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词条 Vaxxed
释义

  1. Background

  2. Narrative

  3. Premiere and distribution

  4. Reception

  5. See also

  6. References

  7. External links

{{pp-semi-indef}}{{Use mdy dates|date=April 2016}}{{Use American English|date=March 2016}}{{Infobox film
| name = Vaxxed
| image = Vaxxed poster.jpg
| alt =
| caption = Film poster
| film name =
| director = Andrew Wakefield
| producer = Del Bigtree
| writers = Andrew Wakefield
Del Bigtree
| screenplay =
| story =
| based on =
| starring =
| narrator =
| music =
| cinematography =
| editing =
| studio =
| distributor = Cinema Libre Studio
| released = {{film date|2016|04|01}}
| runtime = 91 minutes
| country = United States
| language = English
| budget =
| gross =
}}Vaxxed: From Cover-Up to Catastrophe is a 2016 American pseudoscience documentary film alleging a cover-up by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) of a purported link between the MMR vaccine and autism.[1][1] According to Variety, the film "purports to investigate the claims of a senior scientist at the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention who revealed that the CDC had allegedly manipulated and destroyed data on an important study about autism and the MMR vaccine";[3] critics derided Vaxxed as an anti-vaccine propaganda film.[2][3][4][5]

The film was directed by discredited anti-vaccine activist Andrew Wakefield, who was struck off the medical register in the United Kingdom in 2010 due to ethical violations related to his fraudulent research into the role of vaccines in autism.[1][6][7][8] It was scheduled to premiere at the 2016 Tribeca Film Festival but was withdrawn by the festival.[9] In reviewing the film, Indiewire said that "Wakefield doesn't just have a dog in this fight; he is the dog".[10]

Background

{{further|MMR vaccine controversy}}

In 1998 Wakefield and 12 other authors published a study in The Lancet suggesting that the MMR vaccine caused autism. In 2010 the study was retracted, and Wakefield was struck off the medical register in the United Kingdom due to "ethical violations and a failure to disclose financial conflicts of interest" and for his invention of evidence linking the MMR vaccine to autism.[11][12][13][14] A substantial body of subsequent research has established that there is no link between the MMR vaccine and autism.[15][16][17] Wakefield went on to become a leader in the anti-vaccination movement that his discredited study helped create.[18]

Del Bigtree, a producer of Vaxxed, was formerly a producer of The Doctors, an American medical advice talk show.[22] The British Medical Journal conducted a study on The Doctors and The Dr. Oz Show and concluded with this warning about the shows: "Consumers should be skeptical about any recommendations provided ... as details are limited and only a third to one half of recommendations are based on believable or somewhat believable evidence".[19] As with all American medical programmes and medical teleshopping shows, the two programmes carry Food and Drug Administration-required mandatory disclaimers at the end of each episode which state their advice is not a medical endorsement and viewers should consult with a physician based on the advice given.{{Citation needed|date=January 2019}}

The film was produced by Autism Media Channel,[3] of which Wakefield is a director.[20]

Narrative

According to Variety, the film "purports to investigate the claims of a senior scientist at the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention who revealed that the CDC had allegedly manipulated and destroyed data on an important study about autism and the MMR vaccine."[3] The film features the so-called "CDC whistleblower" narrative that is based on anti-vaccination activist[22] and associate professor Brian Hooker's paper describing claims by senior CDC scientist William Thompson that he and his co-authors had omitted mention of a correlation they found between vaccination and autism in African-American boys in a CDC study. However a 2011 IOM report showed that evidence favors rejection of a relationship between the MMR vaccine and autism.[21][22] The film contains edited excerpts of several phone calls between Hooker and Thompson recorded without Thompson's knowledge.[23][24] Hooker's 2014 paper on the narrative was subsequently retracted due to "serious concerns about the validity of its conclusions"[25][26] and in 2015 the CDC had confirmed that any such initial correlation had ceased to exist once they performed a more in-depth analysis of the children in the study.[27]

