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词条 Use of HDPE in Nuclear Power Plant Piping Systems
释义

  1. Use of HDPE in Nuclear Power Plant Piping Systems

  2. History

  3. ASME Boiler & Pressure Vessel Code Sections for HDPE

  4. Application

  5. Required Examination and Testing

  6. Benefits

  7. Challenges

  8. Current Status of U.S. NRC Approval

  9. References

Use of HDPE in Nuclear Power Plant Piping Systems

Piping systems in U.S. nuclear power plants that are relied on for the safe shutdown of the plant (i.e. “safety-related”) are typically constructed to Section III of the American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME) Boiler and Pressure Vessel (B&PV) Code.[1] The materials allowed by the ASME B&PV Code have been historically limited to metallic materials only.[2][3] Due to the success of high density polyethylene (HDPE) in other industries, nuclear power plants in the U.S. have expressed interest in using HDPE piping in ASME B&PV Code applications.  In 2008, the first U.S. nuclear power plant was approved by the United States Nuclear Regulatory Commission (U.S. NRC) to install HDPE in an ASME B&PV Code safety-related system.[4] Since then, the rules for using HDPE have been integrated into the 2015 Edition and 2017 Edition of the ASME B&PV Code.[5]  The NRC approval of the 2015 and 2017 Editions are still pending as of March 2019.[1] 

History

  • 1963 – Section III of the ASME B&PV Code created and only allows metallic materials.[5]
  • 2007 – Code Case N-755 issued on behalf of Duke Energy for the use of Polyethylene Plastic Pipe for Class 3 piping applications.  Code Case N-755 limits HDPE fusing to butt fusion.[6]
  • 2008 – U.S. NRC grants Callaway Plant, Unit 1, permission to use HDPE in the Essential Service Water System based on Code Case N-755 and additional plant specific information.[4]
  • 2009 – U.S. NRC grants Catawba Nuclear Station, Units 1 and 2, permission to use HDPE in the Nuclear Service Water System based on Code Case N-755 and additional plant specific information.[7]
  • 2010 – First Revision to Code Case N-755 issued.[8]
  • 2013 – Second Revision to Code Case N-755 issued.[9]
  • 2014 – U.S. NRC rejects Code Case N-755-0 (Revision 0) for generic use due to unresolved issues concerning the joining procedure, degradation processes, and examination of joints.[10]
  • 2015 – U.S. NRC grants Edwin I. Hatch Nuclear Plant, Unit 2, permission to use HDPE in the Plant Service Water System.[11]
  • 2015 –The use of Polyethylene Plastic Pipe for Class 3 applications is incorporated into Mandatory Appendix XXVI of ASME Section III.[12]
  • 2017 – U.S. NRC rejects Code Case N-755-1 for generic use due to ongoing unresolved issues.[13]

ASME Boiler & Pressure Vessel Code Sections for HDPE

ASME B&PV Code Section III – Rules for Construction of Nuclear Facility Components[12]

  • Appendix XXVI – Rules for Construction of Class 3 Buried Polyethylene Pressure Piping
    • Article XXVI-1000: General Requirements
    • Article XXVI-2000: Materials
    • Article XXVI-3000: Design
    • Article XXVI-4000: Fabrication and Installation
    • Article XXVI-5000: Examination
    • Article XXVI-6000: Testing
    • Article XXVI-7000: Overpressure Protection
    • Article XXVI-8000: Nameplates, Stamping, and Reports
    • Article XXVI-9000: Glossary
    • Mandatory Supplements I – III
    • Non-mandatory Supplements A - D

ASME B&PV Code Section IX – Welding, Brazing, and Fusing Qualifications

  • Part QF – Plastic Fusing
    • Article XXI – Plastic Fusing General Requirements
    • Article XXII – Fusing Procedure Qualifications

Application

The use of HDPE in U.S. nuclear power plants is currently limited to PE4710 material since this was the material first identified in Code Case N-755 and approved by the U.S. NRC.  Code Case N-755 and the 2015 Edition of ASME B&PV Code, Section III, Appendix XXVI are limited to butt fusion (i.e. hot plate welding) only. Electrofusion is included in the 2017 Edition of the ASME B&PV Code, Section III, Appendix XXVI.  Both N-755 and Appendix XXVI limit the use of HDPE to Class 3 piping systems.[12][8]

