词条 | Vaga (Tunisia) |
释义 |
The origins of the city and the Phonetician ruleLittle is known about the date of the foundation of Vaga, but it's sure that it was before the foundation of Carthage.[2] The place of the current city was inhabited by Berber tribes, notably the Avrigha tribe, and when the Phoenicians started building trading posts through the country cities, Vaga was one of them. After that, Carthage, and to strengthen its presence in the region, fortified the city with fortress and put a garrison in it.[3] Vaga through the First and Second Punic WarsThe city played an important role in the First Punic War and that's because of its strong fortifications that stopped the Roman consul and general Marcus Atilius Regulus from his march of the victories over the Carthaginian cities in the region, this failure was without doubt a decisive factor in the refraction of the Africa campaign that Regulus led and later his capturing. Although this, Carthage lost the war.[4] The loyalty of Vaga to Carthage continued during the Second Punic War, as in 218 BC the city sent a strong contingent to the army of Hannibal in Iberia to help him in his preparations to invade Italy. And in 201 BC, Vaga resisted an attack from the Numidian king Massinissa who was on his route Carthage to join the troops of Scipio Africanus.[5]
The Third Punic WarIn 146 BC, the Third Punic War ends, Carthage is put under fire by the Roman general Scipio Aemilianus. The ancient Carthaginian territories become the Roman province of Africa, and Vaga fall finally in hands the Numidian Kingdom, since it was before a de jure Numidian territory and now it's officially under the Numidian rule. Vaga before and during the Jugurthine WarVaga, city of Roman influence and Jugurthine affiliationThe Roman influenceYet the city was in the hands of the Numidians, Vaga still had some independence but under the surveillance of the Roman consuls who controls Carthage. After the period of peace that followed the Third Punic War and the annihilation of the Carthaginian power, Rome began a campaign of peaceful assimilation of her new province of Africa and its environs, within her methods in this assimilation was sending colons an even merchants to implant the Roman civilization and the usage of the Latin language in the African sol. Vaga was one of the targets, where much colons and merchants settled in it, increasing by that the number of Roman citizens living in the city.[6] Vaga: Capital of JugurthaIn 118 BC, Micipsa, the king of Numidia and son of Massinissa died, the Kingdom was shared by its two sons Hiempsal, Adherbal and their half-brother Jugurtha.
The Jugurthine War and the fall to the Romans{{Main|Jugurthine War}}The army of Jugurtha wasn't ready to face the mighty Roman Army, so he used his gold to bribe the Roman consul Lucius Calpurnius Bestia who signed a peace agreement with the Numidian king in 111 BC, he even sent his quaestor Sextius as an hostage to Vaga.[7]
The massacre of the Roman garrison and the destruction of the cityThe nobles of Vaga have agreed with Jugurtha to kill all the Roman soldiers who were in the city and mad a plan for this operation, the massacre will be at famous festival night in Africa. At the night of the festival all the military tribunes and commanders were invited to the feast, all them were killed except one, Titus Turpilius Silanus, who will later be executed for treason, the soldiers who were sauntering through the city armless were also massacred,[8] some of the soldiers tried to escape to citadel to protect themselves but they found an enemy troop waiting for them, even the women and kids participated in attacking the Roman soldiers through rocks; all the garrison was massacred.[9] Consul Metellus who was at that time in Hippo Diarrhytus (Bizerte), was shocked by the news coming from Vaga didn't let anyone see him for days, and then he decided to avenge his soldiers, he took a legion and the very possible of Numidian cavalry and take route to Vaga. At his approaching to the town, the inhabitants closed the gates thinking it was the army of Metellus, which was true, but seeing the Numidian horse at the front of the army they thought that the army was, in fact, Numidian, opening the doors, some of the townspeople went out to meet them,[10] at that point Metellus gave the sign to the cavalry and infantry to encircle the crowd and to massacre them, the rest of inhabitants who remained inside the city took positions at the doors and towers to defend her. After three days of resistance, the city fell; the adult males were killed, the rest sold into slavery and the town burned.[11]{{quote|Everything, in this great and rich city, was delivered to the massacre and pillage.|Gaius Sallustius Crispus|Bellum Iugurthinum}} The revival of the city under Roman dominanceIn 46 BC and after the defeat of Jugurtha, Rome recommence its campaign of expansion in the African sole, and which was known as the Eastern Numidia or Massylii becomes the Roman province of Africa Nova, Vaga due to its strategic position received a permanent garrison and become part of the newly formed province.
