159}} 27. ^Muséum national d’Histoire naturelle, Paris (France). Collection: Vascular plants (P). Specimen P06882554 28. ^In Withdean Park; in Longhill School, Rottingdean; and in Brighton University, Moulsecoomb. 29. ^{{Cite web | title = Significant Elms of South-Eastern Australia | last = Shaw | first = Phil | work = advancedtrees.com.au | date = | accessdate = 2017-06-19 | url = http://www.advancedtrees.com.au/media-advanced-trees/articles/330-significant-elms.html | quote = }} 30. ^{{Cite web | title = 1123 Lydiard Street North, Ballarat | author = | work = Google Maps | date = | accessdate = 2017-06-19 | url = https://www.google.co.uk/maps/@-37.5372755,143.8623949,3a,50.8y,225.02h,97.79t/data=!3m6!1e1!3m4!1sd22tgWJ15NElISH-V8Z90Q!2e0!7i13312!8i6656 | quote = }} 31. ^[https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:BH00070_Ulmus._Withdean_Park,_Brighton_(1).jpg Herbarium specimen of Withdean Park 'Viminalis', Brighton] 32. ^{{Cite web | title = Victorian Heritage Database | author = | work = vhd.heritagecouncil.vic.gov.au | date = 2008-06-16 | accessdate = 2017-06-20 | url = http://vhd.heritagecouncil.vic.gov.au/places/70863 | quote = }} 33. ^benalla.vic.gov.au/Files/BRC_Gardens_DL.pdf 34. ^{{Cite web | title = Significant Elms of South-Eastern Australia | last = Shaw | first = Phil | work = advancedtrees.com.au | date = | accessdate = 2017-06-19 | url = http://www.advancedtrees.com.au/media-advanced-trees/articles/330-significant-elms.html | quote = }} 35. ^{{Cite web | title = 1123 Lydiard Street North, Ballarat | author = | work = Google Maps | date = | accessdate = 2017-06-19 | url = https://www.google.co.uk/maps/@-37.5372755,143.8623949,3a,50.8y,225.02h,97.79t/data=!3m6!1e1!3m4!1sd22tgWJ15NElISH-V8Z90Q!2e0!7i13312!8i6656 | quote = }} 36. ^1 2 3 {{cite book |last1=Petzold|last2=Kirchner|date=1864|title=Arboretum Muscaviense|pages=551|url=https://archive.org/stream/arboretummuscav01kircgoog#page/n567/mode/1up}} 37. ^{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/stream/bulletinissues00ottogoog#page/n80/mode/2up/|title=Catalogue of the trees and shrubs in the arboretum and botanic gardens at the central experimental farm|year=1899|edition=2|pages=74}} 38. ^{{cite book |title = Haupt-catalog der Obst- und gehölzbaumschulen des ritterguts Zöschen bei Merseburg | last = Dieck | first = Georg |authorlink = Georg Dieck | location = Zöschen | issue = 1 |date = 1887}} 39. ^{{cite book | title = Catalogue | last = Loddiges | first = Conrad | location = Hackney | date = 1836}} 40. ^{{cite book |volume=3|last=Loudon|first=John Claudius|date=1838 |title=Arboretum et fruticetum Britannicum|pages=1376|url=https://archive.org/stream/arboretumetfrut03loud#page/1376/mode/1up}} 41. ^Botanic Garden Meise, Herbarium specimen BR0000010841105 42. ^{{cite book | last1=Hartwig | first1=Julius | authorlink1 = August Karl Julius Hartwig | last2 = Rümpler |first2 = Theodor | authorlink2 = Karl Theodor Rümpler | title=Illustrirtes Gehölzbuch | date= 1875 |pages = 580 | url=https://archive.org/stream/illustrirtesgeh00rmgoog#page/n598/mode/2up | access-date=6 July 2017}} 43. ^{{cite web | title=Bulletin de la Fédération des sociétés d'horticulture de Belgique | last = Wesmael |first = Alfred | authorlink = Alfred Wesmael | date= 1862 | pages = 389 | url=http://hdl.handle.net/2027/hvd.32044103102810?urlappend=%3Bseq=399 | access-date=6 July 2017}} 44. ^{{cite book | first = Urbain | last = Audibert | authorlink = Urbain Audibert | title=Catalogue des végétaux de tous genres cultivés dans les jardins et pépinières du Sieur Audibert | pages = 23 | year=1817 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9hcDAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA23 | access-date=6 July 2017}} 45. ^{{cite book |last=Lavallée|first=Alphonse|authorlink=Pierre Alphonse Martin Lavallée|date=1877|title=Arboretum Segrezianum|pages=235|url=https://archive.org/stream/arboretumsegrezi00lava#page/235/mode/2up}} 46. ^{{Cite journal|last=Boulger|first=George|authorlink=George