These sometimes spliced-together[27] unauthorized phone recordings of Thompson, according to the Houston Press, form the "crux of the entire movie ... And ... that's it".[36] On the "CDC whistleblower" narrative, Philip LaRussa, a professor of paediatric medicine at Columbia University Medical Center, said the film-makers "were saying, there's this silver bullet here, and the CDC is hiding it, and no one else has looked at this issue, which is not the case".[37] Thompson does not appear in the film and did not see it before it was released.[18] Thompson had released a statement on the controversy in 2014 which the New York Times discussed in its coverage of Vaxxed; the Times described it as "saying that while he questioned the 2004 study's presentation of some data, he would never advise people not to get vaccinated."[18][28]

Premiere and distribution

The film had been scheduled to premiere at the 2016 Tribeca Film Festival but this was the subject of public outcry and widespread criticism, particularly for allowing Wakefield to distribute his discredited theories.[29][30][31][32] Actor Robert De Niro, who co-founded the festival, initially defended the decision to show the film, writing on Facebook that the film was "very personal" to him due to him having a child with autism,[33] and saying that he hoped the film would open a dialog about the controversy.[33] But shortly before the evening of March 26 De Niro announced that the film would not screen, stating that consultation with other film festival representatives, and members of the scientific community, had led him to conclude that screening the film would not contribute to or further the discussion of the topic presented.[9][34]

After the film was dropped from the Tribeca Film Festival, it was picked up for distribution by Cinema Libre.[35] The film premiered at the Angelika Film Center in New York City on April 1, 2016[36] to an audience of "a few dozen".[37]

In reaction to Cinema Libre's decision to distribute the film, Todd Drezner, the father of an autistic son and creator of a neurodiversity-themed movie that was distributed by Cinema Libre, wrote an open letter to Cinema Libre criticizing Vaxxed and Cinema Libre's decision to distribute it, writing: "By releasing Vaxxed, Cinema Libre is actively harming thousands of autistic people. While we should be discussing ways to best support autistic people and help them lead fulfilling lives, you would instead have us follow a discredited scientist and dishonest filmmaker down a rabbit hole that leads only to long-debunked conspiracy theories. I am profoundly disappointed."[38][39]

The film was given a private screening in Cannes in 2017 while the Cannes Film Festival was underway,[40] and at that time Cinema Libre said that it had earned $1.2 million and that they had signed distribution deals in Italy, Germany, Poland, and China.[41]

Reception

{{over-quotation|section|date=March 2017}}

On review aggregation website Rotten Tomatoes, the film has an approval rating of 38% based on 13 reviews, and an average rating of 4.3/10.[42]

{{quote box
|quote =In his film debut, Wakefield has cast himself as the victim of a massive conspiracy to hide the truth ... What drove Wakefield from being a respected researcher to a conspiracy theorist?|source= —Paul Offit in The Hollywood Reporter.[43]
|width = 30%
|align = right
}}

Documentary director Penny Lane stated:

{{quote|Issues around truth and ethics in documentary can get thorny. But this one is easy. This film is not some sort of disinterested investigation into the 'vaccines cause autism' hoax; this film is directed by the person who perpetuated the hoax.[44]}}

A review by the health and science news-site Medical Daily states:

{{quote|[Vaxxed] doesn't care about convincing its audience with evidence. Instead, Wakefield, Hooker, and producer Del Bigtree run the viewer through a well-trod gauntlet of emotional pleas, context-free statistics ... and shadowy conspiracies, with Bigtree claiming that "all of television" has been bought out by the pharmaceutical industry.|Ed Cara, the Medical Daily.[27]}}

Independent film news-site Indiewire says:

{{quote|Wakefield's by-the-numbers approach to didactic storytelling relies on tons of random factoids positioned out of context to drive home his agenda. An end credit declares that "every seven minutes, a child in the U.S. is diagnosed with autism," the kind of tenuous data set that passes for hard evidence in Wakefield's bizarro universe.|Eric Kohn, Indiewire.[2]}}

Variety magazine describes the film as a "slickly produced but scientifically dubious hodgepodge of free-floating paranoia" and warns of its:

{{quote|anti-Big Pharma conspiracy mongering ... [which] too often resembles the kind of one-sided, paranoia-stoking agitprop that political activists construct to sanctify true believers and assault infidels. [Vaxxed] should be taken with several grains of industrial-strength salt.|Joe Leydon, Film Critic Variety.[45]}}

Mick LaSalle of the San Francisco Chronicle wrote:

{{quote|The vast majority of people who see this film will not have the scientific knowledge to assess the film's veracity. But it's fair to say that the documentary, though characterized as antivaccination, isn't quite that. The point of view is more nuanced. It's against the vaccination of children ages 2 and younger. And it's particularly against the MMR — that is, the giving of three vaccines at once ... it's a passionate advocate for its viewpoint, and that makes for compelling viewing. ... Of course, it's possible that the children would have developed autism anyway, and that one event didn't cause the other. But the parents presented here are convinced otherwise.[46]}}

Pediatrician Philip LaRussa wrote that "Wakefield's film acts as if his research had not been revealed as fraudulent":

{{quote|[Wakefield] didn't mention the fact that he lost his license in Great Britain, he didn't mention the fact that [11] of his co-authors withdrew their names from his paper. He didn't mention the fact that there was a series of investigative articles by [Sunday Times journalist] Brian Deer. None of that existed in this film.|Vaxxed: an expert view on controversial film about vaccines and autism.[47]}}

The Houston Press described the film as a "tragic fraud",[48] noting:

{{quote|The Booker, Wakefield and Bigtree segments are spliced with testimonials from parents describing their own ordeals with late-onset autism, which only points to another insidious aspect of Wakefield's fraud. These interviews are heartbreaking. There may be few tragedies as great as a parent watching a child's future rapidly contract. But it's another tragedy altogether to give these desperate mothers and fathers this straw at which to grasp.|Pete Vonder Haar, Houston Press.[48]}}

David Gorski calls the film's 'CDC whistleblower' affair "the central conspiracy theory of the antivaccine movement" and in response asks:

{{quote|... How on earth did this documentary full of antivaccine lies ... get into Tribeca?|David H. Gorski, Oncologist & scientific watchdog|The LA Times.[12]}}

The Age newspaper critiques Wakefield's film Vaxxed: From Cover-Up to Catastrophe and states:

{{quote|It's not a stretch to say that the title of this new film could well describe the shenanigans of Wakefield himself in the late `90s – the cover-up being the secret contract with lawyers who paid him to construct a case against the MMR, and the catastrophe, of course, the worldwide slump in vaccination ... There is something profoundly ironic about Wakefield pointing to the commercial interests of the pharmaceutical industry or accusing the CDC of data manipulation when you consider his own undisclosed financial interests behind the 1998 Lancet study and his role in what has been called one of the most flagrant frauds in medical history.|Sarah Gill, The Age, Melbourne Australia.[6]}}

See also

  • Big Pharma conspiracy theory
  • Vaccine controversies
  • Vaccine injury
  • Science Moms