And in 105 BC under the rule the Emperor Trajan, the Romans began the building of the bridge near Vaga, the constructions lasted nearly 25 years and event ended only under the reign of Emperor Hadrian and which become known as the Trajan bridge.
The Vandal destruction and the transform to TheodoriasThe Vandal attackThe Vandals in 429 and under the leadership of Genseric stormed the Roman province of Africa and made it in 435 as their new kingdom, in their route they destroyed several cities, within them Vaga which was devastated. In 442, the Western Roman Emperor Valentinian III made peace with the Vandals giving them the land between the sea and the three cities of Theveste, Sicca Veneria and Vaga. And in 448 destroyed Genseric the fortifications of the city and dismantled its castle. Theodorias{{Main|Vandalic War}}In 533, has the Eastern Roman Emperor Justinian I restored Africa as a Roman province and put an end to the Vandalic rule, and with that Vaga became a flourishing town again, as the Emperor charged the Count Paulus to leads the works to restore the fortress of the city back. But the Emperor didn't only rebuilt the castle, but he also rebuilt the entire city which was ruined by the Vandal rule, and he enlarged, embellished and repopulate the city like it was before, and to be grateful for his actions, the townspeople had renamed their city after the Empress Theodora, Theodorias.[12] {{Commons category|Kasbah of Béja}}Diocese of VagaThe city of Vaga held one of the most important dioceses of the Africa province, and gave many famous bishops, from them we can note
The ancient Christian basilica, restored under Valentinian and Valens is today the principal mosque of Baja.[17] Titular see of VagaThe ancient bishopric passed through the Roman Empire, the arian Vandal and Orthodox Byzantine empires, only ceasing to function with the Muslim conquest of the Maghreb. The diocese was refounded in name at least in the 20th century, as a titular see of the Roman Catholic Church.[18]
References1. ^(french) La Nouvelle église de Béja - Abbé NEU {{coord|36.7333|N|9.1833|E|source:wikidata|display=title}}2. ^Leo Africanus - Description of Africa 3. ^(French) La Nouvelle église de Béja - Abbé NEU 4. ^(French) La Nouvelle église de Béja - Abbé NEU 5. ^(french) La Nouvelle église de Béja - Abbé NEU 6. ^Sallust - Bellum Iugurthinum XLVII 7. ^Sallust - Bellum Iugurthinum XXIX 8. ^Sallust - Bellum Iugurthinum LXVI 9. ^Sallust - Bellum Iugurthinum LXVII 10. ^Swords Against The Senate: The Rise Of The Roman Army And The Fall Of The Republic by Erik Hildinger pages 91 and 92 ({{ISBN|9780306812798}}) 11. ^Sallust - Bellum Iugurthinum LXIX 12. ^Catholic Encyclopedia - Vaga 13. ^{{Cite news|url=http://nominis.cef.fr/contenus/saint/11308/Saint-Libosus.html|title=Saint Libosus|access-date=2018-02-01}} 14. ^Both these bishops were Catholic, but Primulus had been a Donatist, who having returned to Catholicism was permitted to remained bishop conjointly with Ampelius. 15. ^The Catholic Encyclopedia - Vaga. 16. ^Titular Episcopal See of Vaga at GCatholic.org. 17. ^Vaga The Catholic Encyclopedia 18. ^Titular Episcopal See of Vaga at GCatholic.org. 19. ^{{Cite web|url=http://www.catholic-hierarchy.org/diocese/d2v04.html|title=Vaga (Titular See) [Catholic-Hierarchy]|last=Cheney|first=David M.|website=www.catholic-hierarchy.org|access-date=2018-02-01}} 7 : Phoenician colonies in Africa|Catholic titular sees in Africa|Former Roman Catholic dioceses in Africa|Roman sites in Tunisia|Ancient Berber cities|Populated places established in the 10th century BC|Roman towns and cities in Algeria |
随便看 |
|
开放百科全书收录14589846条英语、德语、日语等多语种百科知识,基本涵盖了大多数领域的百科知识,是一部内容自由、开放的电子版国际百科全书。