Required Examination and Testing

All welds made with either hot plate welding or electrofusion welding are required to be visually inspected and have a hydrostatic pressure test. All joints in pipe 4 inches and large must have 100% volumetric non-destructive examination (NDE) performed. The volumetric NDE may be either ultrasonic examination or microwave examination.[6]

Benefits

The steel piping used in service water systems at nuclear power plants are often subjected to various forms of degradation including general corrosion, microbiological induced corrosion, tuberculation, and galvanic corrosion.  HDPE is typically impervious to these forms of degradation.  Additionally, nuclear power plants typically have robust seismic requirements and HDPE is very flexible which increases its ability to survive an earthquake.[14][15]

Challenges

The use of HDPE in nuclear power plants requires extensive qualification and testing efforts to demonstrate that the material is safe under all design basis conditions.  The U.S. NRC has raised concerns in the past with the use of HDPE related to butt fusion joint integrity, the ability to detect flaws in joints, and the potential for slow crack growth. This has prevented the NRC from generically approving the use of HDPE.[13][7]  Nuclear Power plants can still request approval from the U.S. NRC on a case-by-case basis (i.e., relief request). 

Current Status of U.S. NRC Approval

The NRC has reviewed the 2015 and 2017 Editions of the ASME B&PV Code and is proposing acceptance and incorporation into 10CFR50.55a with the following five conditions related to the use of HDPE:[16]

  1. Butt fusion - Standardized Fusion Procedure Specifications cannot be used. A new Fusion Procedure Specification is required to be qualified for any change in the essential variables. Additionally, the following essential variables must be added to the ten current essential variables:
    • Diameter
    • Cross-sectional area (currently a nonessential variable)
    • Ambient temperature
    • Fusion machine carriage model
  2. Butt fusion - Procedure qualification requires both bend testing and high-speed tensile impact testing. Section IX, QF-202.2.1 currently only requires sustained pressure testing and high-speed tensile impact testing.
  3. Electrofusion - Standardized Fusion Procedure Specifications cannot be used. A new Fusion Procedure Specification is required to be qualified for any change in the essential variables. Additionally, the following essential variables must be added to the twelve current essential variables:
    • Fitting polyethylene material
    • Pipe wall thickness (currently a nonessential variable)
    • Power supply (currently a nonessential variable)
    • Processor (currently a nonessential variable)
  4. Electrofusion - Procedure qualification requires both crush testing and bend testing. Section IX, Table QF-202.2.2 currently only requires either crush testing or bend testing depending on the pipe size and other conditions. This is in addition to sustained pressure testing, and quick burst pressure testing and others.
  5. Electrofusion - Saddle fittings cannot be used. All fittings must be 360 degree (i.e., seamless).