References

1. ^{{cite news |url=http://nymag.com/thecut/2016/03/tribeca-film-festival-anti-vaxx.html/ |title=Why Is an Anti-Vaccine Documentary by a Proven Quack Being Taken Seriously? |author=June, Laura |date=March 22, 2016 |work=New York Magazine |accessdate=April 1, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160331042100/http://nymag.com/thecut/2016/03/tribeca-film-festival-anti-vaxx.html |archive-date=March 31, 2016 |dead-url=yes |df=mdy-all }}
2. ^1 {{Cite web |url=http://www.indiewire.com/article/vaxxed-from-cover-up-to-catastrophe-is-designed-to-trick-you-review-20160401 |title='Vaxxed: From Cover-Up to Catastrophe' is Designed to Trick You (Review) |last=Kohn |first=Eric |date=April 1, 2016 |website=Indiewire |access-date=April 3, 2016 }}
3. ^{{cite news |url=http://www.aftenposten.no/meninger/kommentarer/Robert-De-Niro-har-gjort-seg-til-vaksinemotstandernes-nyttige-idiot--Ingeborg-Senneset-8407950.html |title=Robert De Niro har gjort seg til vaksinemotstandernes nyttige idiot |author=Senneset, Ingeborg |date=March 28, 2016 |work=Aftenposten (Norway) |accessdate=April 22, 2016}}
4. ^{{cite news |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/kavinsenapathy/2016/03/28/no-andrew-wakefield-youre-not-being-censored-and-you-dont-deserve-due-process/#7cf2b545225d |title=No Andrew Wakefield, You're Not Being Censored And You Don't Deserve Due Process |author=Senapathy, Kavin |date=March 28, 2016 |work=Forbes |accessdate=April 22, 2016}}
5. ^{{cite web |url=http://scienceblogs.com/insolence/2016/03/25/mystery-solved-it-was-robert-de-niro-who-got-andrew-wakefields-antivaccine-film-selected-by-the-tribeca-film-festival/ |title=Mystery solved: It was Robert De Niro who got Andrew Wakefield's antivaccine propaganda film selected for screening at the Tribeca Film Festival |date=March 25, 2016 |website=Respectful Insolence |author=Gorski, David (Orac) |accessdate=April 2, 2016}}
6. ^1 {{cite news |url=http://www.theage.com.au/comment/antiimmunisation-movie-vaxxed-is-a-platform-for-its-maker-not-its-message-20160425-goetem.html |title=Anti-immunisation movie Vaxxed is a platform for its maker, not its message |author=Gill, Sarah |date=April 27, 2016 |work=The Age (Vic. Australia) |accessdate=April 27, 2016}}
7. ^{{cite news |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424052748704022804575041544115791952 |title=The Lancet's Vaccine Retraction |date=February 3, 2010 |work=The Wall Street Journal |author=. |accessdate=April 4, 2016 |subscription=yes}}
8. ^{{cite web |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/health/8695267.stm |date=May 24, 2010 |title=MMR doctor struck from register |last=Triggle |first=Nick |website=BBC}}
9. ^1 {{cite news |url=http://www.ew.com/article/2016/03/26/tribeca-film-festival-vaxxed-pulled-schedule |title=Tribeca Film Festival: Vaxxed pulled from schedule |last=Rosen |first=Christopher |date=March 26, 2016 |work=Entertainment Weekly |accessdate=March 26, 2016}}
10. ^‘Vaxxed: From Cover-Up to Catastrophe’ is Designed to Trick You (Review), Indiewire
11. ^1 2 {{cite web |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/03/26/health/vaccines-autism-robert-de-niro-tribeca-film-festival-andrew-wakefield-vaxxed.html |title=Robert De Niro Defends Screening of Anti-Vaccine Film at Tribeca Festival |author1=Belluck, Pam |author2=Ryzik, Melena |date=March 25, 2016 |work=New York Times |access-date=March 25, 2016 }}
12. ^1 {{cite news |url=http://www.latimes.com/business/hiltzik/la-fi-hiltzik-tribeca-vaccine-20160323-snap-htmlstory.html |title=Column: How Robert De Niro's Tribeca Film Festival sold out to anti-vaccine crackpots [UPDATED] |last=Hiltzik |first=Michael |date=March 25, 2016 |work=Los Angeles Times |accessdate=March 26, 2016}}
