| 词条 | Ursus ingressus |
| 释义 |
|genus = Ursus |species = ingressus |authority = Rabeder et al., 2004[1] }}Ursus ingressus, the Gamssulzen Cave bear is an extinct species of the family Ursidae that lived in Central Europe during the Late Pleistocene. It is named after the Gamssulzen Cave in Austria where the holotype of this species was found.[2] DescriptionUrsus ingressus was a large cave bear with massive, bulky limbs. It was larger than Ursus spelaeus, which has been estimated to weigh an average of {{convert|350|to|600|kg|lb|abbr=on}} (male specimen).[2][3]BehaviourSome studies have suggested the Gamssulzen Cave bear to have been herbivorous, living of vegetation with little contribution of grass.[4] Other studies proposed Ursus ingressus to have been an omnivore, with participation of terrestrial and more likely aquatic animal protein, that exceeds the participation of animal protein in the diet of the modern brown bear (Ursus arctos).[5] However it has also been suggested, that the feeding habits of cave bears can vary heavily depending on the environment.[6] Skulls with bite damage from Zoolithen Cave in Germany suggest that Ursus ingressus came into conflicts with other big carnivores of the Late Pleistocene of Europe like the cave lion (Panthera leo spelaea) or the cave hyena (Crocuta crocuta spelaea).[7] Distribution and habitatIt has been suggested that the Gamssulzen Cave bear dominated Ursus spelaeus in Central and Eastern Europe, while being outcompeted by this species in Western Europe. Around 50.000 years ago the Gamssulzen Cave bear migrated into the Alps and replaced two former populations of Ursus spelaeus eremus and Ursus spelaeus ladinicus. Ursus ingressus has been found as far east as the Ural mountains in Russia and as far west as the Swabian Jura in Germany.[6][10] It has mostly been found medium and high elevated regions and probably was adapted to continental environments with cold and arid climate.[8] Evolution and extinctionUrsus ingressus and Ursus spelaeus evolved from Ursus deningeri and sperarated between 173.000 and 414.000, possibly even 600.000 years ago.[6][2] However some studies still question Ursus ingressus and Ursus spelaeus to be separate species, but rather subspecies.[8]The Gamssulzen Cave bear survived Ursus spelaeus for about 1000 to 2000 years, locally replacing this species, but also became extinct about 30.000 years ago, just prior to the Last Glacial Maximum. Reasons for their extinction are still being discussed, with climate change or human hunting as possible reasons.[9][10] References1. ^Rabeder, G., Hofreiter, M., Nagel, D., & Withalm, G. (2004). New taxa of alpine cave bears (Ursidae, Carnivora). Cahiers scientifiques-Muséum d'histoire naturelle de Lyon, 49-67. 2. ^1 2 Gernot Rabeder (2004): Die Höhlenbären der Sulzfluh-Höhlen, Vorarlberger Naturschau 15, Seite 103–114 3. ^Per Christiansen (1999): What size were Arctodus simus and Ursus spelaeus (Carnivora: Ursidae)?, Finnish Zoological and Botanical Publishing Board, Helsinki 1999 4. ^{{Cite journal|last=Münzel|first=Susanne C.|date=2014|title=Behavioural ecology of Late Pleistocene bears (Ursus spelaeus, Ursus ingressus): Insight from stable isotopes (C, N, O) and tooth microwear|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/264049760_Behavioural_ecology_of_Late_Pleistocene_bears_Ursus_spelaeus_Ursus_ingressus_Insight_from_stable_isotopes_C_N_O_and_tooth_microwear?enrichId=rgreq-308a0ab9ad246bff620dbe42ad6cec1d-XXX&enrichSource=Y292ZXJQYWdlOzI2NDA0OTc2MDtBUzoxMzQzMjk2MTUyNjE3MDJAMTQwOTAzODA4NDM3NA%3D%3D&el=1_x_2&_esc=publicationCoverPdf|journal=Quaternary International|volume= 339-340|pages=148–163}} 5. ^{{Cite journal|last=Dotsika|first=Elisavet|date=|title=Palaeoclimatic information from isotopic signatures of Late Pleistocene Ursus ingressus bone and teeth apatite (Loutra Arideas Cave, Macedonia, Greece)|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/251636614_Palaeoclimatic_information_from_isotopic_signatures_of_Late_Pleistocene_Ursus_ingressus_bone_and_teeth_apatite_Loutra_Arideas_Cave_Macedonia_Greece?enrichId=rgreq-6df03386b3763f8f13c743b48f10faf5-XXX&enrichSource=Y292ZXJQYWdlOzI1MTYzNjYxNDtBUzozMzYyOTM3Mjk5ODA0MTdAMTQ1NzE5MDA4MjA1Nw%3D%3D&el=1_x_2&_esc=publicationCoverPdf|journal=Quaternary International|volume=245|pages=291–301}} 6. ^1 2 {{Cite journal|last=Knapp|first=Michael|date=March 2009|title=First DNA sequences from Asian cave bear fossils reveal deep divergences and complex phylogeographic patterns|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/24024257_First_DNA_sequences_from_Asian_cave_bear_fossils_reveal_deep_divergences_and_complex_phylogeographic_patterns|journal=Molecular Ecology|volume= 18 |issue= 6|pages=1225–1238}} 7. ^{{cite journal |doi=10.3285/eg.63.1.05}} 8. ^1 Baca, Mateusz, Stankovic, Anna, Stefaniak, Krzysztof, Marciszak, Adrian, Hofreiter, Michael, Nadachowski, Adam, Węgleński, Piotr, and Mackiewicz, Paweł. 2012. Genetic analysis of cave bear specimens from Niedźwiedzia Cave, Sudetes, Poland. Palaeontologia Electronica Vol. 15, Issue 2;21A,16p 9. ^1 {{Cite journal|last=Münzel|first=Susanne C.|date=2011|title=Pleistocene bears in the Swabian Jura (Germany): Genetic replacement, ecological displacement, extinctions and survival|url=http://www.geo.uni-tuebingen.de/fileadmin/website/arbeitsbereich/ufg/urgeschichte_quartaeroekologie/Forschung/Grabung/Deuschland/Literatur/pdf_4_M%C3%BCnzel_etal_2011_JQI_2760.pdf|journal=Quaternary International|volume=|pages=}} 10. ^{{Cite journal|last=Kitawaga|first=Keiko|date=September 2015|title=Exploring cave use and exploitation among cave bears, carnivores and hominins in the Swabian Jura, Southwestern Germany.|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/281652463_Exploring_cave_use_and_exploitation_among_cave_bears_carnivores_and_hominins_in_the_Swabian_Jura_Southwestern_Germany|journal=Journal of Taphonomy|volume= 10 (Issue 3-4)|pages=439–461}} 3 : Pleistocene bears|Pleistocene_carnivorans|Pleistocene mammals of Europe |
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