| 词条 | University of Ancient Taxila |
| 释义 |
|name = University of Ancient Taxila |native_name = |alternate_name = |image = BhirMound.JPG |alt = |caption = Ruins of Achaemenid city of Taxila, Bhir Mound archaeological site. |map_type = Pakistan |map_alt = |coordinates = {{coord|33.74|N|72.78|E|display=inline,title}} |location = Taxila, modern Pakistan |region = |type = Centre of learning |part_of = |length = |width = |area = |height = |builder = |material = |built = 6th century BCE |abandoned = |epochs = |cultures = |dependency_of = |occupants = |event = |excavations = |archaeologists = |condition = |ownership = |management = |public_access = |website = |notes = }} The University of Taxila was a renowned university in ancient Pakistan. It was considered the greatest center for higher education in ancient South Asia. The city of Taxila was in the ancient state of Gandhara. It was later the capital of the Achaemenid territories in northwestern Pakistan following the Achaemenid conquest of the Indus Valley around 515 BCE. Taxila was at the crossroad of the main trade roads of Asia, was probably populated by Persians and many ethnicities coming from the various parts of the Achaemenid Empire.[1][2][3] The UniversityThe renowned University of Taxila became the greatest learning center in the region, and allowed for exchanges between people from various cultures.[4] The University was particularly renowned for science, especially medicine, and the arts, but both religious and secular subjects were taught, and even subject such as archery or astrology.[5] Students come from distant parts of ancient Persia, Central Asia, China and India.[5] Many Jataka of early Buddhist literature mention students attending the University.[5] The Achaemenid conquest of the Indus Valley made Taxila a part of the Achaemenid Empire. The Persian conquest probably made Taxila University a very cosmopolitan environment in which numerous cultures and ethnicities could exchange their knowledge.[5] The role of Taxila University as a center of knowledge continued under the Maurya Empire and Greek rule (Indo-Greeks) in the 3rd and 2nd centuries BCE.[5] The destruction of Toramana in the 5th century CE seem to have put an end to the activities of the University.[6] Followers of the BuddhaSeveral contemporaries, and close followers, of the Buddha are said to have studied in Achaemenid Taxila: King Pasenadi of Kosala, a close friend of the Buddha, Bandhula, the commander of Pasedani's army, Aṅgulimāla, a close follower of the Buddha, and Jivaka, court doctor at Rajagriha and personal doctor of the Buddha.[7] According to Stephen Batchelor, the Buddha may have been influenced by the experiences and knowledge acquired by some of his closest followers in the foreign capital of Taxila.[8]
A Buddhist story about Aṅgulimāla (also called Ahiṃsaka, and later a close follower of Buddha), relates how his parents send him to Taxila to study under a well-known teacher. There he excels in his studies and becomes the teacher's favorite student, enjoying special privileges in his teacher's house. However, the other students grow jealous of Ahiṃsaka's speedy progress and seek to turn his master against him.{{sfn|Malalasekera|1960}} To that end, they make it seem as though Ahiṃsaka has seduced the master's wife.{{sfn|Wilson|2016|p=286}} Other famous students or professorsCharakaCharaka, the Indian "father of medicine" and one of the leading authorities in Ayurveda, is also said to have studied at Taxila, and practiced there.[9][10]PāṇiniThe great 5th century BCE grammarian Pāṇini is said to have been born in the northwest, in Shalatula near Attock, not far from Taxila, in what was then a satrapy of the Achaemenid Empire following the Achaemenid conquest of the Indus Valley, which technically made him in all probability a Persian subject.[11][12][13] KautilyaKautilya (also called Chanakya), the influential Prime Minister of the founder of the Mauryan Empire, Chandragupta Maurya, is also said to have been a professor teaching in Taxila.[14]Chandragupta MauryaBuddhist literature states that Chandragupta Maurya, the future founder of the Mauryan Empire, though born near Patna (Bihar) in Magadha, was taken by Chanakya for his training and education to Taxila, and had him educated there in "all the sciences and arts" of the period, including military sciences. There he studied for eight years.{{sfn|Mookerji|1988|pp=15-18}} The Greek and Hindu texts also state that Kautilya (Chanakya) was a native of the northwest Indian subcontinent, and Chandragupta was his resident student for eight years.{{sfn|Mookerji|1988|pp=18-23, 53-54, 140-141}}[15] These accounts match Plutarch's assertion that Alexander the Great met with the young Chandragupta while campaigning in the Punjab.[16][17] See also
