词条 | Universal basic services | |||||||||||||||||||||||
释义 |
}} Universal Basic Services (UBS) are a form of social security in which all citizens or residents of a community, region, or country receive unconditional access to a range of free, basic, public services, funded by taxes and provided by a government or public institution. HistoryUniversal Basic Services is a development of the welfare state model. The term appeared in 2017 in press[1] and the first modelling in a report from University College London (UCL)'s Institute for Global Prosperity[2] The British Labour Party welcomed[2] the report and announced in 2018[3] that UBS would be incorporated into the party's platform. UBS inclusion rationaleUniversal Basic Services are provided on the basis that they are necessary to sustain and enable each citizen's material safety, opportunity to contribute, or participate in the decision making processes of their community, region or country, even if they lack any financial income. The UBS model extends the notion of a social safety net to include those elements necessary to fulfil a larger role[4] in society. To substantiate inclusion in a UBS provision services meet at least one of these conditions:
The following table represents rationales used for the inclusion of certain services in a UBS definition:
Service contentThe specific content of any set of UBS varies according to the resources available to the society and their political definitions of what constitutes basic provision - see UBS Inclusion Rationale. Many societies already provide some elements of UBS, such as public education and public healthcare services. Service definitions{{Expand section|date=January 2019}}ShelterPublic HousingSustenanceFood securityHealth and careServices that support health, and services which provide for care of disabled, elderly and others. EducationSchooling and training. TransportLocal transport to access other services and employment. InformationAccess to communications that enable participation in society as well as access to the other services. LegalThe Legal category UBS is a broad definition to include safety services (policing, firefighting), legal aid support services and the apparatus necessary to sustain the society's legal system and political system. The courts, assemblies, political salaries, civil services and other aspects of the structure of the society are included in the definition of Legal UBS. Local service definitionsUBS are designed and delivered by governments and institutions which tailor the exact content of the services to meet the particular circumstances of the local community. FundingIn the standardised definition of UBS the cost of the services is funded by revenues derived from income taxes, which are hypothecated to the delivery of the UBS. Most UBS services in societies around the world today are funded out of general government revenues, such as publicly funded healthcare. Model costingIn October 2017 the Institute for Global Prosperity at University College London (UCL) produced a report[5] modelling the cost of UBS for the United Kingdom. The report modelled funding the UBS services (£42.16Bn) from a reduction in the Personal Tax Allowance. Cost justifications for UBSThe cost of extending public services as universal entitlements is justified through some combination of the following savings:
Labour market effectsThe two most common effects on operagraphics (labour markets) are:
Criticisms and conditions
References1. ^{{cite web|last1=Coyle|first1=Diane|title=Universal basic services are more important than income|url=https://www.ft.com/content/734e8fe6-1880-11e7-9c35-0dd2cb31823a|website=Financial Times|publisher=Financial Times|accessdate=20 April 2017}} 2. ^{{cite web|last1= McDonnell|first1=John|title=John McDonnell response to the Institute for Global Prosperity's report on Universal Basic Services|url=https://labour.org.uk/press/john-mcdonnell-response-to-the-institute-for/|website=Labour Party|accessdate=2 September 2018}} 3. ^{{cite web|last1= McDonnell|first1=John|title=The new economics of Labour|url=https://www.opendemocracy.net/uk/hilary-wainwright/new-economics-of-labour|website=Open Democracy|accessdate=2 September 2018}} 4. ^{{cite web|last1=Unger|first1=Roberto|title=Freedom, Equality and a Future Political Economy: the structural change we need - Unger at RSA 2013|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_CBW3aFvxVs|website=RSA|publisher=RSA|accessdate=19 April 2017}} 5. ^1 2 3 {{cite web|last1=Moore, Portes, Reed, Percy|title=Social prosperity for the future: A proposal for Universal Basic Services|url=https://www.ucl.ac.uk/bartlett/igp/research/knowledge-networks/social-prosperity-network/|website=IGP|publisher=IGP UCL|accessdate=4 December 2017}} 6. ^{{cite web|last1=Randle, Kippin|title=Beyond Nudge to Demand Management|url=https://www.thersa.org/discover/publications-and-articles/rsa-blogs/2013/07/local-government-faces-a-funding-black-hole.-it-must-look-to-demand-management-for-part-of-the-solution|website=RSA|publisher=RSA LGA|accessdate=20 April 2017}} 7. ^1 {{cite web|last1=Adams|first1=Paul|title=Social Control or Social Wage: On the Political Economy of the Welfare State|url=http://scholarworks.wmich.edu/jssw/vol5/iss1/3|website=ScholarWorks at WMU|publisher=The Journal of Sociology & Social Welfare|accessdate=20 April 2017|archivedate=1978}} 8. ^{{cite web|last1=Fisher, Impink|title=The socioeconomic stakes of transit|url=https://www.brookings.edu/blog/the-avenue/2017/03/28/the-socioeconomic-stakes-of-transit/|website=The Brookings Institution|publisher=The Brookings Institution|accessdate=20 April 2017}} 5 : Employment compensation|Labor relations|Social security|Labor relations|Social security |
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