| 词条 | Vaybertaytsh |
| 释义 |
DescriptionUnlike Yiddish block or square print (the script used in modern Hebrew, with the addition of special characters and diacritics), vaybertaytsh is a semi-cursive script, akin to the "Rashi" script. Vaybertaytsh may be handwritten or typed. HistoryMashket originated as a typeface imitating the Ashkenazic semi-cursive used for both Hebrew and Yiddish. The earliest extant printed book in which Yiddish constituted a major segment, The Second Chariot ({{Lang-he|מרכבת המשנה}}) (1534), attributed to Rabbi Anshel ben Eliakim ha-Levi Tsion, was written in mashket.{{r|zafren}} The type family came to be used almost exclusively for Yiddish with the dominance use of block and "Rashi" scripts (the latter based on Sephardic semi-cursive) by early Hebrew typographers such as the Soncino family.{{r|zafren}}[4] The typeface later became associated with devotional women's literature.{{when|date=December 2018}} As a result of their not being present in the yeshivot, women were usually fluent only in the Yiddish (the vernacular among Ashkenazi Jews), and literate only in Yiddish, if at all.[5] Thus early religious works in Yiddish were mostly created for women's edification. The Tseno Ureno was a Yiddish-language prose adaptation of the Chumash, its corresponding Haftarah portions, and the Megillot. It dates to at least 1622 and has been published in block print and vaybertaytsh.[6] Similarly, tkhines were supplicatory prayers written in Yiddish (usually for women) rather than in Hebrew and Aramaic, in contrast to the normative Jewish liturgy. They proliferated in the 16th and 17th centuries, and continued to be written and published, usually in vaybertaytsh, into the early- to mid-20th century.[7] Square print began to replace vaybertaytsh in Yiddish books in the 1830s.[8] By the late 19th century, nearly all books in Yiddish were printed in square letters.[9][10] See also
Notes1. ^{{cite book|title=Yiddish: A Linguistic Introduction|first=Neil G.|last=Jacobs|page=47|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=2005|isbn=978-0-521-77215-0|url=https://books.google.ca/books?id=ijVn2KP0FocC&pg=PA47}} 2. ^{{cite book|page=311|title=The Politics of Language and Nationalism in Modern Central Europe|first=Tomasz|last=Kamusella|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan|date=2009|isbn=978-0-230-55070-4|url=https://books.google.ca/books?id=JzkWDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA311}} 3. ^{{cite book|section=Mashket script/font|title=A Guide to Old Literary Yiddish|first=Jerold C.|last=Frakes|publisher=Oxford University Press|date=2017|isbn=978-0-19-878502-6|url=https://books.google.ca/books?id=tygmDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA96|page=96}} 4. ^{{cite book |last1=Stern |first1=David |title=The Jewish Bible: A Material History |date=22 October 2017 |publisher=University of Washington Press |isbn=0-295-74149-X|page=182 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YrUyDwAAQBAJ&dq=vaybertaytsh+script&source=gbs_navlinks_s |accessdate=18 November 2018 |language=en}} 5. ^{{cite web |last1=Hyman |first1=Paula E. |title=Gender |url=http://www.yivoencyclopedia.org/article.aspx/Gender |website=YIVO Encyclopedia of Jews in Eastern Europe|date=9 August 2010 |accessdate=5 December 2018}} 6. ^{{cite web |last1=Turniansky |first1=Chava |title=Ze'enah U-Re'enah |url=https://jwa.org/encyclopedia/article/Zeenah-u-reenah |website=Jewish Women: A Comprehensive Historical Encyclopedia |accessdate=5 December 2018}} 7. ^{{cite web |last1=Weissler |first1=Chava |title=Tkhines |url=http://www.yivoencyclopedia.org/article.aspx/Tkhines |website=YIVO Encyclopedia of Jews in Eastern Europe|accessdate=5 December 2018}} 8. ^{{cite book|author-link=David G. Roskies|author-first=David G.|author-last=Roskies|title=A Bridge of Longing: The Lost Art of Yiddish Storytelling||page=60|year=1995|publisher=Harvard University Press|isbn=0-674-08139-0|oclc=60163772}} 9. ^{{cite book|page=78|title=Language Politics and Language Survival: Yiddish Among the Haredim in Post-War Britain|first=Bruce|last=Mitchell|isbn=90-429-1784-9|publisher=Peeters Publishers|date=2006|url=https://books.google.ca/books?id=taKCvHPZHZ8C}} 10. ^{{cite book|jstor=j.ctt809r8|first=Justin Jaron|last=Lewis|publisher=McGill-Queen's University Press|year=2009|title=Imagining Holiness: Classic Hasidic Tales in Modern Times|location=Montreal & Kingston|isbn=978-0-7735-3519-0|url=https://books.google.ca/books/about/Imagining_Holiness.html?id=SMhlauUVNFkC}} 11. ^{{cite journal|title=Variety in the Typography of Yiddish: 1535-1635|first=Herbert C.|last=Zafren|journal=Hebrew Union College Annual|volume=53|year=1982|pages=137-163|publisher=Hebrew Union College|jstor=23507628}} 12. ^{{cite web |last1=Katz |first1=Dovid |title=Language: Yiddish |url=http://www.yivoencyclopedia.org/article.aspx/Language/Yiddish |website=YIVO Encyclopedia of Jews in Eastern Europe|accessdate=5 December 2018}} References{{Reflist|refs=[11][12]}} 5 : Hebrew calligraphy|Hebrew typefaces|Judaism and women|Script typefaces|Yiddish language |
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