References1. ^{{cite book |last1=Lowe |first1=Roy |last2=Yasuhara |first2=Yoshihito |title=The Origins of Higher Learning: Knowledge networks and the early development of universities |date=2016 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=9781317543268 |page=62 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=niExDQAAQBAJ&pg=PT62 |language=en}} 2. ^{{cite book |last1=Le |first1=Huu Phuoc |title=Buddhist Architecture |date=2010 |publisher=Grafikol |isbn=9780984404308 |page=50 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9jb364g4BvoC&pg=PA50 |language=en}} 3. ^{{cite book |last1=Batchelor |first1=Stephen |title=Confession of a Buddhist Atheist |date=2010 |publisher=Random House Publishing Group |isbn=9781588369840 |pages=255–256 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QU4_XCZL7x8C&pg=PT256 |language=en}} 4. ^{{cite book |last1=Batchelor |first1=Stephen |title=Confession of a Buddhist Atheist |date=2010 |publisher=Random House Publishing Group |isbn=9781588369840 |page=125 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QU4_XCZL7x8C&pg=PT125 |language=en}} 5. ^1 2 3 4 {{cite book |last1=Marshall |first1=John |title=A Guide to Taxila |date=2013 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=9781107615441 |pages=23–24 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JEMbH2aDO0UC&pg=23 |language=en}} 6. ^{{cite book |title=The Pearson CSAT Manual 2011 |publisher=Pearson Education India |isbn=9788131758304 |page=439/ HC.23 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WuBFs6yFRwcC&pg=PP439 |language=en}} 7. ^{{cite book |last1=Batchelor |first1=Stephen |title=Confession of a Buddhist Atheist |date=2010 |publisher=Random House Publishing Group |isbn=9781588369840 |page=256 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QU4_XCZL7x8C&pg=PT256 |language=en}} 8. ^{{cite book |last1=Batchelor |first1=Stephen |title=Confession of a Buddhist Atheist |date=2010 |publisher=Random House Publishing Group |isbn=9781588369840 |page=255 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QU4_XCZL7x8C&pg=PT255 |language=en}} 9. ^{{cite book |last1=Lowe |first1=Roy |last2=Yasuhara |first2=Yoshihito |title=The Origins of Higher Learning: Knowledge networks and the early development of universities |date=2016 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=9781317543268 |page=PT62 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=niExDQAAQBAJ&pg=PT62 |language=en}} 10. ^{{cite book |last1=Gupta |first1=Subhadra Sen |title=Ashoka |date=2009 |publisher=Penguin UK |isbn=9788184758078 |page=PT27 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=L5ru08et_ZAC&pg=PT27 |language=en}} 11. ^{{cite book |last1=Scharfe |first1=Hartmut |title=Grammatical Literature |date=1977 |publisher=Otto Harrassowitz Verlag |isbn=9783447017060 |page=89 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2_VbnWkZ-SYC&pg=PA88 |language=en}} 12. ^{{cite book |last1=Bakshi |first1=S. R. |title=Early Aryans to Swaraj |date=2005 |publisher=Sarup & Sons |isbn=9788176255370 |page=47 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ldo1QtQigosC&pg=PA47 |language=en}} 13. ^{{cite book |last1=Ninan |first1=M. M. |title=The Development of Hinduism |date=2008 |publisher=Madathil Mammen Ninan |isbn=9781438228204 |page=97 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-8RTZcjg9awC&pg=PA97 |language=en}} 14. ^{{cite book |last1=Schlichtmann |first1=Klaus |title=A Peace History of India: From Ashoka Maurya to Mahatma Gandhi |date=2016 |publisher=Vij Books India Pvt Ltd |isbn=9789385563522 |page=29 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1UYKDQAAQBAJ&pg=PT29 |language=en}} 15. ^{{cite journal | last=Modelski | first=George | title=Kautilya: Foreign Policy and International System in the Ancient Hindu World. | journal=American Political Science Review | publisher=Cambridge University Press (CUP) | volume=58 | issue=03 | year=1964 | pages=549–560 | doi=10.2307/1953131 }} 16. ^{{cite book |last1=Mookerji |first1=Radhakumud |author-link1=Radha Kumud Mukherjee |title=Chandragupta Maurya and His Times |date=1966 |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |isbn=9788120804050 |pages=16–17 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=i-y6ZUheQH8C&pg=PA16 |language=en}} 17. ^"Sandrocottus, when he was a stripling, saw Alexander himself, and we are told that he often said in later times that Alexander narrowly missed making himself master of the country, since its king was hated and despised on account of his baseness and low birth". Plutarch 62-4 {{cite web|url=http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0243&layout=&loc=62.1|title=Plutarch, Alexander, chapter 1, section 1|publisher=}} Sources
2 : History of Pakistan|Universities and colleges |
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