13. ^{{Cite news | url=https://www.theguardian.com/society/2010/may/24/andrew-wakefield-struck-off-gmc | title=Andrew Wakefield struck off register by General Medical Council| newspaper=The Guardian| date=2010-05-24| last1=Boseley| first1=Sarah| last2=Editor| first2=Health}}
14. ^{{Cite news | url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/health/8695267.stm | title=MMR doctor struck from register| date=2010-05-24}}
15. ^{{cite journal |vauthors=Demicheli V, Rivetti A, Debalini MG, Di Pietrantonj C |title=Vaccines for measles, mumps and rubella in children |journal=Cochrane Database Syst Rev |volume=2 |issue=2 |pages=CD004407 |date=February 2012 |pmid=22336803 |doi=10.1002/14651858.CD004407.pub3}}
16. ^{{cite journal |authors=Taylor LE, Swerdfeger AL, Eslick GD |title=Vaccines are not associated with autism: an evidence-based meta-analysis of case-control and cohort studies |journal=Vaccine |volume=32 |issue=29 |pages=3623–9 |date=June 2014 |pmid=24814559 |doi=10.1016/j.vaccine.2014.04.085}}
17. ^{{cite journal |vauthors=Maglione MA, Das L, Raaen L, etal |title=Safety of vaccines used for routine immunization of U.S. children: a systematic review |journal=Pediatrics |volume=134 |issue=2 |pages=325–37 |date=August 2014 |pmid=25086160 |doi=10.1542/peds.2014-1079 }}
18. ^1 2 {{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/03/31/movies/pulled-from-tribeca-film-festival-vaccination-film-vaxxed-will-run-in-theater.html |title=Pulled From Festival, Anti-Vaccination Film Will Run in Theater |author=Ryzik, Melena |date=March 30, 2016 |work=New York Times |accessdate=April 12, 2016}}
19. ^{{cite journal |last=Koronyk |first=C. |date=December 17, 2014 |title=Televised medical talk shows-what they recommend and the evidence to support their recommendations: a prospective observational study |url=http://www.bmj.com/content/349/bmj.g7346| journal=The British Medical Journal |volume=349 |pages=g7346 |doi=10.1136/bmj.g7346 |pmid=25520234 |pmc=4269523 |accessdate=March 3, 2016|display-authors=etal}}
20. ^{{cite news |author=Hannaford, Alex |work=The Guardian |date=April 2, 2013 |url=https://www.theguardian.com/society/2013/apr/06/what-happened-man-mmr-panic |title=Andrew Wakefield: autism inc |accessdate=April 4, 2016}}
21. ^{{cite web|url=http://nationalacademies.org/HMD/Reports/2011/Adverse-Effects-of-Vaccines-Evidence-and-Causality.aspx|title=Adverse Effects of Vaccines: Evidence and Causality : Health and Medicine Division|website=nationalacademies.org}}
22. ^{{cite web|title=TABLE: Summary of Causality Conclusions|url=http://nationalacademies.org/hmd/~/media/Files/Report%20Files/2011/Adverse-Effects-of-Vaccines-Evidence-and-Causality/summary2.pdf|website=Nationalacademies.org|publisher=National Academies|accessdate=19 November 2017}}
23. ^1 2 {{Cite news |url=http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/review/vaxxed-cover-up-catastrophe-film-879960 |title='Vaxxed: From Cover-Up to Catastrophe': Film Review |author=Scheck, Frank |date=April 1, 2016 |work=The Hollywood Reporter |access-date=April 3, 2016}}
24. ^{{cite news |url=https://www.statnews.com/2016/04/01/vaxxed-autism-movie-review/ |title=We watched the movie 'Vaxxed' so you don't have to |date=April 1, 2016 |work=Stat News |author=Robins, Rebecca |accessdate=April 2, 2016}}
25. ^{{cite web |url=http://retractionwatch.com/2014/08/27/journal-takes-down-autism-vaccine-paper-pending-investigation/ |title=Journal takes down autism-vaccine paper pending investigation |date=August 27, 2014 |author=. |work=Retraction Watch |accessdate=March 28, 2016}}
26. ^{{cite news |url=http://time.com/3222008/paper-questioning-cdc-autism-study-retracted/ |title=Journal Retracts Paper that Questioned CDC Autism Study |author=Park, Alice |date=August 29, 2014 |work=Time |accessdate=March 28, 2016}}
