| 词条 | Ulster Protestant Association |
| 释义 |
The Ulster Protestant Association (UPA) were a loyalist paramilitary group organised in Belfast in August 1920 to prevent Northern Ireland being included in an independent Irish Free State.[1][2] In 1921, plumber and UPA Thomas Pentland was arrested for the murder of a Catholic named Murtagh McStocker, supposedly a member of the IRA, but was acquitted.[3] The UPA were also associated with the 1922 murders of Catholic civilians in Ballymacarrett. John William Nixon was alleged to be associated with the UPA.[4] In 1923 a police report described the Association as dominated by "the Protestant hooligan element [whose] whole aim and object was simply the extermination of Catholics by any and every means." Bomb attacks were made against children, crowds leaving Mass and onto crowded trains.[5] Their headquarters was in an East Belfast pub, with a flogging-horse upstairs to punish members who violated UPA rules.[6] Many UPA members were recruited into the Ulster Special Constabulary, the infamous "B Specials."[7] Although it is sometimes said to have dissolved in 1922, a hardcore remained active, murdering several Catholics in the mid-1930s.[4] Interestingly, the UPA fought side-by-side with the IRA during the 1932 Outdoor Relief riots, swapping places in order to confuse Royal Ulster Constabulary policemen.[8] The name was also used as a cover name by the loyalist group "Spirit of Drumcree" in 1998.[9] References1. ^{{cite journal|url=https://www.persee.fr/doc/irlan_0183-973x_1996_num_21_1_1297|title=Worker Response to the 1920 Belfast Shipyard Expulsions : Solidarity or Sectarianism ?|first=Christopher|last=Norton|date=6 April 1996|publisher=|journal=Etudes irlandaises|volume=21|issue=1|pages=153–163|via=www.persee.fr|doi=10.3406/irlan.1996.1297}} 2. ^{{cite journal|url=https://www.persee.fr/doc/irlan_0183-973x_2007_num_32_1_1787|title=An Earnest Endeavour for Peace Unionist Opinion and the Craig/Collins Peace Pact of 30 March 1922|first=Christopher|last=Norton|date=6 April 2019|publisher=|journal=Etudes irlandaises|volume=32|issue=1|pages=91–108|via=www.persee.fr|doi=10.3406/irlan.2007.1787}} 3. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.theirishstory.com/2016/02/15/the-mad-dance-of-death-the-ulster-protestant-association-in-belfast-1921-22/|title=‘The Mad Dance of Death’: The Ulster Protestant Association in Belfast, 1921-22|date=15 February 2016|publisher=}} 4. ^1 {{cite web|url=https://dib.cambridge.org/viewReadPage.do;jsessionid=2A77954467688702C0251D8AB3608546?articleId=a6216|title=Dictionary of Irish Biography - Cambridge University Press|website=dib.cambridge.org}} 5. ^{{cite web|url=https://cain.ulster.ac.uk/issues/sectarian/brewer.htm|title=CAIN: Issues: Sectarianism: Brewer, John D. 'Northern Ireland: 1921-1998'|website=cain.ulster.ac.uk}} 6. ^The Irish Times (Saturday, September 6, 1980), page 11. 7. ^The Irish Times (Saturday, November 24, 1979), page 13. 8. ^The Irish Times (Wednesday, November 18, 1970), page 9. 9. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.irishtimes.com/culture/low-level-ethnic-cleansing-in-evidence-1.172168|title=Low-level ethnic cleansing in evidence|website=The Irish Times}} 2 : 1920 establishments in Ireland|Ulster loyalist militant groups |
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