| 词条 | Valle de los Ríos Apurímac, Ene y Mantaro |
| 释义 |
The Valle de los Ríos Apurímac, Ene y Mantaro ("valley of the Apurímac, Ene and Mantaro rivers"), also known as the VRAEM or VRAE, is a geopolitical area in Peru.[1] It is one of the major areas of coca-growing in Peru.[2] The area is extremely poor.[2] The VRAEM is an area of such high childhood malnutrition and poverty that the government of Peru selected the VRAEM to launch its National Strategy for Growth program in 2007.[3] Cocaine productionSince 2012, Peru has overtaken Colombia as the world's largest cocaine-producing country.[4][6] With local incomes below $10/day, and the natives having suffered from the Shining Path rebels, the valleys are used to produce raw paste product.[6][8] With an estimated {{convert|19700|hectare}} of production area (2010), it is presently the world's densest area of cocaine production.[1][5] Paste product is shipped out of the valleys by armed native backpackers to Cuzco,[2][6] and then onward shipped to either: the Pacific Ocean ports; the Bolivian border, where it is sold to one of the drug cartels; or to mule-traffickers who ship the product onwards via scheduled air transport to Europe and North America.[6][5] References1. ^1 {{cite news|title=Slaves of the past|url=https://www.economist.com/news/americas/21660158-shining-path-has-not-quite-been-extinguished-slaves-past|accessdate=3 August 2015|work=The Economist|date=1 August 2015}} 2. ^1 2 {{Cite web|title = The Mochileros|url = https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/resources/idt-07eeeebb-d450-4e4b-98d4-755369be7855|accessdate = 2015-11-24|publisher = BBC News|last = Pressly|first = Linda|date = 24 November 2015}} 3. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.crecer.gob.pe/noticias/201207-vrae.html |title=Crecer ya está en el VRAE |last1= |first1= |last2= |first2= |date=21 December 2007 |work= |publisher=Comisión Interministerial de Asuntos Sociales |accessdate=14 November 2009 }} 4. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.unodc.org/pdf/andean/Andean_report_Part5.pdf |title=Part 5. Peru Coca Cultivation Survey |last1= |first1= |last2= |first2= |date= |work=Peru Coca Survey for 2005 |publisher=United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime |accessdate=14 November 2009 }} 5. ^1 2 {{Cite web|title = Peru's challenge to tackle cocaine trade|url = https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-latin-america-13875321|website = BBC News|accessdate = 2015-11-26|first = Dan|last = Collyns|first2 = |last2 = |date = 23 June 2011}} 6. ^1 2 3 {{cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/aponline/2015/05/07/world/americas/ap-lt-peru-cocaine-backpackers.html?_r=0 |accessdate=November 24, 2015 }}{{dead link|date=May 2016|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}} See also
3 : Geography of Peru|Cocaine|Poverty in Peru |
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