References

1. ^1 {{Cite web|url=https://www.nrc.gov/reading-rm/doc-collections/cfr/part050/part050-0055a.html|title=NRC: 10 CFR 50.55a Codes and standards.|website=www.nrc.gov|access-date=2019-02-16}}
2. ^{{Cite book|title=An International Code - 2010 ASME Boiler & Pressure Vessel Code Section III Rules for Construction of Nuclear Facility Components - Division 1|last=|first=|publisher=ASME|year=July 1, 2010|isbn=|location=|pages=}}
3. ^{{Cite book|title=An International Code - 2010 ASME Boiler & Pressure Vessel Code Section II Materials, Part D.|last=|first=|publisher=ASME|year=July 1, 2010|isbn=|location=|pages=}}
4. ^1 {{Cite web|url=https://www.nrc.gov/docs/ML0831/ML083100288.pdf|title=CALLAWAY PLANT, UNIT 1 -RELIEF REQUEST 13R-10 APPROVED ON OCTOBER 31, 2008 FOR THIRD 10-YEAR INSERVICE INSPECTION INTERVAL - USE OF POLYETHYLENE PIPE IN LIEU OF CARBON STEEL PIPE IN BURIED ESSENTIAL SERVICE WATER PIPING SYSTEM (TAC NO. MD6792)|last=Markley|first=Michael|date=2008-11-08|website=www.nrc.gov|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=2019-02-16}}
5. ^{{Cite book|title=An International Code - 1963 ASME Boiler & Pressure Vessel Code Section III Rules for Construction of Nuclear Vessels.|last=|first=|publisher=ASME|year=1963|isbn=|location=|pages=}}
6. ^1 {{Cite book|title=An International Code - ASME Boiler & Pressure Vessel Code – Code Cases|last=|first=|publisher=ASME|year=2007|isbn=|location=|pages=}}
7. ^1 {{Cite web|url=https://www.nrc.gov/docs/ML0912/ML091240156.pdf|title=CATAWBA NUCLEAR STATION, UNITS 1 AND 2, RELIEF 06-CN-003 FOR USE OF POLYETHYLENE MATERIAL IN BURIED SERVICE WATER PIPING (TAC NOS. ME0234 AND ME0235)|last=Wong|first=Melanie|date=2009-05-27|website=www.nrc.gov|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=2019-02-15}}
8. ^1 {{Cite book|title=An International Code - 2010 ASME Boiler & Pressure Vessel Code – Code Cases|last=|first=|publisher=ASME|year=July 1, 2010|isbn=|location=|pages=}}
9. ^{{Cite book|title=An International Code - 2013 ASME Boiler & Pressure Vessel Code – Code Cases|last=|first=|publisher=ASME|year=July 1, 2013|isbn=|location=|pages=}}
10. ^{{Cite web|url=https://www.nrc.gov/docs/ML1335/ML13350A001.pdf|title=Regulatory Guide 1.193 ASME Code Cases Not Approved for Use, Revision 4|last=|first=|date=August 2014|website=www.nrc.gov|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=2019-02-15}}
11. ^{{Cite web|url=https://www.nrc.gov/docs/ML1533/ML15337A414.pdf|title=EDWIN I. HATCH NUCLEAR PLANT, UNIT 2, ALTERNATIVE HNP-ISl-ALTHDPE-01 FOR USE OF HIGH DENSITY POLYETHYLENE IN PLANT SERVICE WATER PIPING (TAC MF6712)|last=Markley|first=Michael|date=2015-12-21|website=www.nrc.gov|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=2019-02-15}}
12. ^1 2 3 {{Cite book|title=An International Code - 2015 ASME Boiler & Pressure Vessel Code Section III Rules for Construction of Nuclear Facility Components - Division 1|last=|first=|publisher=ASME|year=July 1, 2015|isbn=|location=|pages=}}
13. ^1 {{Cite web|url=https://www.nrc.gov/docs/ML1632/ML16321A338.pdf|title=Regulatory Guide 1.193 ASME Code Cases Not Approved for Use, Revision 5|last=|first=|date=August 2017|website=www.nrc.gov|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=2019-02-15}}
14. ^{{Cite web|url=https://www.nrc.gov/public-involve/conference-symposia/ric/past/2010/slides/th22manolykpv.pdf|title=Buried High Density Polyethylene Pipe|last=Manoly|first=Kamal|date=2010-03-11|website=www.nrc.gov|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=2019-02-15}}
15. ^{{Cite web|url=https://www.nrc.gov/docs/ML0203/ML020380236.pdf|title=REQUEST FOR ADDITIONAL INFORMATION FOR THE REVIEW OF THE PEACH BOTTOM ATOMIC POWER STATION, UNITS 2 AND 3|last=Anand|first=Raj|date=2002-02-26|website=www.nrc.gov|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=2019-02-15}}
16. ^{{Cite web|url=https://www.federalregister.gov/documents/2018/11/09/2018-24076/american-society-of-mechanical-engineers-2015-2017-code-editions-incorporation-by-reference|title=American Society of Mechanical Engineers 2015-2017 Code Editions Incorporation by Reference|last=|first=|date=2018-11-09|website=www.federalregister.gov|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=2019-02-23}}

2 : Plastics applications|Nuclear power stations
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