“Underwater diving in popular culture”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

Movies, novels, TV series and shows, comics, graphic art, sculpture, games, myths, legends, and misconceptions. Fiction in general relating to all forms of diving, including hypothetical and imaginary methods, and other aspects of underwater diving which have become part of popular culture.

Movies

Novels

TV series

Comics

Art

Graphics

One of several illustrations of Alexander the Great being lowered into the sea from a boat inside a transparent cylinder, interpreted as a glass diving bell. The style of the illustration varies with the era and culture of the artist, but the basic subject remains much the same.

Painting on ceramic commemorating a North Sea commercial offshore diving incident in 1979.

Sculpture

Gaming

Awards and events

Frogmen

Movies

The 1951 movie The Frogmen used three-cylinder aqualungs, as shown on the DVD cover. At the time DESCO were making three-cylinder constant flow breathing sets that lacked the demand valve of the aqualung,{{citation needed|date=March 2017}} but they were rarely deployed in the war, and the preferred system in the US armed forces was the rebreather developed by Christian J. Lambertsen.^[1]

The 1958 film The Silent Enemy with Laurence Harvey as Lionel "Buster" Crabb, describes his exploits during World War II. It was made following the publicity created by Crabb's mysterious disappearance and likely death during a Cold War incident a year earlier.{{citation needed|date=March 2017}}

The 1955 film Above Us the Waves, based on the 1953 book of the same title, includes a reenactment of Operation Title, the attempted attack by British frogmen on the Tirpitz in 1942. The film is notable for the efforts made to be historically accurate.^[2]

The 1965 James Bond film Thunderball depicts an extended underwater battle, featuring frogmen.^[3]

In the 1966 sci-fi film Fantastic Voyage and its accompanying novelization by Isaac Asimov, the character of former navy veteran and now government agent Charles Grant is referenced as a communications expert and experienced frogman.^[4]

The film Submarine X-1, made in 1969, loosely based on the real Operation Source, depicts British World War II frogmen's equipment inaccurately. The breathing sets shown are open-circuit and are merely a very fat cylinder across the belly, with a black single-hose second-stage regulator such as was not invented until the 1960s. Also shown were ordinary recreational scuba weight belts and diving half-masks with elliptical windows. The frogmen in the real war operation mostly used Sladen suits and an early model of Siebe Gorman rebreathers with a backpack weight pouch containing lead balls releasable by pulling a cord.{{citation needed|date=September 2013}}

The 1972 movie Tintin and the Lake of Sharks featured some frogmen among Mr. Rastapopolus's conspiracy.{{citation needed|date=April 2017}}

Television

Sea Hunt was an American action adventure television series that aired in syndication from 1958 to 1961 and was popular in syndication for decades afterwards. The series originally aired for four seasons, with 155 episodes produced. It stars Lloyd Bridges as former United States Navy frogman, Mike Nelson.

Derivative word usages

Some scuba diving clubs have an entry class called "Tadpoles" for younger children who want to start scuba diving.{{citation needed|date=March 2017}}

Errors about frogmen found in public media

Incongruences in fiction

Many comics have depicted combat frogmen and other covert divers using two-cylinder twin-hose open-circuit aqualungs. All real covert frogmen use rebreathers because the stream of bubbles from an open-circuit set would give away the diver's position.{{citation needed|date=March 2017}}

Many aqualungs have been anachronistically depicted in comics in stories set during World War II, when in reality at that time period aqualungs were unknown outside Jacques-Yves Cousteau and his close associates in Toulon in south France. Some aqualungs were smuggled out of occupied France during the war (these may have been Commeinhes regulators).{{citation needed|date=March 2017}}

The movie The Frogmen, similarly, depicted frogmen using three-cylindered aqualungs, including on its movie poster. DESCO were making three-cylinder constant flow sets that lacked the demand valve of an aqualung, but they were rarely used in the war,{{citation needed|date=March 2017}} and the preferred system was the rebreather developed by Christian J. Lambertsen.

Drawing and artwork

There have been thousands of drawings{{citation needed|date=April 2017}}{{Original research inline|date=April 2017}} (mostly in comics) of combat frogmen and other scuba divers with two-cylinder twin-hose aqualungs shown with one wide breathing tube coming straight out of each cylinder top with no regulator,^[6]^[7]^[8] far more than of twin-hose aqualungs depicted accurately with a regulator, or of combat frogmen with rebreathers.{{cn|date=December 2018}}{{OR|date=December 2018}}

Twin-hose without visible regulator valve (fictional)

This type is mentioned here because it is very familiar in comics and other drawings, as a wrongly-drawn twin-hose two-cylinder aqualung, with one wide hose coming out of each cylinder top to the mouthpiece with no apparent regulator valve, much more often than a correctly-drawn twin-hose regulator (and often of such breathing sets being used by combat frogmen):{{cn|date=January 2019}} see Frogman#Errors about frogmen found in public media. It would not work in the real world.^[9]

Freediving

Documentaries

Fiction

Misconceptions

Common errors of fact and misunderstanding of the physics and physiology of diving in journalism and popular culture.

References

1. ^{{cite journal |author=Vann RD |title=Lambertsen and O2: beginnings of operational physiology |journal=Undersea and Hyperbaric Medicine |volume=31 |issue=1 |pages=21–31 |year=2004 |pmid=15233157 |url=http://archive.rubicon-foundation.org/3987 |accessdate=2009-03-25}}
2. ^{{cite book |last1=Levine |first1=Philippa |last2=Grayzel |first2=Susan R |date=2009 |title=Gender, Labour, War and Empire: Essays on Modern Britain |url=https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=tbohAQAAIAAJ&q=Above+Us+the+Waves+1955&dq=Above+Us+the+Waves+1955&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjxjIzC29HSAhUDIcAKHaVPAkAQ6AEIRDAI |location= |publisher=Palgrave Macmillan |page=160 |isbn=978-0230521193 }}
3. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.mi6.co.uk/sections/movies/tb_production.php3?t=tb&s=tb |title=Production notes for Thunderball |accessdate=30 December 2007 |publisher=MI6.co.uk |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071218123749/http://www.mi6.co.uk/sections/movies/tb_production.php3?t=tb&s=tb |archivedate=18 December 2007 |deadurl=yes |df= }}
4. ^{{cite book|last=Asimov|first=Isaac|title=Fantastic Voyage |url=https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/f5c2/532896c5e83172d3173b8f4c2a91d1c21c72.pdf|year=1966|chapter=4 : Briefing}}
5. ^book: Frogman V.C., publisher: Angus & Robertson, London, 1957
6. ^http://d1466nnw0ex81e.cloudfront.net/n_iv/600/809545.jpg This image of a comic page has an example of this error.
7. ^Examples at , [https://d1466nnw0ex81e.cloudfront.net/n_iv/600/809539.jpg]
8. ^{{cite web|url=http://comicbookplus.com/?cid=1095|title=Frogman (Hillman) - Comic Book Plus|author=|date=|website=comicbookplus.com}}
9. ^Examples, and variations, at , [https://d1466nnw0ex81e.cloudfront.net/n_iv/600/809539.jpg],
10. ^{{cite web |title=Ocean Men: Extreme Dive (2001) |url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0330713/ |website=IMDb |publisher=IMDb.com, Inc. |accessdate=15 June 2018 |date=31 August 2001}}