27. ^1 2 {{cite news |url=http://www.medicaldaily.com/vaxxed-andrew-wakefield-anti-vaccination-380555 |title=Controversial Documentary 'Vaxxed' Premiered In NYC This Weekend; We Decided To See It |work=Medical Daily |last=Cara, Ed |date=April 4, 2016 |accessdate=April 4, 2016}}
28. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.morganverkamp.com/august-27-2014-press-release-statement-of-william-w-thompson-ph-d-regarding-the-2004-article-examining-the-possibility-of-a-relationship-between-mmr-vaccine-and-autism/ |title=Press Release, Statement of William W. Thompson, Ph.D., Regarding the 2004 Article Examining the Possibility of a Relationship Between MMR Vaccine and Autism |author=Thompson, William W. |date=August 27, 2014 |work=Morgan Verkamp LLC |accessdate=April 26, 2016 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140828211540/http://www.morganverkamp.com/august-27-2014-press-release-statement-of-william-w-thompson-ph-d-regarding-the-2004-article-examining-the-possibility-of-a-relationship-between-mmr-vaccine-and-autism/ |archivedate=August 28, 2014}}
29. ^{{cite news |url=https://www.theverge.com/2016/3/25/11306458/tribeca-film-festival-anti-vaccine-documentary-robert-deniro |title=The Tribeca Film Festival is screening an anti-vaccine documentary |last=Alessandra |first=Potenza |date=March 25, 2016 |work=The Verge |accessdate=March 26, 2016 }}
30. ^{{cite web |url=http://jezebel.com/robert-de-niro-defends-anti-vax-film-screening-at-tribe-1767104869 |title=Robert De Niro Defends Anti-Vax Film Screening at Tribeca; Says It Will Allow for 'Conversation' |last=Merlan |first=Annie |date=March 25, 2016 |work=Jezebel |accessdate=March 26, 2016 }}
31. ^{{cite news |author =Haelle T|authorlink=Tara Haelle|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/tarahaelle/2016/03/25/robert-deniro-just-broke-my-heart/#55b2f48b3539|title=Robert DeNiro Just Broke My Heart |date=March 25, 2016 |work=Forbes |accessdate=March 26, 2016 }}
32. ^{{cite news |url=http://filmmakermagazine.com/97862-an-open-letter-to-the-tribeca-film-festival-about-vaxxed/ |title=An Open Letter to the Tribeca Film Festival about Vaxxed |last=Lane |first=Penny |date=March 24, 2016 |work=Filmmaker |accessdate=March 26, 2016 }}
33. ^1 {{cite news |last1=Tarkan |first1=Laurie |title=Why Robert De Niro Promoted - then Pulled - Anti-Vaccine Documentary |url=http://fortune.com/2016/03/29/robert-de-niro-anti-vaccine-documentary/ |work=Fortune |date=March 29, 2016 |accessdate=March 30, 2016 }}
34. ^{{Cite news |url=http://bigstory.ap.org/article/b596c28b662e4fabbca69e16589ed1a2/de-niros-tribeca-festival-pulls-anti-vaccination-film |title=De Niro's Tribeca festival pulls anti-vaccination film |author=Moody, Nekesa Mumbi |date=March 27, 2016 |work=Associated Press |access-date=March 27, 2016 }}
35. ^1 2 3 {{Cite news |url=https://variety.com/2016/film/news/vaxxed-anti-vaccine-documentary-cinema-libre-1201741603/|title=Controversial Anti-Vaccination Documentary Gets Release From Cinema Libre (EXCLUSIVE) |last=McNary |first=Dave |date=March 29, 2016 |work=Variety |access-date=April 4, 2016}}
36. ^{{cite news |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/anti-vaccination-lunacy-wont-stop-1459721652 |title=Anti-Vaccination Lunacy Won't Stop |author=Lipkin, W. Ian |date=April 3, 2016 |work=The Wall Street Journal |subscription=yes |accessdate=April 4, 2016 }}
37. ^{{cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/society/2016/apr/02/vaxxed-film-premieres-new-york-anti-vaccination |title=Controversial Vaxxed film premieres in New York despite scientists' outcry |date=April 3, 2016 |work=The Guardian |last1=Glenza |first1=Jessica |accessdate=April 3, 2016 }}
38. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.thinkingautismguide.com/2016/03/todd-drezners-open-letter-to-cinema.html|title=Todd Drezner's Open Letter to Cinema Libre Studio Regarding "Vaxxed" |author=Drezner, Todd |date=March 30, 2016 |work=Thinking Person's Guide To Autism |accessdate=April 4, 2016}}
39. ^{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/04/02/nyregion/anti-vaccine-film-pulled-from-tribeca-film-festival-draws-crowd-at-showing.html |title=Anti-Vaccine Film, Pulled From Tribeca Film Festival, Draws Crowd at Showing |author=Ryzik, Melena |date=April 1, 2016 |work=New York Times |accessdate=April 4, 2016}}
40. ^{{cite news|last1=Moody|first1=Oliver|title=Anti-vaccine film Vaxxed will be given Cannes screening|url=https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/anti-vaccine-film-vaxxed-will-be-given-cannes-screening-3phdqm6xv|work=Times of London|date=May 23, 2017|language=en}}
41. ^{{cite news|last1=Siegel|first1=Tatiana|title=Controversial Anti-Vaccine Doc 'Vaxxed' Gets Secret Cannes Screening|url=http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/controversial-anti-vaccine-doc-vaxxed-gets-secret-cannes-screening-1006018|work=The Hollywood Reporter|date=21 May 2017|language=en}}
42. ^{{cite web|title=Vaxxed: From Cover-Up to Catastrophe|url=https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/vaxxed_from_cover_up_to_catastrophe_2016/|publisher=Rotten Tomatoes|accessdate=30 July 2018}}
43. ^{{cite news |title=Anti-Vaccine Doc 'Vaxxed': A Doctor's Film Review |url=http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/anti-vaccine-doc-vaxxed-a-882651 |work=The Hollywood Reporter |date=April 11, 2016 |author=Offit, Paul A. |authorlink1=Paul Offit |accessdate=April 11, 2016}}
44. ^{{cite news |url=http://edition.cnn.com/2016/03/26/entertainment/vaxxed-movie-tribeca-festival-feat/ |title=Robert De Niro pulls anti-vaccine film from Tribeca after controversy |work=CNN |accessdate=March 31, 2016 |date=March 27, 2016 |author=Grinberg, Emanuella}}
45. ^{{cite news |url=https://variety.com/2016/film/reviews/vaxxed-from-cover-up-to-catastrophe-review-1201744442/ |title=Film Review: 'Vaxxed: From Cover-Up to Catastrophe' |work=Variety |accessdate=April 22, 2016 |date=April 3, 2016 |author=Leydon, Joe}}
46. ^{{cite news |url=http://www.sfgate.com/movies/article/Vaxxed-Vaccination-critics-take-their-case-7381710.php |title='Vaxxed': Vaccination critics take their case to film |work=San Francisco Chronicle |accessdate=January 12, 2017 |date=April 28, 2016 |author=LaSalle, Mick}}
47. ^1 {{cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/film/2016/apr/02/vaxxed-film-scientist-interview-vaccines-autism?CMP=share_btn_fb |title=Vaxxed: an expert view on controversial film about vaccines and autism |author=Glenza, Jessica |work=The Guardian |date=April 2, 2016 |accessdate=April 2, 2016 }}
48. ^1 2 {{cite news |url=http://www.houstonpress.com/arts/anti-vaccination-doc-vaxxed-booted-from-tribeca-is-a-tragic-fraud-8302709 |title=Anti-Vaccination Doc Vaxxed, Booted From Tribeca, Is a Tragic Fraud |date=April 7, 2016 |work=Houston Press |author=Vonder Haar, Pete |accessdate=April 7, 2016}}

External links

  • Official website
  • {{IMDb title|5562652|Vaxxed}}
  • {{rotten-tomatoes|id=vaxxed_from_cover_up_to_catastrophe_2016|title=Vaxxed}}
  • {{metacritic film|vaxxed-from-cover-up-to-catastrophe}}
  • {{mojo title|vaxxed}}

4 : 2016 films|American films|Anti-vaccination media|Pseudoscience documentary films
随便看

　

开放百科全书收录14589846条英语、德语、日语等多语种百科知识，基本涵盖了大多数领域的百科知识，是一部内容自由、开放的电子版国际百科全书。

　

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