Edward Simmonds Boulger|date=1879|title=British Elms|url=https://archive.org/stream/gardenerschronic12lond#page/298/mode/1up|journal=The Gardener's Chronicle|volume=12|pages=298}} 47. ^{{cite book |last1=Petzold|last2=Kirchner|date=1864|title=Arboretum Muscaviense|pages=551|url=https://archive.org/stream/arboretummuscav01kircgoog#page/n567/mode/1up}} 48. ^{{cite book | last=Masters | first=W. | title=Hortus Duroverni: Or, A Tabular and Descriptive Catalogue of Perennial Flower Roots, &c. Sold by W. Masters | year=1831 | pages = 66 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SfdaAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA66 | access-date=2017-07-06}} 49. ^{{cite book|date=1903|first1=L|last1=Beissner|authorlink1=Ludwig Beissner|first2=E|last2=Schelle|authorlink2=Ernst Schelle|first3=H|last3=Zabel|title= Handbuch der Laubholz-Benennung|volume=|pages=85|url=https://archive.org/stream/Laubholzbenennung1903/Laubholzbenennung#page/n46/mode/1up}} 50. ^{{cite book |title = Haupt-catalog der Obst- und gehölzbaumschulen des ritterguts Zöschen bei Merseburg | last = Dieck | first = Georg |authorlink = Georg Dieck | location = Zöschen | pages = 82 |date = 1885}} 51. ^{{cite book | title=Illustriertes Handbuch der Laubholzkunde |last = Dippel |volume = 2 |pages = 30 |date = 1892 |url = https://archive.org/stream/handbuchderlaubh02dipp#page/30/mode/2up}} 52. ^{{cite book |title = Haupt-catalog der Obst- und gehölzbaumschulen des ritterguts Zöschen bei Merseburg | last = Dieck | first = Georg |authorlink = Georg Dieck | location = Zöschen | pages = 82 |date = 1885}} 53. ^{{cite book |last1=Petzold|last2=Kirchner|date=1864|title=Arboretum Muscaviense|pages=553|url=https://archive.org/stream/arboretummuscav01kircgoog#page/n569/mode/1up}} 54. ^Krüssman, Gerd, Manual of Cultivated Broad-Leaved Trees & Shrubs (1984 vol. 3) 55. ^{{cite journal |journal = Journal of the Royal Horticultural Society of London |title = Trees and shrubs for large towns|date = 1891 |volume = 13 |pages = 90 |last1 = Masters |first = William |authorlink = William Masters (botanist) | url = https://archive.org/stream/journalofroyalho13roya#page/90/mode/2up}} 56. ^{{cite web|title=List of plants in the {elm} collection|publisher=Brighton & Hove City Council|access-date=23 September 2016|url=http://www.brighton-hove.gov.uk/content/leisure-and-libraries/parks-and-green-spaces/list-plants-collection}} 57. ^Johnson, Owen (ed.) (2003). Champion Trees of Britain & Ireland. Whittet Press, {{ISBN|978-1-873580-61-5}}. 58. ^{{Cite web | title = National Trust - Hybrid Elm (Ulmus viminalis) | author = | work = trusttrees.org.au | date = | accessdate = 2017-06-19 | url = http://trusttrees.org.au/tree/VIC/Benalla/Bridge_Street | quote = }} 59. ^{{cite book |date=1902|title=Accessions book|publisher=Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh|pages=45, 47|url=https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Royal_Botanic_Garden_Edinburgh._(1902)._Accessions_book_pages_45,47.jpg}} 60. ^Späth's erroneous clone, data.rbge.org.uk E00824785, E00824787, E00824880 61. ^1 Melville's 1958 annotations to the RBGE cultivated herbarium accessions book, tree C2706 62. ^data.rbge.org.uk, specimen E00824785 63. ^{{Cite web | title = Field elm in Holyrood Palace gardens | work = Google Maps | date = June 2015| accessdate = 2018-07-02 | url = https://www.google.co.uk/maps/@55.9541094,-3.1739847,3a,37.5y,115.74h,111.35t/data=!3m7!1e1!3m5!1sDwdQ2oRqZUURkT4GHOIsPA!2e0!5s20150601T000000!7i13312!8i6656| quote = }} 64. ^{{Cite book|last1=Saunders|first1=William|last2=Macoun|first2=William Tyrrell|url=https://archive.org/stream/bulletinissues00ottogoog#page/n80/mode/2up/|title=Catalogue of the trees and shrubs in the arboretum and botanic gardens at the central experimental farm|year=1899|edition=2|pages=74–75}} 65. ^Wilkinson, Gerald, After the Elm (London 1978) References{{reflist}}External links
3 : Field elm cultivar|Ulmus|Ulmus Edinburgh Spath 1902 |
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